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EX: Hiswite coatvol, wacler systeins! ete. Br edidituted Systeme! O8 | te Ts scalabity ut * sae oe Type bos: ‘ Te awa vt nein memory in hich Os Is Sined is called, Sysiget aren Tre reat A the memory is Caled vier oka. we Br oaly one program __ Death: 'S present in main memory at any given Kee: F . pow ¥ When the pmgram goes he lo, the cpy becames idle. taigepameigs A Were 05 hos ability fo mannge mul Hele ready Programs in memory. Seven & onevithe-teadyHprome executing process goes for So, one A the vendy procenes will be allectaled’ Cpu- Tus ukilizahon ot cpu 8 mawimized- ence Prroughpuk TS {nereaged » throwhpuk: the ot procenes execuled per unit Hoe _ foon-Fretmphie. 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Program doesn't ute any, 0S, sen a of ik execution in Wer mode. vtce, and Bnishes GB: wainc) 1 int acbil; UK ez $ (Aub); un) Fock Cd + System Cath foskC 0; kK pxate(e dy cy, 0 be Cpovited in APE) t ' $c) i ‘ t . ; The above poem ves fret: te ts sewice provided by OSs by CComplen Byery .ajstemn call i panslatdle? & an 86 Csuperuisory Cait ) + This bike privileged taghucWon . Te pl nen -privitaged funchion galls ase translated ty BSA Cerarch + fave Acedvens by 2 comeiler- | ‘Scanned with CamScanner fork) ts a system ca and || Thuy at the Hme & execuhond Sve erated o Soha itkGrv is The Corresponding TSA (Inleript Service Roubne) handles He | takervapt « | > TSR does 2 too things ¢ 4 Hode shidting (Bom OH to eM) Crate bitin ange) “Fron te dispatch table, agpe te required oddver, of vega the Funckon call: is fund’ Cris patch table Contains one ey per cach Systeme cat!) a5 a8 SHE hi The lost iachuaton dt Srl c ne changes KH fo UM. 4 Sock) System call : 3 maine) i X S16! wee | : =a mand) 5 t+ Fock § a print (“Hello”), x print C Hetlo")y (}— 4 LTETS 08 deack dopy of parent Exeuskion in child gurls from the {nshuckon uhich @ neet fe the Bee) hich created WW: the child LChid doesn’ exeuste fre) | Te executes only pratt) | ‘4 t]he ec A dil sek Yo GHA cohen fe pen ‘Scanned with CamScanner| a ot Aa maind) rowed i forks, | forks Priat® Yello"); Hee o Ital dt 4 procenes ax Crealed-Hence “elle? fs Prated | h Himes. Hello Hello Helle Helle A Wroinl) Bee fore Forel) peat (Yeo) 7 2.@ prrcerees 29 Vello is pritled & Hoes ‘Scanned with CamScannertole: Tn the sume way Fose have 9 focks im Sequences, 2” process + will ecist. maine) t ie tans be Cie, teeny tet) bas - s We He above progam ,.no dt Chill pmeewer crealed 18 DAV BHM chad ayot-r oy for Ciziy isony tet) forty; can be replaced by Sequence ‘! Porksc, Sto prcenes = 9f Wah no A child procemes 2 2M1. Fed Ha ofp & below program maint) : PROEE (Before fovke") forktrs paattABtey fork): 3 . wo | Prything before Sequence ft fckL) Cal il be Crested only on. (Cie by gaent) 9p: Before. fork after bork Af ler fork ‘Scanned with CamScannerro Process, Management : process, nee oy Proce Concepts : frogram vs Peten, Cetne) : sg Progra 18 @ pobire enki. Tstwarkien Data 7 Coat tae fy Feast rand Suc) Mean erg NTN 7 Vowable sie, peocers . Adilecaled at vunkine . 