VELAMMAL BODHI

CAMPUS KANCHIPURAM

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

NAME : A.NITHISH KUMAR

CLASS :12E

Year : 2025-2026
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, R.PRAJITH of class XII E has

successfully completed the project on the topic
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION under the guidance of
MR.CHELLAKUTTI in partial fulfilment of physics practical
examination conducted by SSCE, CBSE, New Delhi for the academic
year 2025– 2026

Signature of teacher in charge Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of Principal Signature of External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have bestowed upon me their blessings and the heart ledged
support. So I am utilizing this opportunity to thank all the people
who have been concerned with my project.

Primarily I would like to thank God Almighty for giving me

the strength, knowledge and good health to complete this project
successfully.

Then I would like to thank the Principal of Velammal

Bodhi campus for the continuous support and our Physics teacher
whose whole hearted guidance helped me to complete the project.
The suggestions and instructions given by them served as the major
contribution in the completion of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who

have given me their valuable suggestions and guidance, that have
been instrumental in the completion of this project.

Signature of the Student

 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO TOPICS PAGE

NO

1 Introduction 6

2 Aim 7

3 Materials required 7

4 Theory 8

5 Procedure 11

6 Observation 11

7 Precautions 14

8 Sources of error 15

9 Conclusion 16

10 Bibliography 17

s
Introduction:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by
electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.

This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a

changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a

conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.

Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecule in another

object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or
waves (in a radio transmitter).

Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the magnetic flux
linking a conductor change.

Magnetic flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the area normal
to the field through which the field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the
weber (Wb).

Φ=BA

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AIM:
To study the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction

Materials Required:
Magnetic bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting wires.

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THEORY:
Invention:

Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of

induction in 183I though it may have been anticipated by the work of
Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made
a similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until later.

Induced e.m.f.s:

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f. will be

generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 183I. Faraday discovered that an
e.m.f. could be generated either by

(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by

(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some

way.

Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.

Lenz's Law:

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux

according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it
produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which
produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always
acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples

below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it.
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Applications of electromagnetic Induction:

Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to
relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is moved
relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If
the wire is connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and thus
electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical energy of
motion to electrical energy

Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for
electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire
changes, the changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A
second wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in

magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t.

Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the
induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are
connected through an electrical load, current will flow.

Faraday's Experiment:

✔ One of the scientists Faraday performed series of experiments and

based on the results he gave law on induction.
✔ He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
✔ Induction means to induce or to generate something.
✔ Electromagnetic Induction means production of electric current due
to magnetic field.
✔ Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a conductor
✔ Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
✔ As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source of
current.
✔ He brought the magnet near the coil.
✔ When the magnet is moved towards the coil galvanometer showed
deflection.
✔ Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the opposite direction
when the magnet is taken away from the coil.
✔ When magnet was not moved there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
✔ This show current is related to magnet.
 ✔ Faster the magnet is moved the more is the deflection in the
galvanometer. This showed more and more current flows if the
magnet is moved very fast.
✔ Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the magnet was
not moved.

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Procedure :
1. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into the coil and
observe the changes in the galvanometer needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number of
turns and the variation in the deflection of the galvanometer needle.

Observations :
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of
galvanometer gets deflected in different directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards right.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards left.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying speed,
the speed of deflection changes accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection
increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric current in
the coil.

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Precautions :
1. Use Proper Insulation

● Ensure that all wires and electrical connections are well insulated.
● Prevent short circuits or accidental electric shocks.

2. Avoid Strong External Magnetic Fields

● Conduct the experiment away from devices like motors or transformers.

● External magnetic fields can interfere with results.

3. Do Not Overload the Circuit

● Use components within their rated voltage and current limits.

● Overloading can damage the galvanometer, wires, or coils.

4. Keep Coils Properly Oriented

● Align the coil and magnet correctly to observe maximum induced EMF.
● Orientation affects the magnetic flux linkage.

5. Use Strong Magnets Carefully

● Strong magnets can snap onto metal and cause injury.

● Keep them away from electronics, credit cards, and pacemakers.

6. Use a Sensitive Galvanometer

● To detect small induced currents accurately.

● Ensure it’s calibrated and working properly.

7. Move Magnet/Coil Smoothly

● Sudden or jerky movements can give inconsistent readings.

● Control the speed of motion for repeatable results.

8. Check for Loose Connections

● Loose wires can affect the continuity and accuracy of readings.

● Secure all connections before starting.

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Sources of Error in :

1. Imperfect or Loose Connections:

⮚ Poor electrical connections in the circuit can lead to inconsistent current or

voltage readings.
⮚ Loose coils or terminals introduce resistance or intermittent contact.

2. Parallax Error:

⮚ When reading analog meters (galvanometers, voltmeters), viewing the scale at

an angle can result in inaccurate readings.

3. Internal Resistance of Measuring Instruments:

⮚ The internal resistance of voltmeters, ammeters, or galvanometers can affect

current flow, especially in sensitive setups.

4. Fluctuations in Magnetic Field Strength:

⮚ If using a magnet or solenoid, any variation in the strength or uniformity of the

magnetic field can change the induced EMF.
⮚ Moving the magnet too fast or too slowly inconsistently during trials can cause
variability.

5. Inaccurate Movement (Speed and Distance):

⮚ Uneven or unmeasured movement of the magnet or coil affects the rate of

change of magnetic flux, which is crucial in Faraday's Law.
⮚ Lack of control over the speed of motion introduces error.

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CONCLUSION:
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there is relative
motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a
coil changes and this change in flux induces a voltage across a coil.

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BIBLOGRAPHY:
1. Physics Ncert book for class XII
2. WIKIPEDIA
3. Google Search Engine
4. Seminarsonly.com.

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