ENGINEERING MATERIALS • In certain cases, a center distance equivalent to

(PAES 300 – SERIES) 80 pitches may be considered an approved

maximum
PAES 301:2000 – V-Belts and Pulleys • Chain should extend around at least 120
• Constructed of cords (cotton, rayon, synthetic, degrees of the pinion circumference, and this
or steel) and fabric impregnated with rubber minimum amount of contact is obtained for all
• Recommended ratio, l/d shall be at least 1.5 center distances provided the ratio is less than
3.5 to one
PAES 302:2000 – Flat Belts and Pulleys • Type I (Manual Lubrication) - oil is supplied
• Flat Belts - usually made of rubberized cord periodically with brush or spout can, preferably
and fabric and reinforced nylon cords; may be once every eight hours of operation; volume and
spliced to obtain the desired loop size or made as frequency should be sufficient to prevent
a continuous loop discoloration of lubricants in the chain joints
• Rubber Belts - made from fabric or cord, • Type II (Drip lubrication) - oil drops are
impregnated and bound together by vulcanized directed between the link plate edges from a drip
rubber compounds; advantages are high tensile lubricator; volume and frequency should be
strength, strength to hold metal fasteners sufficient to prevent discoloration of lubricant in
satisfactorily and resistance to deterioration by the chain joints; precaution must be taken against
moisture; used in places exposed to the weather misdirection of the drops by windage
or the action of steams • Type III (Bath or disc lubrication) - with bath
• Nylon Cord Belts - endless belts made with lubrication the lower strand of the chain runs
single ply high tensile cords; oil and heat through a sump of oil in the drive housing; oil
resistant; their thin dimension allows them to be in level should reach the pitch line of the chain at its
smaller pulleys and with high-speed drives lowest point while operating; with disc lubrication,
• Flat-Pulleys - usually made of cast iron or the chain operates above the oil level; disc picks
fabricated steel up oil from the sump and deposits it into the
Allowances for Pulley Width chain, usually by means of a through; diameter of
Belt Width, mm Allowance, mm the disc should be such as to produce rim speeds
Under 305 25 between 183 m/min minimum and 2438 m/min
305 to 610 51 maximum
Over 610 76 • Type IV (Oil stream lubrication) - lubricant is
usually supplied by a circulating pump capable of
PAES 303:2000 – Roller Chains and Sprockets supplying each chain drive with a continuous
stream of oil; oil should be applied inside the
chain loop evenly across the chain width, and
directed at the lower strand
PAES 304:2000 – Keys and Keyways
• Used to prevent relative movement of rotating
members and the shafts or spindles to which they
are mounted
• Parallel keys – keys whose longitudinal sides
are parallel with each other
• Taper keys – keys with a tapered longitudinal
section
• Large sprockets, cast iron is commonly used, • Woodruff keys – keys with a semi-circular
especially in drives with large speed ratios cross-section
• Smaller sprockets are usually made of steel • Materials used for keys are of AISI designation
• Use of stainless steel or bronze are for corrosion 1020 as annealed
resistance while Formica, nylon or other suitable • Its tensile strength shall be 393 MPa
plastic materials are for special conditions • Key shall have a lower shearing strength than
• Smallest applicable chain number is desirable the shaft and hub material
for quiet operation and higher speed range Assembly of Shaft and Hub by Key
allowable for chain drives Type Explanation Applicable
• Center to center distance between sprockets, as Key
a general rule, should not be less than 1.5 times Sliding type Assembly that Parallel key
the diameter of the larger sprocket and not less shaft and hub
than thirty times the pitch nor more than 50 times can slide
the pitch relatively in
axial direction
Normal type Assembly that Parallel key PAES 308: 2001 – Straight Bevel Gears
hub is put into and Woodruff • Used to transmit power between shafts at
the key fixed key practically any angle (only straight bevel gears
on the shaft with a shaft angle of 90°)
Fastening type Assembly that Parallel key, • Both straddle mounted and overhung mounted
hub is Taper key, and gears the space between bearings should never
fastened on Wodruff key be less than 70% of the pitch diameter of the gear
the key fixed • Over hung mounted gears the spread should be
on the shaft or at least 2 ½ times the overhang and, in addition
assembly that the shaft diameter should be equal to or
the key is preferably greater than the overhang to provide
odriven in sufficient shaft stiffness
between the
combined PAES 309: 2001 – Anti-friction Bearings
