Applied Mechanics
Part: I (Statics)
Basic Definitions
Rigid Body: It is a body of non-changing dimensions in which the distance between any
points never change whatever the type of loading on the body.
Structure: it is a construction consisting of a number of rigid bodies.
Force: It is an effective action by which we can change the state of the rigid body from
rest to motion or vice versa. It is a vector quantity having a magnitude and a direction.
It has the units of Newton's (N).
Moment: It is an action taken by a force that makes a body rotates if
its line of action dose note pass through a fixed point in the rigid F
body. The force (F) shown in Fig. (1.1) causes the body to rotate o
about the fixed point o by resulting moment 𝑀 = 𝐹. 𝑟.
Fig. 1.1
Types of Loads
F1 F2
(i)Concentrated Load
It is concentrated force acting at a finite point of the beam as shown in Fig. 1.a
𝑨 𝑩
(ii) Uniformly Distributed Load
It is like the effect of gas pressure on walls of a structure, or the pressure of
water on walls of a tank as shown in Fig. 1.b. Fig. 1.a
P
W (ton/m)
b
l
l
Fig. 1.b1
Fig. 1.b2
𝒘 = 𝑷. 𝑨 = 𝑷. 𝒍. 𝒃 𝑭 = 𝒘. 𝒍 𝒕𝒐𝒏
(iii) Uniformly Varying Load
W (ton/m)
x
wx
𝒙
𝒘𝒙 = 𝒘
𝒍
x x
l
Fig. 1.c
Thrust, Shearing Force and Bending Moment
1. Cantilever beams 2. Simple beams
w F w
or
M
F
Thrust (Normal) Force: When the force affecting a rode or a beam is perpendicular on its cross-sectional area, then we
call it thrust or normal force. This force is either tensile with (+ve) sign or compressive with (-ve) sign as shown in Fig.
1.3.
Compression
Tension
Fig. 1.3.
Shear Force: When the force affecting a rode or a beam is parallel to its cross-sectional area, then we call it shear
force. It is either positive (+ve) or negative (-ve) according to the configuration shown in Fig. 1.4.
+ve -ve
Positive Shear Force Negative Shear Force
Fig. 1.4.
Moment of Coupler: Any two forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and their lines of action are not the
same, cause a couple. This is shown in Fig. 1.5. Taking moments about point a gives.
Moment of a couple = F. (oa) – F. (ob) = F. r a F
r
Bending Moment: As a result of affecting couples or shearing forces, a bending moment is
generated on beams. It is either positive if the acting forces bend the beam downward or negative
b
F
if acting forces bend the beam upward. See Fig. 1.6.
o
Fig. 1.5
M M
M M
Positive Bending Force Negative Bending Force
Fig. 1.6.
Equilibrium: If a rigid body is at rest and remains at rest after it is acted upon by a group of forces, then we
call it in a state of equilibrium. It must therefore satisfy the following conditions:
𝐹𝑥 = 0 , summing of forces in x-direction is equal to zero
𝐹𝑦 = 0 , summing of forces in y-direction is equal to zero
𝑀 = 0 , summing of moment about any point is equal to zero
Types of Supports
The various types of supports and their possible reactions are shown in Fig. 1.7
Beam
Rx M Rx
Ry Ry
Ry
Ry
Roller Support Hinged Support Fixed Support
Types of Beams
Beams can be classified according to the way in which they are supported. Several types of beams commonly used are
shown in Fig. 1.8. Mainly, there are two types of beams: (i) statically determinate beams shown in Fig. 1.8 (a) and (ii)
statically indeterminate beams shown in Fig. 1.8 (b). Two examples of hinged beams are shown in Fig 1.8 (c).
Determination of Internal Forces and Bending Moments
Summation of moment about E leads to:
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟒
𝑴 − 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 + 𝑷𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒂 + 𝑷𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒃 = 𝟎
∴ 𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝑷𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒂 − 𝑷𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒃 A B
C D E F G
The last equation means that the moment at E is
x 𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟒
equal to the moments due to the external forces 𝑹𝑨
RA, P1, P2. 𝑹𝑩
M
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 q B
Summation of vertical forces acting on the E F G
left part of the beam gives: E
A
C D q M
𝑹𝑩
𝑹𝑨 − 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 − 𝒒 = 𝟎
𝑹𝑨 a
∴ 𝒒 = 𝑹𝑨 −𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐
b
x
Dr-Mamdouh EL-Elamy
Lecturer in Production Engineering & Mechanical Design Dept.
Factuality of Engineering
Menoufia University
