ABY MATEO

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ralph Rom
Mike Andrei
 It’s all about sex!

WHAT IS
REPRODICTIVE?
The human reproductive system is the organ system
by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring.
Provided all organs are present, normally
constructed, and functioning properly.
 MALE
The male reproductive system
produces hormones that play a
central role in the development
of sexual function and
characteristics, often classified
as male. Parts of the

REPRODUCTIVE
reproductive tract also enable
urination, the passing of liquid
waste from the body.

SYSTEM
The male reproductive system
consists of internal and external
organs that play a role in sexual
function, human reproduction, and
urination. The sex organs typically
referred to as male produce sperm
and semen that, during sexual
intercourse, can fertilize an ovum
(egg) in a female to conceive a baby.
PARTS & FUNCTION
External Structures
The external organs of the male reproductive system
consist of the penis and scrotum, both of which are
situated at the base of the pelvis.
 PENIS
Function of a Penis Penises come in different sizes and shapes
but consist of the following key structures:
The penis is the male organ for sexual intercourse and urination.
Glans: Also known as the head of the penis, this bulbous,
It is a complex organ made up of different structures that work in sensitive structure is covered with a loose layer of skin called the
coordination to enable erections the enlargement and stiffening of foreskin (prepuce). The foreskin is sometimes removed in a
the penis during sexual stimulation, ejaculation the discharge of surgical procedure known as circumcision.
semen during sexual orgasm, and urination.
Urethra: This is the tube that runs the length of the penis through
which semen and urine exit the body. The opening at the head
itself is called the meatus.
 PENIS
Shaft: Also known as the corpus, this
section of the penis is made of three
Root: Also known as the radix penis, this
columns of spongy tissue, two of which fill
is the base of the penis that is attached to
with blood to enable erections called the
the pelvis and stabilized by connective
corpus cavernosa and the other of which
tissues known as ligaments.
corpus spongiosum supports the urethra
and keeps it open during erections.
WHAT IS AN AVERAGE-
SIZED PENIS?
 SCROTUM
The scrotum is a loose, pouch-like sack of skin situated below the penis
that houses the testes "balls". The scrotum maintains the ideal
temperature for sperm to survive. It does so through nerves within the
skin that cause the scrotum to shrink and become wrinkly when it is
cold, increasing the temperature, or relax and loosen when it is warm
reducing the temperature.
PARTS & FUNCTION
Internal Organs
The male reproductive system's internal structure
consists of organs involved with the production,
maintenance, and delivery of sperm, male reproductive
cells, and semen fluids that transport sperm out of the
body.

Other functions include the production and secretion of

hormones.
 The testicles are the male sex organs that

TESTICLES
produce sperm. The scrotum is the sac that
contains the testicles.
Testes, also known as the testicles, are two oval organs housed within the
scrotum that are suspended by a cable-like structure called the spermatic
cord. The testes are responsible for producing sperm and the hormone
testosterone.

Within the testes is a network of coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules.

These tubules are responsible for producing the sperm through a process
called spermatogenesis.
 The epididymis is a coiled tube that attaches to the

EPIDIDYMIS
testicles. Sperm cells from the testicles move to the
epididymis to mature.

The epididymis is a long, tightly coiled tube situated at the back of each
testicle into which sperm is passed from the seminiferous tubules. It is
within the epididymis that spermatozoa (sperm cells) will begin to mature
until they are capable of fertilization.
 The vas deferens is a tube that transports the

VAS DEFERENS
sperm out of the testicles in order to leave the
body.
The vas deferens, also known as the sperm duct, is a long, thin tube that
starts at the epididymis and connects to a passageway known as the
ejaculatory duct. During orgasm, powerful muscular contractions will propel
sperm from the vas deferens, where it will combine with various fluids to
form semen.

During a vasectomy, the vas deferens is cut or ligated (closed) to prevent

sperm from exiting the testes and epididymis.
 The accessory glands are organs that secrete
fluids that lubricate, nourish, preserve, and
transport sperm. Together, they are

ACCESSORY
responsible for producing a substance called
seminal fluid that combines with sperm to
form semen.

GLANDS
Seminal vesicles: These are a pair of glands situated behind
the bladder that produce fluids rich in a sugar called
fructose that nourishes sperm and a substance called
prostaglandin that triggers sperm motility.

Prostate gland: This walnut-sized gland, situated below the

bladder, contains ducts that secrete a fluid called prostatic
fluid that creates the ideal environment for sperm to survive.

