DBMS (Database Management System) - Notes for B.
Tech
Students
1. Introduction to DBMS
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that manages data stored in databases. It
provides a systematic and organized way to store, manage, and retrieve data. DBMS acts as an
interface between the database and end-users or application programs.
Advantages of DBMS:
- Reduces data redundancy - Ensures data consistency and integrity - Provides data security -
Supports multiple users and concurrency - Facilitates backup and recovery
2. DBMS Architecture
DBMS architecture can be divided into three levels (Three Schema Architecture): a) External Level:
Closest to users, describes how data is viewed by individual users. b) Conceptual Level: Describes
the logical structure of the database. c) Internal Level: Deals with physical storage of data.
3. Data Models
- Hierarchical Model: Data organized in a tree structure. - Network Model: Data represented using
nodes and relationships. - Relational Model: Data stored in tables (rows and columns). -
Entity-Relationship (ER) Model: Uses entities, attributes, and relationships. - Object-Oriented
Model: Combines object-oriented concepts with databases.
4. Keys in DBMS
- Primary Key: Uniquely identifies a record. - Candidate Key: Attribute(s) that can uniquely identify a
record. - Foreign Key: Attribute that refers to the primary key in another table. - Composite Key:
Combination of two or more attributes. - Super Key: Set of attributes that can uniquely identify
records.
5. Normalization
Normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve efficiency.
Normal Forms: - 1NF: Atomic values, no repeating groups. - 2NF: 1NF + No partial dependency. -
3NF: 2NF + No transitive dependency. - BCNF: Higher version of 3NF for better dependency
handling.
6. Structured Query Language (SQL)
- Data Definition Language (DDL): CREATE, DROP, ALTER. - Data Manipulation Language (DML):
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. - Data Control Language (DCL): GRANT, REVOKE. -
Transaction Control Language (TCL): COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT.
Conclusion
DBMS is an essential technology for managing data efficiently in modern applications. By
understanding concepts like architecture, models, normalization, and SQL, [Link] students gain a
strong foundation for database-related careers and advanced studies.