1 3h Cheap ascoren) = Proce, # Prcem 18 a Prgrem in execution . + Proce & on lothune da’ Pegeam Chor o program we Con eveate Active entihy a SMA Memberd: prgemmed) 7 | & unit d cpy utilization - + Lous o& contal Cite iF trae 8 nc proce | thea! thoes re F Anienaled spe spirit. — O€Ky for cpu). ) 3 A Procew S viesed 4 O7 Abstract Baty Type Cant). Nee? use an ADT ha + aitccatiey ceo te process W) Bleek CD + Bore he Tho £ wo Rasa Ranging C+ sunning on Cr vw Suspend() + Proce is ent to disk Wid resumee > + Pocers is brought tg main memory from dik. - (ly terminate — Fee resource deailocation takes place ond %8 ty deleted Procens Abhibuten (Rorsties Jdavecenstien) : ’ ‘| H Proce idg a voiqe id. be every process a Sametime, eit may ever hase parental. = 4 (Teeth, PSometines & the proce is in any Jroup # Ie may ) Gren have qriup. id * Proce, sake ws Pacem sige t Proum type (ee backgrsiea Precens fregund proceed etc.) Peosihy ‘ * Program Counter: 7 ms ¥ General Rxpase Registers’ = + Acwoantig, Lallormatea (ye arvivaltime, busst times 10.hme ek’) & Lise Af open Bley * + list & open devices & Prolection infovmatian - These cre general atribules. Hooewer Lilferert oss we de reat Obrrbabeas ‘ mh Bt ‘Scanned with CamScanner© Feocors Corral Bek (PCBS/ Tosk Conrsol_ Block CTE)? ay 7 Proce Attritule, Ove Store Liq o Dela Stucture kntwen of PCB or Trocews Deacriptoy.@o Process Chieek » Go Te cotent Kept ia O8'is called pocers Conlext or posevs pecan conket envivor ament. Foch pocesn hoy ite own PCR. Proce, staten ond stale +raasitean Liagrom ' shown belms. 7 Wows Ve oltove hanson diagram is) hr pre-enphie : hosed Mabkipng Process Sep Suspengign : . > i f Te is soompping Swapping OVE the pragme: proven,’ hom’ maid memany dick, % And loer we may raume He proce and bring it book ho main memory. Tk posable fo Soepend one shen Heo Peers is)“ main ‘memory. i So we can Suspend only Caben He Pre A in reasy or Tuaniog or block stale. ° Cos meee eee bran gihion, For special avrangewente, , pombe ven in suspend en senies a tas Ni man ar math iable- ‘Scanned with CamScanner7 ‘Ss iqfesace preemphoe is faking resoivey Prom He -Proces in ready stale ‘ shedding Gueus ood Qheuig diogure: | < ! o Bune, Toa ‘ | [(~— mo Beads Bue — ok Bee, Mb Buewe Suspend Queue @ wy Device Gutue TIP Bucve Ready quene list oe PCBs Pa hoy ques + Ut veal processes These, (28 are maintained on Linked list’, Mock quel Geng "Jo device is omocisted ith ty ean device queue GRBs 4 Preceyes) Brey deisico. waiting £0 trough certhiin devia is allel be He respecte device's queya. Teb Buena or Topok Queues Progrims tak are ready to be loaded in Memorye Memory May got be eNOUGh bp hoe ON He procenes - 95 vest axe placed *, ‘preg . (job Sueue. The pacieeaen ia Joe queue ae. present in New gale. Soagend Oacue so Proceasea tha axe pended fom mena; cither' Pew! ready or From eck statea- . ‘ EPy bound POCeES 4 A process with high amount 4 CPO basse ; comgoxed Io To burst To kosnd process + Mpecen usith highs afmunt # 0 biest é : sCompaied’ E3. CPU bushi» “ "Scanned with CamScannerBN Me quenes ow implemented ty Litas Ast # pen. Schedules 4 Dispatcher Schedules is 0 component A Process manager, that rtakes decivion, - 0 xa Short Yer scheduler (Proce scheduler} Ceeo scheduler) + Te decides, which@ ready Pecos ghoul wn Nextes CPU ony ime dium, Chock ox giver on He bas A the, equency, wah duhich age Schedulecs . wu. Medium der scheduler: 7 | SE carrion oat He respoesibility “of Saapension A reaurmphin- Loag Yer sched € Iobe schedules. Tk works en job Quenee- Te loads programs inko. reain memory ——" Deqee # Halipegrammicg, Te is toot processes present in Memory. Las Contras deg HR Dicpatcher : Dispatcher ¢ayriex out the achuity of Canker switching, 4 Contec sitchieg iS activity of cag ond leading RBs ob proenes acing pOces Switching: 00. CRY CAPE satehing also invluc Leg ‘Pee able» _ ‘Scanned with CamScannerrr On ' an tere taken he context Switching Conve RE@ # lena PCED is called | | | corket Soitth Kme ©) Digeatch laleney.. coh ev Senn Five fo 4 ® DORIS kk Proce mes Vppes bound ready k ! raneieg, ° a Bock tle] © k | CPU Scheduling | Proce Scheduling 7 Se design ct short term scheduler Furchow£ goals ot Sts: i ruched pe oe : BuocHons + {els : ; ¢ Hoxinsing throughput { ¥ Hinimiae thin Oroutd He, a # Hinimite vaaihing fime. Hinimire veponse bie. Process Himes: - Arrival Hine Gi hime at which procees Comes. jnbo“eady Queve fhe the bor Acst hime. atkg ine (we): L He time spett by a process in ready queue. ‘Scanned with CamScannerScheduling Hime (st) ¢ the Hime at wahich the prcers gels ate Pu» chai! Burst Hme (81) : } ‘ ays CPU BT: Hime spent by Prcews fanning en CPU lo BU: Hime. Speak by procens cong Zo achuity, wt Oh ost wre Bt, 6G BTs . tres [ee | At Congletion tine Cer’) : he timefudich pecs fatale eeuahin | PP \ 5 | Tan Around Bre (rat): \ 3 ues the. Hine spent by proceas hoon its omval eal complete. | TAT = CT-AT ‘ ' | a 7 TAT ocmalied Tat = pee BT inchades oak | a oN 8T eT wt = TAT- (@T+ 3087) " | it To@teo then } wt > TAT -BT , | | Scanned with GamSeannerrr Seredstiog Frame work : Sehecul Let 0 pocersers (Pr. en) ATER) AY BTCA) Ke TORT LY > i CRY SG Poo ue have a TaT(RD = Ce Ae a Auge TAT = x Horaties TAT LP) B) wrley = (er-acy- (Here) agur. Sfteoay-drawy} 0 1 ay Gh ny 2) Schedule -lenth CL) : Iota time taten fr ‘al a poceses bo Pith erecuhity is called Shedule length y tea| Le max(ce— miaCac) Pole Hak Lis dk gyal to sum of all burst times became of Cevtuin Hie o4 Procesten, Tray bes i block Shade 2) Te trohput i): Process executed Per unit hime~ = ft ik aE ‘Scanned with CamScanner$ | cou Scheduling lechniques Scheduling lechavgues : Non Tre emphie, Preemphie ) First Come Fiest Sewe (FERS): Selection criteria t AT Node ot gperation : Non- preemphive Conflict resolution : Lower Pid proces, © Scheduled Rest | Assumphions « > bime is in clock hicks. > TORT ts exo | A Gonlect: switch overhead ( g) « heglgible Schedule lengths Is0218 vg TaT= KAAEGE WHI 248 ; s «Ag 2 OFMEFE wT a 4tty 2 beg = ‘Scanned with CamScannerBeal o 2 3 6 wy q Schedule legik = is po Compute Aug. TAT, Ayguet,. Schedule lengi+h Pwo | AT / Rt | er |. TAT] wt | 4 Ls3 5s} oy ° ale fa 3} 2 Jo 3 | wow |S SS [0 4 |} mda oe fa 5 we {3 a) 3 ° Ladetetay P| o2 6 # 116 , AA on 5 618 © IS & wR Ds F Aug TAT = Bea 45h 3 1} ae = be s s “ ; Schedule length = 21-9219 > 6 F . Scanned with CamScannerDrass gant cro @® gro AT ORT ’ 7 ‘ s 3% # zo 8 3 3 4 4 8 4 S$ 8s | 6 a 2d ee eae ints ‘Uanteln aA aaD o 8 bk 6 GB PM Lroy-3s01 Ag Tt> (24h rS+546 ag a fog WO > OrOHIEYHOHD 4 6 6 FCS wsith on-2ero Torts Aveo Negligible scheduling overhead; — ~~ - ates Schedating everhead (€) ts. cenlext Soitch