shaft and hub • Designed to support and mount rotating shafts;
transfer loads between rotating and stationary
members and permit relatively free rotation with
PAES 305:2000 – Shafts minimum friction; most significant advantage of
• Rotating members, usually of circular cross anti-friction bearings is that the starting friction is
section used to transmit power or motion not very much larger than the operating friction
• Provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of • Basic Static Load Rating (CO) - 4,600 MPa for
elements such as gears, pulleys, flywheels, self-aligning ball bearings; 4,200 MPa for all other
cranks, sprockets, and the like and controls the ball bearings; 4,000 MPa for all roller bearings
geometry of their motion Types of Ball Bearings
• Usually made of steel designation 1020 (cold • Single-row Radial - often referred to as the
rolled); for special purposes, stainless steel shafts deep groove or conrad bearing; available in many
usually of steel designation 304 or 316 shall be variations such as single, double shields, and
used seals; normally used for radial; and thrust loads
PAES 306:2000 – Spur Gears (maximum two-thirds of radial)
• Used to connect parallel shafts and have teeth • Double-row - provides for heavy radial and light
formed in cylindrical blanks parallel to the shaft thrust loads without increasing the outside
axis; can be used in transmitting motion and diameter of the bearing; about 60 to 80 percent
power between two shaft in the same or in wider than a comparable single-row bearing;
opposite directions; can also be used in because of the filling slot, thrust loads may be
transmitting linear motion light
• Spur gear materials shall be of hot-rolled steel • Internal self-aligning double-row - may be
designation 1045 and 3140 with an ultimate used for primarily radial loads where self-
tensile strength of 600 MPa and 724 MPa and a alignment (±4°) is required; self-aligning feature
Brinell Hardness Number of 215 and 205 should not be abused, as excessive misalignment
respectively or thrust load (10 percent of radial) causes early
failure
PAES 307: 2001 – Helical Gears
• Angular-contact bearings - designed to
• Used in transmitting motion and power between
support combined radial and thrust loads or
two shafts in the same or in opposite directions;
heavy thrust loads depending on the contact-
can also be used in transmitting linear motion; are
angle magnitude
used for higher speed application due to more
• Ball bushings - used for linear motions on
quiet operation
hardened shafts (Rockwell C 58 to 64); some
Service Factors for Type of Load
types can be used for linear and rotary motions
Hours of Uniform Light Heavy
• Split-type ball bearing - has split inner, outer
operation load shock shock
ring, and cage, which are assembled by screws;
per day
this feature is expensive but useful where it is
8-10 1.0 1.2 1.4
difficult to install or remove a solid bearing
11-16 1.1 1.3 1.5 • Ball thrust bearing - may be used for low-
17-24 1.2 1.4 1.6 speed applications where other bearings carry the
Service Factors for Type of Lubrication radial load; made with shields, as well as the
Type of lubrication Service factor open type
Intermittent 0.7 Types of Roller Bearings
Grease 0.4 • Cylindrical roller - utilize cylinders with
Oil, drip 0.2 approximate length/diameter ratio ranging from
Oil, bath - 1:1 to 1:3 as rolling elements - normally used for
heavy radial loads and especially useful for free
axial movement of the shaft; they also have the PAES 310: 2001 – Journal Bearings
highest speed limits for roller bearings • Designed to support and mount rotating shafts;
• Needle bearings - have rollers whose length is used in drives where quietness in operation and
at least 4 times their diameter; the most useful rigidity is a requirement; other advantages of
where space is a factor and are available with or journal bearings are low cost, less space
without inner race, it must be hardened or ground; requirement, good capacity to absorb shock
full-complement type is used for high loads, loading, and its life is generally not limited by
oscillating, or slow speeds; cage type should be fatigue
used for rotational motion; they cannot support • Hydrodynamic bearings - fluid is drawn into
thrust loads the region between the moving parts of the
• Tapered roller - used for heavy radial and bearing by virtue of its adhesion to the surfaces of
thrust loads; designed so that all elements in the the bearing and of its viscosity and due to the
rolling surface and the raceways intersect at a shape of the bearing surfaces, pressure is
common point on the axis: thus true rolling is generated within the fluid, which keeps the
obtained; where maximum system rigidity is bearing surfaces separated; in a fully
