PARTS OF SPEECH:

Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech,
according to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence. The
parts of speech are eight in number:
1. Noun.
2. Adjective.
3. Pronoun.
4. Verb.
5. Adverb.
6. Preposition.
7. Conjunction.
8. Interjection.
A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing; as, Akbar
was a great King.
Ex: 1. Kolkata is on the Hooghly. 2. The rose smells sweet.
3. The sun shines bright. 4. His courage won him honour.

Note: The word thing includes (i) all objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch,
or smell; and (ii) something that we can think of, but cannot perceive by the
senses.
An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun; as,
Ex: He is a brave boy.
Ex: There are twenty boys in this class.
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun; as,
Ex: John is absent, because he is ill.
Ex: The book are where you left them.
A Verb is a word used lo express an action or state; as
The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
Ex: Kolkata is a big city.
Ex: Iron and copper are useful metals.
An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb; as,
Ex: He worked the sum quickly.
Ex: This flower is very beautiful.
Ex: She pronounced the word quite correctly.
A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the
person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something
else; as,
Ex: There is a cow in the garden.
Ex: The girl is fond of music.
Ex: A fair little girl sat under a tree.
A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences; as,
Ex: Rama and Hari are cousins.
Ex: Two and two make four.
Ex: I ran fast, but missed the train.
An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feel ing; as,
Ex: Hurrah! We have won the game. Alas! She is dead.
Some modern grammars include Determiners among the parts of speech.
Determiners are words like a, an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some,
any, my, his, one, two, etc., which determine or limit the meaning of the nouns
that follow. (In this book, as in many traditional grammars, all determiners except
a, an and the are classed among adjectives),
As words are divided into different classes according to the work they do in
sentences, it is clear that we cannot say to which part of speech a word belongs
unless we see it used in a sentence.
Ex: They arrived soon after. (Adverb)
Ex: They arrived after us. (Preposition)
Ex: They arrived after we had left. (Conjunction)
From the above examples we see that the same word can be used as
different parts of speech.

Exercise in Grammar: 2
Name the part of speech of each italicized word in the following sentences,
giving in each case your reason for the classification:

1. Still waters run deep.

2. He still lives in that house
3. After the storm comes the calm
4. The after effects of the drug are bad.
5. The up train is late.
6. It weighs about a pound.
7. He told us all about the battle.
8. He was only a yard off me.
9. Suddenly one of the wheels came off.
10. Mohammedans fast in the month of Ramzan.
11. He kept the fast for a week.
12. He is on the committee.
13. Let us move on.
14. Sit down and rest a while.
15. I will watch while you sleep.
16. They while away their evenings with books and games.
Supply appropriate Comparatives or Superlatives to each of the following:-
1. Prevention is - - - than cure.
2. Akbar had a - - - region than Babar.
3. Sachin Tendulkar is the - - - batsman in the world.
4. The pen is - - - than the sword.
5. The - - - buildings are found in America.
6. The Pacific is - - - than any other ocean.
7. Which of the two girls has the - - - dress?
8. Honour is - - - to him than life.
9. This pen is - - - than the other.
10. Who is the - - - boy in the class ?
11. The Eiffel Tower is - - - than Qutab Minar.
12. My uncle is - - - than my father.
13. The multi- millionaire Mr. Sen is the - - - in this town.
14. Wordsworth is a - - - poet than Cowper.
15. Balu is the - - - bowler in the eleven.
16. The streets of Mumbai are - - - than those of Ahmedabad.
17. Ooty is - - - than Chennai.
18. The piano was knocked down to the - - - bidder.
19. Mount Everest is the - - - peak of the Himalayas.
20. He writes a - - - hand than his brother.
21. He writes the - - - hand in his class.
22. He is one of the - - - speakers in Punjab.
23. Who was the - - - general, Alexander or Caesar?
24. The - - - fables are those attributed to j45sop.
25. The Arabian Nights is perhaps the - - - story- book,
26. Shakespeare is - - - than any other English poet.
27. Of all countries, China has the - - - population in the world.
28. Clouds float in the sky because they are - - - than the air.
29. There are two ways of doing the sum, but this one is the - - - .
30. It is good to be clever, but it is - - - to be industrious.
31. This is the - - - of my two sons.
32. This is the - - - that I can do?
Complete the following sentences by filling in a or an or the as may be suitable:-
1. Copper is - - - useful metal.
2. He is not - - - honorable man.
3. - - - able man has not always a distinguished look.
4. - - - reindeer is a native of Norway.
5. Honest men speak - - - truth.
6. Rustum is - - - .
7. Do you see - - - blue sky.
8. Varanasi is - - - holy city.
9. Aladdin had - - - wonderful lamp.
10. The world is - - - happy place.
11. He returned after - - - hour.
12. - - - school will shortly close for the Puja holidays.
13. - - - sun shines brightly.
14. I first met him - - - year ago.
15. Yesterday - - - European called at my office.
16. Sanskrit is - - - difficult language.
17. - - - Ganga is - - - sacred river.
18. - - - lion is - - - king of beasts.
19. You are - - - fool to say that.
20. French is - - - easy language.
21. Who is - - - girl sitting there?
22. Which is - - - longest river in India?
23. Rama has come without - - - umbrella.
24. Mumbai is - - - very dear place to live in.
25. She is - - - untidy girl.
26. The children found - - - egg in the nest.
27. I bought horse, ox, and - - - buffalo.
28. If you see him, give him - - - message.
29. English is language of - - - people of England.
30. The guide knows - - - way.
31. Sri Lanka is - - - island.
32. Let us discuss - - - matter seriously.
33. John got - - - best present.
34. Man, thou art - - - animal.
35. India is one of - - - most industrial countries in Asia.
36. He looks as stupid as - - - owl.
37. He is - - - honour to this profession.

