Kalpesh Gupta
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts - Presentation
Content
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm using objects and classes to organize
software design. It helps build scalable, reusable, and maintainable code.
What is OOP?
• A programming style based on the concept of "objects"
• Objects contain data (attributes) and behavior (methods)
• Helps in modeling real-world entities
Four Pillars of OOP
1. Encapsulation
2. Abstraction
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
Encapsulation
• Wrapping data and methods into a single unit (class)
• Protects data from outside interference
Example (Java):
class Student {
private int age;
public void setAge(int a) { age = a; }
public int getAge() { return age; }
}
Abstraction
• Hiding internal implementation and showing only relevant details
• Achieved using abstract classes or interfaces
Example (Java):
abstract class Animal {
abstract void sound();
}
class Dog extends Animal {
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void sound() { System.out.println("Bark"); }
}
Inheritance
• Mechanism where a child class inherits properties and behavior from a parent class
• Promotes reusability
Example (Java):
class Animal {
void eat() { System.out.println("This animal eats food"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { System.out.println("Dog barks"); }
}
Polymorphism
• Ability to take many forms
• Supports method overloading and overriding
Example (Java):
class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }
}
class Cat extends Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Meow"); }
}
Class and Object
• Class: Blueprint of an object
• Object: Instance of a class
Example (Java):
class Car {
String color = "red";
}
Car myCar = new Car();
System.out.println(myCar.color);
Constructors
• Special methods used to initialize objects
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• Called automatically when an object is created
Example (Java):
class Bike {
Bike() { System.out.println("Bike is created"); }
}
Access Modifiers
• Control the visibility of class members
• private , default , protected , public
Example (Java):
class Example {
public int a;
private int b;
protected int c;
}
Method Overloading & Overriding
• Overloading: Same method name with different parameters
• Overriding: Subclass provides specific implementation of a method in the parent class
Examples (Java):
// Overloading
int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
// Overriding
class Parent { void show() {} }
class Child extends Parent { void show() {} }
Real-World Examples
• Encapsulation: ATM system (PIN protection)
• Abstraction: Driving a car (user doesn't see engine working)
• Inheritance: Animal → Dog, Cat
• Polymorphism: Payment method (Cash, Card, UPI)
