Computer Architecture and
Organization
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RISC and
CISC?
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RISC
• RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor
• It is a microprocessor architecture with a simple collection and highly
customized set of instructions.
• It is built to minimize the instruction execution time by optimizing and
limiting the number of instructions.
• It means each instruction cycle requires only one clock cycle, and
each cycle contains three parameters: fetch, decode and execute.
• The RISC processor is also used to perform various complex
instructions by combining them into simpler ones.
• RISC chips require several transistors, making it cheaper to
design and reduce the execution time for instruction.
• Examples of RISC processors are SUN's SPARC, PowerPC,
Microchip PIC processors, RISC-V.
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RISC
Architecture
It is a highly customized
set of instructions used
in portable devices due to
system reliability such as
Apple iPod,
mobiles/smartphones
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Features of RISC
Processor
One cycle execution time
Pipelining technique
A large number of registers:
supports simple addressing mode
Fixed length of instruction for executing the pipeline
It uses LOAD and STORE instruction to access the memory
location
Simple and limited instruction reduces the execution time
of a process in a RISC 5
Advantages of RISC
Processor
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Advantages of RISC
Processor
The RISC processor's performance is better due to
the simple and limited number of the instruction set.
It requires several transistors that make it cheaper
to design.
RISC allows the instruction to use free space on a
microprocessor because of its simplicity.
RISC processor is simpler than a CISC processor
because of its simple and quick design, and it can
complete its work in one clock cycle
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Disadvantages of RISC
Processor
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Disadvantages of RISC
Processor
The RISC processor's
performance may vary
according to the code
executed because
subsequent instructions
may depend on the
previous instruction for
their execution in a cycle.
RISC processors require
very fast memory to save
various instructions that
require a large collection
of cache memory to
respond to the instruction
in a short time. 9
CISC
CISC Stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer, developed by the Intel
It has a large collection of complex instructions that range from simple
to very complex CISC or complex instructions may take longer than a
single clock cycle to execute the code CISC chips are relatively slower
as compared to RISC chips
The length of the code is shorts, so it requires very little RAM
It emphasizes the building of instruction on hardware because it is
faster to create than the software
It is composed of fewer registers and more addressing modes, typically
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5 to 20
CISC
Architecture
The CISC architecture-
based computer is
designed to decrease
memory costs
The CISC architecture
helps reduce program
code by embedding
multiple operations on
each program
instruction, which makes
the CISC processor more
complex.
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1
Advantages of CISC
Processors
The compiler requires little effort to translate high-level programs or
statement languages into assembly or
machine language in CISC processors.
The code length is quite short, which minimizes the memory requirement.
To store the instruction on each CISC, it
requires very less RAM.
Execution of a single instruction requires several low-level
tasks.
CISC creates a process to manage power usage that adjusts
clock speed and voltage.
It uses fewer instructions set to perform the same
instruction as the RISC.
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Disadvantages of CISC
Processors
CISC chips are slower than RSIC chips to execute per
instruction cycle on each program.
The performance of the machine decreases due to the
slowness of the clock speed.
Executing the pipeline in the CISC processor makes it
complicated to use.
The CISC chips require more transistors as compared to
RISC design. 13
Difference between the RISC and
CISC Processors
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RISC CISC
It is a Reduced Instruction Set Computer. It is a Complex Instruction Set Computer.
It emphasizes on software to optimize the It emphasizes on hardware to optimize the
instruction set. instruction set.
It is a hard wired unit of programming in the RISC Microprogramming unit in CISC Processor.
Processor.
It requires multiple register sets to store the It requires a single register set to store the
instruction. instruction.
RISC has simple decoding of instruction. CISC has complex decoding of instruction.
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RIS CIS
C C
Uses of the pipeline are simple in RISC. Uses of the pipeline are difficult in CISC.
It uses a limited number of instruction that It uses a large number of instruction that
requires less time to execute the instructions. requires more time to execute the instructions.
RISC has more transistors on memory CISC has transistors to store complex
registers. instructions.
The execution time of RISC is very short. The execution time of CISC is longer.
RISC architecture can be used with high-end CISC architecture can be used with low-end
applications like telecommunication, image applications like home automation, security
processing, video processing, etc. system, etc.
Example of RISC: ARM, PA-RISC, Power Examples of CISC: VAX, Motorola 68000
Architecture, Alpha, AVR, ARC and the family, System/360, AMD and the Intel x86
SPARC. CPUs.
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Instructions and instruction
sequencing
Instructio
ns
Data
Data Program
transfer
manipulati control
instructi
on Instructio
on
Instruction ns
s
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Data Transfer Instruction
Load (M)
(R)
Store
(M) (R)
Move (R1,R2)
Exchange (R1 R2)
Input
Output
Push (Stack)
Pop (Stack)
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Data Manipulation Instruction
Data
Manipulatio
n
Instruction
Arithmet
Logic Rotate
ic
al shift
instructi
on
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Logical
Logic
al
Shift
Shift
Right
Left
SHR
SHL
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Logical
Shift Shift
0 1right 0 0 4 0 left1 0 0
4
0 0 1 0
2
1 0 0 0
8
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Rotate shift
Rotate
shift
Rotate
Rotate
Shift
Shift
Right
Left
ROR
ROL
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Arithmetic
Shift Shift
0 1right 0 0 4 0 left1 0 0
4
0 0 1 0
2
1 0 0 0
8
For division ,we can use For multiplication ,we can use
shift right shift left
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Program control Instructions
Branch (direct addressing mode use branch
instruction)
Jump (Indirect addressing mode use branch
instruction)
skip
Call
Return
compare
test
BR 303 30 PC-
20 301
0 Skip PC-
9
30 302
30
1
30 2
3 30
9 300,301,3
03
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Flag
In computer architecture, a flag is a bit or a group of bits, usually
stored in a register, that indicate the status of some condition.
There are four main types of flags: status flags, control flags,
instruction flags, and mode flags.
Status flags indicate the results of the most recent arithmetic or logical
operation.
Control flags affect the operation of the CPU.
Instruction flags tell the CPU which type of instruction is being
executed.
Mode flags control the way the CPU operates.
Flag
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Flag
• Overflow (V) = If the data cross the range between -128 to 127,then V=1.
• Zero (Z) = If all the output (F0 to F7) are zero ,then Z= 1.
• Sign Flag (S) = S= 1 (-Ve no.), S=0 (+Ve no.)
• Carry Flag (C) = If carry is generated= 1.
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