Exercise in Composition 1
Insert Articles where necessary:-

1. While there is life there is hope.

2. Her knowledge of medicine had been acquired under aged Jewess.
3. Sun rises in east.
4. The brave soldier lost arm in battle.
5. The doctor says it is hopeless case. .
6. I like to live in open air.
7. Get pound of sugar from nearest grocer.
8. Set back clock; it is hour too fast.
9. The poor woman has no rupee.
10. You must take care.
11. Eskimos make houses of snow.
12. Where did you buy umbrella?
13. Have you never seen elephant?
14. Draw map of India.
15. Do not look gift horse in mouth.
16. Have you told him about accident?
17. Tagore was great poet.
18. How blue sky looks!
19. Who wishes to take walk with me?
20. What beautiful scene this is!
21. The musician was old Mussalman.
22.The river was spanned by iron bridge.
23. Moon did not rise till after ten.
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24. Like true sportsmen they would give enemy fair play.
25. They never fail who die in great cause.
26. There is nothing like staying at home for comfort.
27. He likes to picture himself as original thinker.
28. It is never thankful office to offer advice.
29. Umbrella is of no avail against thunderstorm.
30. I have not seen him since he was child.
31. For Brutus is honourable man.
32. Neil Armstrong was first man to walk on moon.
33. Man has no more right to say uncivil thing than to act one.
34. We started late in afternoon.
35. It is a strange thing how little, in general, people know about sky.
36. Scheme failed for want of support.
37. Tiger, animal equal to lion in size, is native of Asia.
38. Time makes worst enemies friends.
39. My favourite flower is rose.
40. Time we live ought not to be computed by number of years, but by use that
has been made of them.
41. Mumbai is largest cotton textile centre in country.
42. Men are too often led by astrayed- prejudice.
43. Only best quality is sold by us.
44. What kind of bird is that ?
45. Wild animals suffer when kept in captivity.
46. May we have pleasure of your company?
47. It was proudest moment of my life.
48. Andamans are group of islands in Bay of Bengal.
49. He started school when he was six years old.
50. He neglects attending church, though church is only few yards from his
house.
51. March is third month of year.
52. Dr. Arnold was headmaster of Rugby.
53. Man cannot live by bread alone.
54. When will father be back?
55. Appenines are in Italy.