Bulbourethral glands: Also known as the Cowper's glands,

these organs secrete fluids that help neutralize the acidity of
the female vagina while providing lubrication at the tip of the
penis in the form of preseminal fluid "pre-cum".
 Infection of penis
The inflammation of the glans and prepuce is

DISORDER OF MALES
often related to poor personal hygiene.
In case of non-specific infection, also called
balanitis, there is a high chance of the infection
becoming chronic which might lead to fibrosis of
the skin around the penis.

Erectile dysfunction

REPRODUCTIVE
Erectile dysfunction is a sexual disorder in a
mature, sexually active male to developing or
maintain an erection. It is found that this disorder
occurs in 40% of males, occasionally.
An erection in men is achieved when the columns
of spongy muscles in the penis become engorged

SYSTEM
with blood so anything that hampers the flow of
blood to these muscles can be a cause of this
dysfunction.

Epididymis and Testes Infection

Infections in the epididymis and the testes occur
through the spread of infection from the urethra.
The microbes either pass through the vas
deferens or the lymph.
Specific epididymitis occurs through the spread
of gonorrhea from the urethra.
 Undescended testis
(cryptorchidism)

DISORDER OF MALES
In the embryonic stage, the testes are present in
the abdominal cavity, and they drop to the
scrotal sac by birth. However, if this process fails
to happen and the condition is not corrected, it
leads to infertility and an increased risk of
testicular cancer.

REPRODUCTIVE
Hydrocele
A hydrocele is a fluid-filled space in the testes
that leads to swelling. It is a common type of

SYSTEM
scrotal swelling and might be acute and painful or
chronic.
It causes discomfort and pain in the scrotal
region.
It might arise in the testes or might be secondary
due to other infections or disorders.
 The male reproductive system is made
up of external organs (like the penis
and scrotum) and internal organs (like
the testes, seminal vesicles, and
epididymis) that play a role in human
reproduction, sexual development,

SUMMARY
sexual function, and urination.

Many conditions can impair the

function of the male reproductive
system. Some are more common in
older males (like enlarged prostate,
erectile dysfunction, and Peyronie's
disease), while others can affect
younger and older males (including
epididymitis and balanitis),

Good hygiene, the avoidance of

sexually transmitted infections, and
healthy lifestyle choices (like quitting
cigarettes and losing weight) can
improve the overall health of the male
reproductive system.
 FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
 The female gonads, or sexual glands,

FEMALE
are the ovaries; they are the source of
ova, eggs, and of the female sex
hormones estrogens and
progestogens. The fallopian, or uterine,
tubes conduct ova to the uterus, which
lies within the lesser or true pelvis. The

REPRODUCTIVE
uterus connects through the cervical
canal with the vagina. The vagina
opens into the vestibule about which
lie the external genitalia, collectively
known as the vulva.

SYSTEM
The female reproductive system is
one of the most vital parts of the
human reproductive process. The
major organs of the female
reproductive system include the
vagina, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian
tubes.
PARTS & FUNCTION
External Structures
The function of your external genitals are to protect the
internal parts from infection and allow sperm to enter your
vagina.

Your vulva is the collective name for all your external

genitals. A lot of people mistakenly use the term “vagina”
to describe all female reproductive parts. However, your
vagina is its own structure located inside your body.
 UTERUS
The uterus is a key organ in the female reproductive system. It plays a crucial role in
menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth. The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow,
muscular organ in the female reproductive system
 UTERUS
The fundus of the uterus is the uppermost, dome-shaped portion of the
uterus, located above the openings of the fallopian tubes. Though it may
The uterus is located posterior to the bladder, appear to be a simple anatomical feature, the fundus plays a critical role in
anterior to the rectum, and consists of four various reproductive and obstetric processes.
The body of the uterus, also known as the corpus uteri, is the main
anatomical features: the fundus (top), body, and largest portion of the uterus. Located between the fundus at the
isthmus, and cervix (neck of the uterus) . top and the cervix below, the body of the uterus plays a central role in
the female reproductive system, particularly in menstruation,
pregnancy, and childbirth.
 UTERUS
The isthmus of the uterus is a narrow, constricted region that lies between the
body of the uterus (the corpus) and the cervix. Although it is a small part of the
uterus, the isthmus plays an important role in reproductive health, particularly
during pregnancy and childbirth.
The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus that connects it to the vagina. It plays
vital roles in menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth, making it an essential part of the
female reproductive system.
 OVARIES
Egg Production (Oogenesis):
The ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs The primary role of the ovaries is to produce eggs, or ova.
located on either side of the uterus in the female A female is born with all the eggs she will ever have—
reproductive system. These vital structures have a approximately 1-2 million. However, by puberty, this
dual function: producing eggs (ova) and secreting number decreases to around 300,000 to 400,000. Each
hormones like estrogen and progesterone that month, during the menstrual cycle, several follicles begin
regulate the menstrual cycle and influence overall to mature, but typically only one egg is fully matured and
female health. released. This process is known as ovulation, which
occurs roughly midway through the menstrual cycle. The
released egg travels through the fallopian tube, where
fertilization by sperm can occur.
 OVARIES
Hormone Production:
The ovaries are also responsible for producing the hormones estrogen and
progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy. Estrogen is
involved in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast
development and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone helps prepare the
uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and supports pregnancy. Together, these
hormones help control the timing of ovulation and menstruation.
FALLOPIAN TUBES
Egg Transport: The fallopian tubes transport the egg
from the ovary to the uterus. After ovulation, the
fimbriae of the infundibulum sweep over the surface
The fallopian tubes, also known as of the ovary to capture the egg, which is then moved