Here PrD at | <8t + zoaT; Bry] eT | TH fe eo 4 -) 1 sg on | [8], | 3 4 3 fn 1 1 Jt | |to-44 “ Sreduing overhead, $21 Assume concsivent 20 & prssible ite; Hultiple devites can perform TO at He same. kine 9-8 AREER ye ‘Scanned with CamScannerwm Tn unnitiog Hime we don't engder Kime Ar Sechedaling overhead: & Bose. taT- Cet+ rogt+ a-8)J ¥ whee nis nod gheduling overheada ey 00 # Hime, the process is gcheduled Schedule length > 9-0 = 14 A proces conhot qe fo to divectiy fe fom ready Qreve. So initvally ait 3 + PCE, vill TUN on cpu itor a hefigite _amasant dt hime) es oe eas ee : fe & Avg 1 Uh agakt ge sg a0 % . Ha Aw 0 proces is in Hack: chile LZ while perfomicy 206 50 bee Herminotion it enusle come. to © wuoning Seles go fray tt gam wen on Py hr or negligible amount Hine | ‘ > hb crutalenagg, Fyre = to. Schedutew length = 7 - effeck » Ley nllover pocenen uate br ene SFCFS shows omer boy proces 4 pr Ab the cpus poe oes ‘Scanned with CamScanner| Hoe emuming BEL cone repeat He Same Problem [slF[sfeblefeln[s[els[ey s] TM or rt 2384 Wn abit ag HT YQ DD Fj $2 Sr Le52 (KERN ERA Re aa eb Cpu talenes > | 100 xr a ‘ -6 P-4 foi Ee fb fering ovethand: 4 /- epv gecherivg ovthand $ xiao Feeney = [P-L - or effing = (IE -£ uve = 4 xtvo 5) Shoplet Tub Test (3F) | Shortest Phocens Newt CsPs) Slehon Critéva t BT paves Mode. of operations Noa Pre Empl: Conflict Regolubin = Loves Pid ayy WT = rotator me gif 3 ad Le tt o> ‘Scanned with CamScanneryr wD eno | at | ar | ct [tat 3S i" vfs fel we fu fe. a {2 iz wf 4 s_|' ' ele fe2[uf[2zfe eo talyts to | sla \efei[e[i 6]3a-Ji stale - 4 Teel eT oy} e SF ure BI Cs : yg, WT é ck we i Ls le. 215 aleners, Woke be caleoled ¢ over cchede. length of CPU {lene = % woo = ° Shortest Remaining “E a Heat Cente) fie Bupha: SF: Crilero. + BT : ey 2 Hode. Pre Eogtive” . Corblicl: Regoluhin: Lewes Pid PPretmphon of tanning Proce ie s boxed on duailabitity Jascival fo Shelly Storer potss” ‘Scanned with CamScanner06 + @ SRTE ~ [a le[e Ps | Pa. z OF8e 10 ray yy ots Ses YSt tg + Ta Ss Ag tat= 3) s ) ‘or, 6 aon SsF Ra a tes x PS Ag tats us [ele lala tay Bug tats at. 6 0 2 50% 45 lt.” ‘Scanned with CamScanneravg Tat (sate) < Avy TATCSSFY , cundes tre ontumphon that 820 a vs0 schedubiog overheads cre, more ia SRTF. Gompure the fq TAT foe the Fallaaing, preeases Using LATE schedubing crwuraiog tuk in core of 0 conflick bls Processes then | fvour the provers having loser pid aliys. , ‘ Conddion holds White, Preeaetion algo 1 . T fg 2 Ine 4h 28 3 Performance & SIF: Advantages ! + optimal algorithm > Hacimam through pu 2 Minimum Aug HT FAG OT ‘Scanned with CamScanner4 Causes Stawalon fe looger Preise® potas sok 4 one Uinttalion is thak STR As wB poctcally TH possible ty implement. Tis hecanye we can’t Know the burst time tbo procem, before it execulea. ASSES used ok a beadrmark fo mesure [compare Fechemna | of algocithms Corb STF | | > However, we can implement STF with Predicted burst Himes . Prediction Technigue, gb Qusst Himes. | ft trea Mes dr Burst _times Sohic Techoquss Ss gee ab process: ZH any other procen ot Some sine Coppmt) Yan befine. > then bared on its 87 use. preditté BT of few process | Gy W Type gb proces soe \ - | | /™ - | os sex i j ineethe . Rrepaiod — Badymnd Rap (es) a 8) Cie-is) (Cao-s0), Bosed