Database FunDamentals
3. What are Databases?
A Database is a shared collection of logically
related data and description of these data,
designed to meet the information needs ofan
organization
Data Storage : A database is used to store large
amounts of structured data,
making it easily accessible, searchable, and
retrievable.
Data Analysis : A database can be used to
perform complex data analysis,
generate reports, and provide insights into the
data.
Record Keeping : A database is often used to
keep track of important records,
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information, and inventory levels.
Web Applications: Databases are an essential
component of many web
applications, providing dynamic content and user
management.
➔ In Database basically we do the most 4
common operation
CRUD
Create retrieved Update delete
4. Properties of an Ideal Database
1. Integrity → accuracy + consistency
2. Availability → 24/7 Available
3. Security → only access by authorized person
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same for webapp And mobile App
5. Concurrency : Database should be accessible for
more than person at a same time.
5. Types of Databases
1. Relational Databases -
Also known as SQL databases, these databases use a
relational model to organize data into tables with rows
and columns.
2. NoSQL Databases -
These databases are designed to handle large amounts
of unstructured or semi-structured data, such as
documents, images, or videos. (MongoDB)
3. Column Databases -
These databases store data in columns rather than
rows, making them well-suited for data warehousing
and analytical applications. (Amazon Redshift,Google
BigQuery)
4. Graph Databases -
These databases are used to store and query graph-
structured data, such as
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social network connections or recommendation
systems. (Neo4j, Amazon
Neptune)
5. Key-value databases -
These databases store data as a collection of keys and
values, making them
well-suited for caching and simple data storage needs
(Redis and Amazon
DynamoDB)
Relational Databases
Also known as SQL databases, these databases use
a relational model
to organize data into tables with rows and
columns.
[email protected]7. What is a DBMS
• A database management system (DBMS) is a
software system that provides the interfaces
and tools needed to store, organize, and
manage data in a database.
• A DBMS acts as an intermediary between the
database and the applications or users
• that access the data stored in the database.
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8. Core Functionalities of a DBMS
Functions of DBMS
Data Management - Store, retrieve and modify
data
Integrity - Maintain accuracy of data
Concurrency - Simultaneous data access for
multiple users
Transaction - Modification to database must either
be successful or
must not happen at all
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Utilities - Data import/export, user management,
backup, logging
9.Practical – you can use Mysql or Xampp
10. Database Keys
A key in a database is an attribute or a set of attributes
that uniquely identifies a
tuple (row) in a table. Keys play a crucial role in ensuring
the integrity and
reliability of a database by enforcing unique constraints
on the data and
establishing relationships between tables.
1. Super Key -
A Super key is a combination of columns that uniquely
identifies any row
within a relational database management system
(RDBMS) table
2. Candidate key -
A candidate key is a minimal Super key, meaning it has
no redundant
attributes. In other words, it's the smallest set of
attributes that can be used to
uniquely identify a tuple (row) in the table
3. Primary Key -
A primary key is a unique identifier for each tuple in a
table. There can only be
one primary key in a table, and it cannot contain null
values.
4. Alternate Key -
An alternate key is a candidate key that is not used as
the primary key.
5. Composite Key -
A composite key is a primary key that is made up of two
or more attributes.
Composite keys are used when a single attribute is not
sufficient to uniquely
identify a tuple in a table.
6. Surrogate Key – custom primary key or key in
majboori.
7. Foreign Key -
A foreign key is a primary key from one table that is used
to establish a
relationship with another table.
[email protected] [email protected]11. Cardinality of Relationships
Cardinality in database relationships refers to the number
of occurrences of an
entity in a relationship with another entity. Cardinality
defines the number of
instances of one entity that can be associated with a
single instance of the related
entity.
Examples
1. Person -> Driving License Number
2. Student -> college branch
3. Restaurants -> orders
4. Restaurants -> menu
5. Students -> courses
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12. Drawbacks of Databases
• Complexity: Setting up and maintaining a database
can be complex and time-consuming, especially for
large and complex systems.
• Cost: The cost of setting up and maintaining a
database, including hardware ,software, and
personnel, can be high.
• Scalability: As the amount of data stored in a
database grows, it can become more difficult to
manage, leading to performance and scalability
issues.
• Data Integrity: Ensuring the accuracy and
consistency of data stored in a database can be a
challenge, especially when multiple users are
updating the data simultaneously.
• Security: Securing a database from unauthorized
access and protecting sensitive information can be
difficult, especially with the increasing threat of cyber
attacks.
• Data Migration: Moving data from one database to
another or upgrading to a new database can be a
complex and time-consuming process.
• Flexibility: The structure of a database is often rigid
and inflexible, making it difficult to adapt to changing
requirements or to accommodate new types of data.
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