required, the bearings can be adjusted for a hydrodynamic bearing therefore there is no
preload; they are available in double-row contact between the moving parts of the bearing,
• Spherical roller - excellent for heavy radial and theoretically no wear
loads and moderate thrust; their internal self- • Hydrostatic bearings - load is carried by fluid
aligning feature is useful in many applications pressure generated outside the bearing, unlike
such as HVAC fans the hydrodynamic bearing where the load is
• Straight-roller thrust bearing - made of a sustained by fluid pressure self-generated by the
series of short rollers to minimize the skidding, bearing; essential requirement for hydrostatic
which causes twisting of the rollers; they may be lubrication is therefore that a sufficient fluid
used for moderate speeds and loads pressure can be supplied and retained; it is not
• Tapered-roller thrust bearing - eliminates the necessary that the working fluid shall have
skidding that takes place with straight rollers but viscosity or shall adhere to the bearing materials,
causes a thrust load between the ends of the or in fact that there shall be relative motion in a
rollers and the shoulder on the race; thus speeds bearing; hydrostatic bearing will operate whether
are limited because the roller end and race flange the bearing is rotating or not, so that this type of
are in sliding contact lubrication is peculiarly suitable for cases where
• Bearings shall be designated by the following: loads must be carried statically or with very slow
Prefix – Type code – Width series – Diameter motion, and where low friction is required
Series – Bore Code – Suffix • Boundary lubrication bearings - essential
requirements of a boundary lubrication system
Codes for Different Bore Diameters are such that the lubricant shall “wet” the surfaces
Bore diameter (mm) Bore code involved, and that the shapes and surfaces
10 00 roughness of these shall be such as to keep the
12 01 load to acceptable peak values
15 02 • Dry bearings - operate without significant fluid
17 03 film to separate the moving surfaces therefore low
20 04 friction materials, or materials impregnated with a
Bores from 20-480 Bore diameter divided lubricant, must be used
by 5 • Journal bearings are designated by its bore
• Most common through-hardening steel used for diameter, length, and wall thickness
anti-friction bearings is carbon chromium steel PAES 311: 2001 – Bolts and Nuts
containing approximately 1% carbon and 1.5% • Used for fastening materials permanently or
chromium semi-permanently; use of bolts provides easy
• Bearing components having large cross- assembly and disassembly of a joint
sections, steels alloyed with manganese and • Bolts shall be identified as ISO Metric by either
molybdenum are used because of their superior of the symbols “ISO M” or “M”; bolts and nuts
through-hardening properties shall be designated by the following data in the
• Chromium-nickel and manganese-chromium sequence shown: product name, nominal
alloyed steels with a carbon content of diameter; and thread pitch nominal length (for
approximately 0.15% are those case-hardening bolts), steel property class or material
steels most commonly used for rolling bearings specification, and protective coating, if required
• Use grease when temperature is below 93°, for • Bolts shall be spaced far enough for a handle of
temperature above 93°, use oil a wrench to turn a minimum of 60°
• Right-hand thread shall be used in almost all
fastening applications unless there is a necessity
for the use of a left hand thread, while left-hand Types of Screws Covered in this Standard
thread shall be used for rotating members, such Types Uses
that the thread winds in an opposite direction as Machine screws
compared to the rotating member (e.g. impeller Hexagonal head General purposes.
shafts for pumps, shaft for rice mill) Hexagonal flange Used to increase the
• Metric grade designation shall be engraved or head bearing area thus
embossed on the head of the bolt distributing the fastener
• Nut material should be softer than the bolt load over a large area,
material particularly on soft
• Use washers to distribute the bearing load, to materials such as
provide a uniform bearing surface, and to prevent aluminum.
marring of the work surface Pan head For applications where
PAES 312: 2001 – Rivets space is restricted making
• Used primarily for moderately loaded joints; impossible to use a
unlike screws, rivets are not precision items; its wrench for tightening.
main advantage is its high speed of assembly Flat countersunk When space is restricted
Types of Rivets Covered in this Standard head making impossible to use
Classification Uses a wrench for tightening,
Cold forged rivets This type shall be used for and where a flat surface is
general purposes required.