on type cf pwcess we predict a er fbr each type wed Dynamic Prediction Technigues A We predict only paral Burst me Lee, nent CPU burst ‘Scanned with CamScanner¢ one 24 Gegonentah Averagiy echnigne aging AMyoetvin) ! Dlex Py be Preesr Dilek by be complete BT A procers S)iek Tbe prediced BT | The parameler a)ler Try be Next predicted bes BT - oftrols the relate - weaght: vecent Taye eet Ue) Tr, 0g 51 cand past history ia Os grectiction Koo Tryst HUE fad nay UE) Tn | Fatta + olen) tart “ay Baar Tale Eg’ eLt-ahbgart &Ci- xy Tas te Given dhe Volme ob od, yh previo RT's ye can Yad ony > AU Re above apmeach 1 be a site process ond partiol buxls ah the Process - Tora @® Given ofto-S ¢ cto font neck cPY BF oF te procers , € IK Peston ta, thoy Bis BD st /10. soy” ' ‘Scanned with CamScannerwy Highest Responce Rabiow bent CaRRw) : ' 2 This algecthen nok oft Aavouss shorter prrceres but also Ling the walking Hie A longer process. Crilesto: Reagonse Ration “| Regonge vali Hi 3 w= wainng Hime a He process & fat Sz gewutce me (Burst Kme) Mode + Non Freemphive | > = ’s high baer Seite ers and Hux Avours shorler proceses s j | RAS ps high stshen “us! is, high and thos Avon dower at | I Prowetses uhich have been wsai keg HU now. Peo AT | BT 4 o 3 2 2 6 3 4 4 k 6 Ey s & 2 geacaken | J - ev fasta] cRaaas kg to 15 2 ey Fuse ae: Te os Ns Brg ofttee Te fa fauowed Y ne Lear provers i Sore 2 and thay Stawatien is overcome. ‘Scanned with CamScanner5. Priority, Bored Scheduling EProdty is aq athe & pocer, + Boied on Type sire & pores and Yerourcer the Procesuac, 1 Ve prey so , STF ts 0 Special +) procity cour & prodity xed schedultege In sge Stoic. arnt prionhy is ieverse. | agrees inereoyea) AF nenk-eay bust Cetera. Prority Mode + Bone, fete we Pr / ply ree axe. _ doles Pa “Biber + lower priority procemes Suffers staryotion | 5: Pily PAT. sr" 4 ' o 4 o 6 2 2 5 |. 5 3s 3 6 : Bordult 8S pe Baer ; aL 5 oF 8 ; 15 is rad Aaguring high number is higher pridihy toon Refnge, fe ‘Scanned with CamScanner4 One solution fym precating bate Pray prceintom Starving } is aging- Agity involves 9 incveng tog the Prony ot prcemes Yak have been wary me Wing. dr long fee Ege, can [pRedetayes ST o 235% [e[efelebel eelel “oe 2 5S ¥ & Hy 25 T cD) OR -REE, 13 16 M2225, 22, 81--) OP HG Sirs, 20128 8604 Be lbvaaSs 2458 ON ot . ) t amare fre] aS (Round Robin chedubiag (Fretmplie” ESS! 4 *TG is mostly wed in CHuikiproyammed STi thatd 08°); Gxilera: AT # Tine Guan . a : _ Mode s Tre Emptire . Ready duces FIFD Gonblick reilahee : loser gid > Ruvning Paces ic pretpiea Lbayed on time gjanturn-+ ee Ns “ Ke, Ti doesn’t Include time spent in Contect-sinitching « Oly + Time quantum doesn’t j sen mi por 7 Bo emo Ha Cree ss Ganley got me Qual = 4 4 q 5 Tine Syeit en ‘Scanned with CamScannerot asta 0 | uy tat= 28 -_ + | * | Pr Geceraiiyy quot is high is RA shedlieg- fho AT &T “ae | tO, 8 2g 4 \ 3 3 3 4th Be . +5 4 5 frmeme, TR2% and prepare ie pan at ond. 9, Agetar | reopeues 014 fo: both mar ak the. sane. Kine, the Reedy & Mf, i KRG Bs WVre grcea tegicn more prety , REE Petal [el Pal : « oa hep eRe EE OY a x ee NG BHA Ort wry ster oe tt = Pug tt = no Tax vi 8 BR 7 5 2 vo oom BE ws 2 G3 “4 10 a ve 8 OE! RBs LEH, 04 Br CH foes Lea Pe | Fs lap rel ot 5 oN H 1 20 23% AM