oviducts, are a pair of slender, into the fallopian tube. Cilia (tiny hair-like structures)
and smooth muscle contractions help move the egg
muscular tubes that play a crucial through the tube.

role in the female reproductive Fertilization Site: If sperm are present in the
fallopian tube, fertilization usually occurs in the
system. ampulla. The sperm swim up from the vagina and
through the cervix to meet the egg. If fertilization is
successful, the resulting fertilized egg (zygote)
begins its journey to the uterus.
FALLOPIAN TUBES
Egg Development and Transport: After fertilization, the zygote begins
to divide and develop into a blastocyst as it moves through the
fallopian tube toward the uterus. The process usually takes about 3 to
4 days. Upon reaching the uterus, the blastocyst will attempt to
implant in the endometrial lining, leading to pregnancy.
 CERVIX
Menstrual Flow: The cervix allows menstrual blood
to pass from the uterus into the vagina during
menstruation. During this time, the cervix remains
The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus slightly open to allow the flow of blood and tissue
that connects the uterus to the vagina. It is a from the uterine lining.
crucial part of the female reproductive system, Sperm Transport: After sexual intercourse, the cervix
with a range of functions related to plays a critical role in reproductive health. It produces
menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth. cervical mucus that changes in consistency throughout
the menstrual cycle. Around ovulation, the mucus
becomes thinner and more slippery, facilitating the
passage of sperm into the uterus where it may meet an
egg for fertilization.
 CERVIX
Protection During Pregnancy: The cervix acts as a barrier during pregnancy, preventing
harmful microorganisms from entering the uterus and protecting the developing baby. It
remains tightly closed until labor begins. The cervix is capable of softening, thinning
(effacing), and dilating in preparation for childbirth.

Labor and Delivery: During labor, the cervix dilates (opens) to allow the baby to pass
through the birth canal. The cervix must dilate to about 10 centimeters for the baby to be
delivered. Once the cervix has dilated sufficiently, the mother can begin the pushing phase
of labor.
 VAGINA
The vagina is a muscular, elastic Birth Canal: During childbirth, the baby passes through the
vagina, which expands to allow delivery. That’s why it's also
canal that connects the external referred to as the birth canal.
genitals to the uterus in female
anatomy. It is an important part of
the female reproductive system. Menstrual Flow Exit: The vagina provides a
passage for menstrual blood and tissue to leave
the body during a woman’s monthly cycle.
 VAGINA
Sexual Intercourse: The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse. It is also the route
through which sperm enters the female body to potentially fertilize an egg.

Self-Cleansing: The vagina has natural secretions and a slightly acidic pH that help cleanse itself,
maintain healthy bacteria, and prevent infections.

Protection: The vagina acts as a barrier, helping to protect internal reproductive organs
from pathogens and debris.
 DISORDER OF
1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Cause: Hormonal imbalance
Symptoms: Irregular periods, infertility,
acne, excessive hair growth, ovarian

FEMALE
cysts
Complications: Increased risk of
diabetes, obesity, heart disease

2. Endometriosis
Cause: Tissue similar to the lining of the

REPORDUCTIVE
uterus grows outside the uterus
Symptoms: Painful periods, pelvic pain,
infertility
Complications: Chronic pain, fertility issues

SYSTEM
3. Uterine Fibroids
Cause: Non-cancerous growths in the
uterus
Symptoms: Heavy bleeding, pelvic pain,
frequent urination, back pain
Complications: Infertility, miscarriage,
complications during pregnancy
THANK YOU!