Semi-tubular rivets This type shall be used for Oval countersunk When space is restricted
general purposes head making impossible to use
Blind rivets This type shall be used a wrench for tightening,
when the reverse side of the where a flat surface is
joint is not accessible or is required. This type shall
too restricted be recommended for
• Rivet materials shall be made of wrought iron or machine parts that are
soft steel as steel designation AISI 1010, but for always disassembled.
applications where light weight or resistance to Setscrews
corrosion is important, copper, aluminum alloy, Square head General purposes.
Monel, Inconel may be used Slotted head When space is restricted
• Rivets shall be designated by its type, nominal making impossible to use
diameter, and its nominal length a wrench for tightening
• Riveted joints shall be classified according to and for applications that
plate arrangement and by rivet arrangement requires no protruding
• Pitch shall not be less than three times the parts of the machine.
diameter of the rivets to allow for proper Hexagon socket For applications that
clearance for the use of a riveting tool during head require no protruding parts
driving of the machine. The use of
• Usual proportions of riveted joints, the margin this type allows easy
shall equal to 1 ½ times the rivet diameter is assembly and
sufficient to prevent tearing or shearing disassembly of machine
• Maximum recommended margin should be 12 parts
times the thickness of the plate but should not • Bolts shall be identified as ISO Metric by either
exceed 152 mm of the symbols “ISO M” or “M “; screws shall be
• Recommended clinch allowance shall be 50% to designated by the following data in the sequence
70% of the rivet diameter shown: product name, nominal diameter; and
• Washers shall be used when the materials to be thread pitch, nominal length, steel property class
joined are soft or collapsible (e.g. belt, canvas) to or material specification, and protective coating, if
prevent crushing and defacement of the material required; Ex. M8x1.25x30, Slotted Pan Head
• Rivets shall be smooth on the surface and free Machine Screw, Grade 4.8 Steel, Zinc plated
from defects, such as fissures, burrs, cracks, • Screws shall be spaced far enough for a handle
flakes, and flashes of a wrench to turn a minimum of 60°
PAES 313: 2001 – Screws • Coarse thread series shall be used for general
• Used for fastening materials permanently or use; where jar and vibration are not important
semi-permanently; when mentioned in contrast to factors, where disassembly of parts is frequent,
bolts, screws are used without assembling with and where tapped holes are in metals other than
nuts tapped steel; use of coarse thread series is
always recommended over other thread series
unless there is a reason for using another
• Fine thread series shall be used in automotive Designation 2) Manufacturer’s name or its
and aircraft work; especially where jar and abbreviation
vibration (tending to loosen the nut) are present PAES 317: 2002 – Metal Sheets and Plates
(e.g. pump impeller); shall not be recommended • Used for structural components for agricultural
for brittle materials machinery and structures
• Right-hand thread shall be used in almost all • Materials of sheets and plates discussed in this
fastening applications unless there is a necessity standard shall be hot-rolled steel, galvanized
for the use of a left hand thread while left-hand steel, and aluminium alloys
thread shall be used for rotating members, such • The designation for analysis of grades shall
that the thread winds in an opposite direction as consist of a five-character alphanumeric system in
compared to the rotating member (e.g. impeller accordance of the following:
shafts for pumps, shaft for rice mill (a) First character, a letter indicating deoxidation
PAES 314: 2002 – Washers practice, as follows:
• Applications include: increasing the bearing A: Aluminium killed
area, keeping fasteners tight, surface protection, K: Silicon killed, with or without aluminium
spanning an oversize clearance hole, sealing, addition
electrical connection, and spring tension take-up R: Rimmed
devices U: Unspecified deoxidation
• Washers shall be designated by the following NOTE: The character “U” indicates that the
data in the sequence shown: washer steelmaker has the option to decide on the
classification, type or its symbol, nominal size, deoxidation practice.