Scanned with CamScannerRedon of un Rin: + depends on dime quanturn Smal lange Hore Context Goitchey & Low Content “Goikching Crow. overhead) & poor intemebve and tens yesponse. | # Topioves jnlerachveners when ime. quamlan is very large, the rand yobin becomes close FCFS which p iS poor in yesponsivenens- ‘ #50 fine quantum mab. not be very Lorge or must vot be. very genotl* Moteate teat Ri) TEEPE 5 fOr 22K Ss 6 FEA) Gi" | Context Switch hime >S Taq fe[r [ste GTAL-- eT als[e = R401) + sen) > qe E-sn =a | te } tom 2 Gey Pees ge Us Meek Avan only ole tity hy atlente %' gee. bons i [ 4 CO 1 ery proven ts execitel aHeoage ue ati n-! i every WWenal ot § gee. ‘Scanned with CamScannerz '® 4. BO dso Consider o VRP Mee is Re wey tha prionhy of Peceines in RO goes higher than prosity of running proces and hen ne preémetion- B Brey neo pocers will have 0 prion hy which 5 Ves Shan that ab Previowly yaaking Precemes © Fe moe the proce wails, He higher the proety is. 2. FOES I- RP axB8 be 4) Boo EH (K) = a $2 Boven mii =t ae yah Pe 1, S EFS E58, abtas. Procers is scheduled Tes prosity Tat He vole ot P Priowhy F pocesin ROT at fe rale & ot 3 eh sork topl Kime SHE ‘Scanned with CamScannerfo ) ot sets Ter Of He BR teat | p> BB pt ; rE lea, Saal | @s's) s ss | je 2-20 | aMule Queue Schedalig Using single quewe , to search a parWcular type A process Ir faves time. Also we can use only one Schedlating technigues Te overcome. this Problem we vse mulhiple quen- 7 Each queve coflain ga ¥ me cakgoy of procemes, sie we have Mare Han one Quevey We MOY tbe ditlerent scheduling alogoritheys ana, be. tated fr each gueue- ‘Scanned with CamScannerFF . . aay es woe foser prise “prcenes villing fly OF higher wt (ieee) [ : bes an iggy, .provenes!, gu | ce) ee | Low: RkGNO i Dxolunages Procenes in Lower level queues (, [oo prity’) m suffer staruaiga, feHullilevel Redback ues : ayes RE (pots 9) eo —— Ror Ros Rok eee genera , (b< tacts’) : > Bll types procerses enkty ROI- They will be: gevvitked foe + bie and if ik Weed BT >t, then (tas fedback fo ROL- In thak wea of proces fy Rx are fedbach fy R63 and so on- Proceas ot RO2 are scheduled - ool ib Rou isemely >The leat quest hos to Th. siace it needs “by ‘ensure complehin So FES i wed ak the last guéues Fount yards ‘Scanned with CamScanner| > we thoae by such that avy 87 OS prcesea hy prov) ie ME & that all high priority processes foishes their execubion a Hy WE quere itself. sustde a Then & Hen ty 15 choosen such that , the aap next ih prodly prcente! iractie proces’) “er & bthn « or This algorthon may alo hove gtarvahod -” However this iS” moe interachive. than mnultilevel queue. scheduling. yok d 1 | Process Synchronization? “ | TPC: Inter Process Communication : wlan TPE mechanicons ce memory Hewaye Silene > Commmbunicabion must be synchromized. Weed for Syteainn: 4 y ' ~ ysreonictency (tocoeredtnen, lon: with) 2 Loss of data (fost gender 2 slo recieves) 3: Deadlocks iypes’ of Syrebwon ization mt dy Loripeion'Syrchventéabion 48 et igs a ~ “Theo oe wore. prbcenes’ ae: fold te beth dmpebion Sypchyoreatin 5 HARE Hey competeleattend for Ofcesing © shaved vaviotble ein t wre Se Wy 0 shoved variable. : Lack of competion gyachionitabion “esd fo iaaciteney ‘Ldsalon: my ‘Scanned with CamScanner