Fibonacci Numbers – According to Pierce (2025), the Fibonacci Sequence is a series of numbers,

where is the sum of two numbers before it.

Example: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo - The Fibonacci man, who lived in Italy between 1170 and
1250. He was known by his nickname “Fibonacci”, which means “Son of Bonacci”. Aside from
being known for the Fibonacci Sequence, he also played a key role in popularizing of Hindu-
Arabic numeral system which the number we use today (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …) —as a replacement for
Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, V, …) (Pierce, 2025).

Around 1200 AD he published the Liber Abbaci, or “Book of Calculation” (Gumiran,

2025).
Phi Symbol (Source from: [Link])

Uppercase Lowercase
Φ φ

Phi is the initial letters of

Phidias’ (Gumiran, 2025).

Golden Ratio – According to Carlson (2025), in mathematics, the irrational number (1 + Square
root of√5)/2, often denoted by the Greek letter ϕ or τ, which is approximately equal to 1.618. it is
the ratio of a line segment that has been divided into two sections of varying lengths. The ratio of
the entire segment to the longer segment is equivalent to the ratio of the longer segment to the
shorter segment.
Mark Barr – an American mathematician that used Phi in honor of Phidias (Phidias (490BC –
430BC) who used the golden ratio widely in his works of sculpture.) (Gumiran, 2025).
Dr. Eddy Levin DDS – a London-based dentist who identified a connection between natural
beauty and the Golden Ratio, applied it to dental aesthetics, published key research on it, and
developed the Golden Mean Gauge – a widely adopted tool in the field (Abrahams, 2009).

Golden Ratio in Specifics:

Baghdad City Gate – The gate’s proportions and decorative patterns follow balanced
ratio. It’s the earliest monument going back to the revival of the medieval city after its heyday as
the Abbasid capital in the 2nd/8th century is the so-called Gate of Baghdad (from explore museum
website).
 Source: [[Link] (n.d.). Explore
With MNF. [Link]

Dome of St. Paul London England – It was praised as an ecclesiastical masterpiece, is

the seat of the Bishop of London. The church has hosted major events, from art installations to
state funerals of Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher and royal weddings like that of Prince
Charles and Princess Diana. It also contains the world's largest dome, which stands at 366 feet in
height (from London Tickets website).

Source: [Link]

Great Wall of China – Certain watchtower designs and wall segments exhibit dimensions
aligned with the Golden Ratio. It was made out of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other
materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China
to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic
groups of the Eurasian Steppe (from New 7 wonders of the world website).
Source: [Link]
d-china/

The Parthenon Greece – Its façade and column spacing are famously aligned with the
Golden Ratio, contributing to its timeless architectural perfection. Under the direction of the artist
Phidias, the architects Ictinus and Callicrates started construction on the Parthenon in 447 bce. By
438, the structure was finished, and that year Phidias dedicated a large statue of Athena made of
gold and ivory for the interior. Up to 432 bce, the building's exterior adornment was still being
worked on (from Britannica, 2025).

Source: [Link]

Windsor Castle – Specific structural layouts and window placements incorporate Golden
Ratio proportions, subtly enhancing its symmetry and usual appeal. A royal home and world's
largest occupied castle, has served as a stronghold for more than 900 years and is still in use today
(from Royal UK website).

Source: [Link]
Golden Ratio in Nature – The universe, many plant and insect growth patterns, and the beauty of
nature all exhibit the golden ratio (Gumiran, 2025).
Honey Comb – It displays particular regular hexagons that repeat. It creates a sturdy
structure with no gaps by using the least amount of wax to store the honey (Gumiran, 2025).
 Spider webs – A lovely example of pattern. The spider builds a framework by carrying out
natural steps (Gumiran, 2025).

Golden Ratio in Arts:

Euclid Plato – In his book "Elements," the first to define the golden ratio as "a dividing
line in the extreme and mean ratio," he demonstrated how numbers relate to the creation of
the pentagram, which is known as the golden ratio (Guriman, 2025).
Leonardo Da Vinci – Known for his inventiveness, sculpting, painting, science, music,
architecture, literature, engineering, anatomy, and mathematics, writing, history,
astronomy, botany, geology, and mapping (Guriman, 2025).
Felipe Jacinto Dali – He destined to become one of the most prolific painters of all time
from an early age. In order to produce balanced, surrealistic images, the surrealist artist
used the Golden Ratio in works such as The Sacrament of the Last Supper (LightsO, 2022).
The Birth of Venus – Sandro Botticelli was perhaps the best humanist painter of the Early
Renaissance. His paintings capture the height of Florence's cultural prosperity during the
Medicis, a wealthy city that promoted advancements in literature, philosophy, and the arts.
In order to create visual harmony, it also arranges figures and background elements using
the golden ratio (from The Art Story website).
Rembrandt Van Rijn – Rembrandt, to put it simply, is a Dutch painter. It is claimed that
his painting "Self Portrait" uses the golden triangle (Gumiran, 2025).

Golden Ratio in Architecture:

Great Pyramid of Giza – Constructed in the Ahmes Papyrus of Egypt about 4700 BC, the
foundation is 481 feet high and 756 feet long on each side, with proportions based on the "Golden
Ratio." The base to height ratio is around 1.5717, which is near the Golden Ratio (Guriman, 2025).
 Notre Dame – A Gothic Cathedral in Paris, built in between 1163 and 1250. It’s façade
window arrangements reflect in Golden Ratio (Guriman, 2025).

Source: [Link]
Taj Mahal – Utilized the golden ratio when building in India and was finished in 1648.
Its central dome and surrounding buildings are symmetrical and have height-to-width ratios that
are in line with the Golden Ratio (Guriman, 2025).

Source: [Link]
UN Building – The arrangement of the windows displays golden proportions (Guriman,
2025).

Source: [Link]
 Eiffel Tower - Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, constructed in 1889 is an iron lattice. The
tower's distinctive appearance is a result of its progressive tapering and section divisions, which
adhere to proportions close to the Golden Ratio (Gumiran, 2025).

Source: [Link]

De Leon, Elizabeth N.
BSED Major in Filipino 1-A
Mathematics in Modern World
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[Link]. [Link]

Abrahams, M. (2009, February 3). A golden mean in your mouth. Improbable

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Carlson, S. C. (2025). Golden ratio. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from

[Link]

City Walls, Baghdad Gate (Raqqa, Syria) Source: [[Link]

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Great Wall of China | New7Wonders of the World. (2023, June 5). New7Wonders of the World.

[Link]

d-china/

Greek Alphabet | BΘO | Skyline College. (n.d.). [Link]

Gumiran, P. (n.d.). CHAPTER 1. Scribd.

[Link]

LightsO, O. (2022). Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto [Link]. [Link]

/document/615434889/Salvador-Domingo-Felipe-Jacinto-Dali

Pierce, Rod. (23 Jul 2025). "Fibonacci Sequence". Math Is Fun. Retrieved 14 Aug 2025 from

[Link]
Phi Symbol (ϕ). (n.d.). [Link]

Sandro Botticelli Paintings, bio, ideas. (n.d.). The Art Story. [Link]

/artist/botticelli-sandro/

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025, July 22). Parthenon | Definition, History,

architecture, Columns, Greece, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.

[Link]

The Royal Family. (n.d.). Royal Residences: Windsor Castle. The Royal Family.
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