material or its symbol (Symbols for materials shall (b) A four-digit series designation as follows,
be S for steel, SUS for stainless steel), and wherein the first two digits of the number indicate
protective coating, if required; Ex. Conical spring, the type of steel (10 for plain carbon steel and 15
1L, 8, S for carbon-manganese steel) and the last two
PAES 315: 2002 – Pins digits indicate the approximate mean of the
• Offer an inexpensive and effective approach to specified carbon range
assembly where loading is primarily in shear Example of designation: A1006, XK1016, K10B55
• Pins shall be designated by the following data in • Modification symbols may be added to the
the sequence shown: pin classification, type or its grade designation given in Clause 5.1.1 as
symbol, nominal size, nominal length, material; follows:
Ex. Parallel pin, A, 6x30, Steel (a) The prefix letter “X” is used to indicate a major
deviation in chemical composition of any grade
PAES 316: 2002 – Metal Bars, Pipes, and from the corresponding AISI-SAE grade. (b) The
Tubes letter “B” is used to indicate that the steel is
• Metal bars, pipes and tubes are used for boron-treated and is placed between the second
components, structural framing and mechanical and third characters of the four-digit series
elements for agricultural machinery and structures designation.
• Materials of hot-rolled steel bars shall be in • The designation of formability shall consist of
accordance with JIS G 3101:1997; for hot-rolled a three-character alphanumeric system in
atmospheric corrosion resisting steels, material accordance with following:
specifications shall be in accordance with JIS G (a) First character, the letter “H” to indicate hot-
3114:1998 rolled steel.
• Bars shall be designated by the following data in (b) Second character, a letter, U, A, K or R,
the sequence shown: Bar classification, indicating deoxidation practice (see clause
dimensions, and material 6.1.1(a)).
• Pipes shall be designated by the following data (c) Third character, a digit indicating formability in
in the sequence shown: Nominal size, accordance with the following:
classification, length, and material 1. Commercial forming
• Materials of carbon steel round tubes shall be in 2. Commercial drawing
accordance with JIS G 3444:1994. For carbon 3. Deep drawing
steel square and rectangular tubes, material 4. Extra-deep drawing
specifications shall be in accordance with JIS G Example of designation: HU1
3446:1994 • The suffix letter “N” maybe added to the grade
• Tubes shall be designated by the following data designation given in clause 5.1.2 to indicate that
in the sequence shown: classification, the steel is non-ageing. Example of designation:
dimensions, and material HA4N
• Tubes, bars and pipes shall be clearly marked • The designation for extra-formability grades
with the following items by an appropriate method shall consist of a five-character alphanumeric
on each tube or on each bundle of tubes: 1) system in accordance with the following:
(a) First two characters, the letters “XF” to • Centrifugal clutch - produces its torque by
indicate extra-formability. virtue of the centrifugal force of weights pressing
(b) Third to fifth characters, three digits indicating against the driving or frictionally driven member
the nominal yield strength. • Cone clutch - conical friction clutch consists of
Example of designation: XF300, XF500 a frustum of a cone, so fitted to a shaft by means
• The designation for structural grades shall of a feather key that it can be pushed into an
consist of a five-character alphanumeric system in opposite engaging surface rigidly attached to the
accordance with the following: other shaft
(a) First character, the letter “H” to indicate hot- • Positive clutches - designed to transmit torque
rolled steel. without slip, jaw clutches are the most common;
(b) Second character, a letter, U, A, K, or R, made with square jaws for driving in either
indicating the deoxidation practice (see clause directions, or spiral jaws for unidirectional drive;
5.1.1(a). used for slow-moving shafts, where sudden
(c) Third to fifth, three digits indicating the nominal starting action is not objectionable and where the
minimum yield strength, in megapascals. inertia of the moving parts is relatively small
Example of designation: HA200, HW350 Types of Couplings
• A suffix number preceded by as slash shall be • Rigid couplings - are used when the shafts are
added to the grade designation given in clause virtually collinear and when they remain in a fixed
5.1.4 to indicate any deviation from the base angular relation with respect to each other
grade mechanical property requirements. (except for angular deflection)
Example of designation: HU300/1 • Clamp shaft coupling - essentially a split and
• Aluminium and aluminium alloy designation shall bolted sleeve coupling, proportioned to clamp
be in accordance with AS 2848.1 firmly on the shafts
• Temper designation shall be in accordance with • Flange face coupling - commonly used in
AS 2848.1 and shall be used for all its forms of permanent installations for heavy loads and large
wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys; shall sizes and particularly for vertical drives, as
follow the alloy designation, the two being agitators
separated by a dash • Flexible couplings - designed to connect shafts
• The coating mass designations are 90, 100, which are misaligned either laterally or angularly;
150, 165, 185 and 200 secondary benefit is the absorption of impacts
• The coating type is designated as: due to fluctuations in shaft torque or angular
N Normal spangle coating speed
S Skin-passed for improved surface (smoother • Gear-type coupling - hubs have integral
condition) external gear teeth, perhaps crowned, that mesh
• The surface treatment is designated as: with internal teeth in the casing through 360° as in
A Oiling a splined connection; flexibility is obtained by play
B Mill passivation plus oiling between the teeth
C Mill passivation • Oldham (double slider) coupling - eliminates
D No surface treatment the need for large clearances and the resultant
• Aluminium/zinc coated steel sheet is produced noisy backlash by providing a double-tongued
in thicknesses up to 5.0 mm inclusive after central slider fitting between two flanges slotted at
coating, and in widths of 600 mm and over in coils right angles to each other
and cut lengths • Rubber-bushed coupling - cushions by means
PAES 318: 2002 – Clutches, Couplings, and of steel pins bolted alternately to one flange and
Splines sliding in self-lubricated bronze bushings, rubber-
• Couplings are used to join lengths of shafting, cushioned in the opposite flange; construction
which must often be sectionalized for practicability permits free axial movement to accommodate
and economy in manufacture and shipping or for motor end play and is especially suited to
purposes of ready installation; Clutches are damping shock and momentary overload; it also
couplings which permits the disengagement of affords electrical insulation, thus preventing such
the coupled shafts during rotation. Splines are dangers as electrolysis in direct motor-driven
used for the transmission of power from a shaft to pumps
hub or vice versa. • Roller chain flexible coupling - two opposing
Types of Clutches hubs are made with integral sprockets over which
• Friction clutches - designed to reduce coupling a double roller chain is fitted; drive is through the
shack by slipping during the engagement period; chain; flexibility is obtained by lateral play in the fit
they also serve as safety devices by slipping of the chain over the sprocket teeth
when the torque exceeds their maximum rating • Rubber-flexible coupling - the torque is
transmitted through a comparatively soft rubber in
compression; recommended where quietness is UHMWPE is 1/8 the weight of mild steel but is
desired high in tensile strength and as simple to machine
• Universal joint - used to connect shafts with as wood. Also unlike steel, it reduces noise in
much larger values of misalignment than can be many applications. It is an inexpensive alternative
tolerated by the other types of flexible couplings to metals, ceramics, and wood because it is self-
PAES 319: 2002 – Engineering Plastics lubricating; long-wearing; and shatter-, abrasion-,
• Acrylic - Cast acrylic shall be made from virgin and corrosion-resistant. UHMWPE is well suited
acrylic monomer and offers superior optical clarity for applications that demand durability and low
and light transmission. It shall not affected by friction. It causes no undesirable taste, smell, or
sunlight; it resists aging; and it remains stable discoloration, and it can be cleaned with water,
across a wide range of temperature, moisture, steam, detergents, or disinfectants. UHMW
and exposure conditions. It will not crack, craze, Polyethylene will withstand intermittent
or corrode. Cast acrylic is preferred for some temperatures of up to 100 °C (212 °F), while at
industrial and commercial applications because of the same time being ideal for use in freezing
its optical superiority over molded or extruded lines.
acrylic products. Cast acrylic can be machined or • Polypropylene - Polypropylene is noted for its
cemented and, with standard equipment, will light weight, being less dense than water; it is a
fabricate like wood, metal, or other plastics. It polymer of propylene. It resists moisture, oils, and
weighs half as much as comparable glass and yet solvents. Since its melting point is 121°C (250°F),
has good shatter resistance and durability. it is used in the manufacture of objects that are
• Acetals - Acetal provides high strength and sterilized in the course of their use.
stiffness while offering enhanced dimensional • Polyterafluoroethylene (PTFE) -
stability and ease of machining. A semi-crystalline Polytetrafluoroethylene more popularly known as
material, acetal also has a low coefficient of Teflon is based on chain of carbon atoms, the
friction and good wear properties-especially in same as all polymers. Given their good dynamic
wet environments. Because it absorbs little mechanical properties and sufficient flexibility,
moisture, acetal demonstrates excellent stability PTFE and modified PTFE-based materials are
for close-tolerance machined parts. In high- ideally suited for use as dynamic seals and
moisture or submerged applications, acetal bearings, even when the stress is extreme.
bearings outperform nylon 4 to 1. This material is • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - is a thermoplastic
resistant to a wide range of chemicals, including that is a polymer of vinyl chloride. Resins of
many solvents. And it is available in a broad polyvinyl chloride are hard, but with the addition
range of grades (see below), with properties of plasticizers a flexible, elastic plastic can be
addressing specific needs. made. This plastic has found extensive use as an
• Polyamide (Nylon) - Polyamide, also known as electrical insulator for wires and cables.
nylon is one of the most versatile and widely used PAES 320: 2002 – Wood-Based Panels
thermoplastic materials. Its physical properties • Wood-based panels shall be used as walls,
and reasonable price combine to make it a floors, and ceiling for agricultural structures as
popular choice for numerous applications. It can well as for machine structural purposes
replace steel, brass, bronze, aluminum, wood, Plywood Classification
and rubber, while reducing noise, using less • Class 1 (dry conditions) - This bonding class is
lubrication, and increasing gear life. Using appropriate for veneer plywood intended for use
standard metalworking equipment, nylon can in normal interior climates.
easily be machined and fabricated into precision • Class 2 (humid conditions) - This bonding
parts. class is appropriate for veneer plywood intended
• Polycarbonate - Polycarbonate is an for protected external applications (e.g. behind
amorphous thermoplastic with excellent cladding or under roof coverings), but capable of
dimensional stability and good strength and resisting weather exposure for short periods (e.g.
stiffness over a wide range of service when exposed during construction). It is also
temperatures. It is often used for structural suitable for interior situations where the service
applications when transparency and impact moisture condition is higher than the class 1 level.
strength are essential-such as lenses, manifolds, • Class 3 (exterior conditions) - This bonding
site glasses, and machine guards. Polycarbonate class is designed for veneer plywood intended for
suits a wide variety of electrical applications as exposure to weather over sustained periods.
well, because of its low moisture absorption, good Types of Fiberboard (High Density)
insulation and excellent flammability rating. • Standard fiberboard - A high density fiberboard
• Polyethylene (Ultra High Molecular Weight) - For without subsequent treatment generally intended
the purpose of this standard, only Ultra High for interior use.
Molecular Weight (UHMW) from the different • Tempered fiberboard - A high density
types of polyethylene shall be discussed. fiberboard that has been specially treated with
drying oil, petroleum derivatives or other
compounds stabilized by baking or heating, and
generally intended for the use where moisture
resistance is required.
Fiberboard (High Density) Classification
• Plain - A hardboard without any factory-applied
finish.
• Smooth-one-side (S1S) - High density
fiberboard with a smooth surface on one side and
a screen impression on the other side.
• Smooth-two-sides (S2S) - High density
fiberboard with smooth surfaces on both sides.
• Decorative - Hardboard which has a pattern
impressed on one surface, e.g. simulating some
other materials such as leather, sawali, wood
grain, bark, diamond, fine weave, and others.
• Perforated - Usually S1S hardboard with holes
punched or drilled at the factory for use with
various fixtures to provide decorative wall-
mounted storage facilities or which may be used
for acoustic purposes.

• Flat fiber-cement sheets are normally available

in nominal lengths of 3,000 mm and nominal
widths of up to 1,250 mm
• Flat fiber-cement sheets are normally available
in thickness from 3 mm to 30 mm, although
thickness outside this range may be supplied