Unit 1 ( Grammar)

Part 1
1. used to / would + infinitive

- Used for habits in the past (not true now).

• Structure: subject + used to + base verb

• Example: / used to play football every Saturday. (but l don't now)

• Structure: subject + would + base verb

• Example: When we were kids, we would spend hours playing outside.

2. always + present continuous

• Expresses irritation or complaint about a repeated behaviour.

• Structure: subject + be + always + -ing verb

• Example: She's always leaving her clothes on the floor! (complaint)

3. infinitive with "verb" (without to)

- To talk about habits in general (not the future).

Often verbs like go, play, eat, drink.

• Structure: subject + base verb (without to)

• Example: / get up early every day.
• Example: They watch TV after dinner.

4. tend to / be likely to + infinitive

• To describe behaviour that is typical, not always true.

• Structure: subject + tend to + base verb

• Example: Teenagers tend to sleep late.

• Structure: subject + be likely to + base verb

• Example: People are likely to forget small details.
Example: Teenagers tend to sleep late.
• Structure: subject + be likely to + base verb
• Example: People are likely to forget small details.
So the completed rule would look like this:

1. used to + infinitive or would + infinitive = habits

in the past

2. always + present continuous tense = irritating

repeated behaviour

3. base verb (without to) + infinitive = habits in

general

4. tend to / be likely to (not to) + infinitive = typical behaviour

More examples for this

1. used to / would + infinitive (past habits)

• I used to ride my bike to school every day.

• We used to live in the countryside.
• When I was younger, my grandfather would tell us stories before bed.
• Every summer, we would go camping in the mountains.

2. always + present continuous (irritating repeated behaviour)

• He's always forgetting his homework.

• You're always interrupting me when I'm talking.
• She's always borrowing my things without asking.
• They're always arriving late for meetings.

3. base verb (without to) = general habits

(present simple)

• I drink coffee every morning.

• She plays the piano beautifully.
• They walk to work instead of driving.
• We read the newspaper before breakfast.

4. tend to / be likely to + infinitive (typical behaviour)

• Teenagers tend to stay up late at night.

• Cats tend to sleep most of the day.
• People are likely to forget names if they don't use them often.
• He's likely to get nervous before exams.

Part 2

What these adverbs do

They're attitude/sentence adverbs (also called disjuncts). They show the speaker's
view-certainty, hope, concession, honesty, etc.-about the whole clause, not just one verb.

Where to put them (structures)

• At the start of the clause, followed by a comma:

Obviously,, Honestly,, Admittedly,, Hopefully,, etc.
Obviously, this isn't fair.

• After the initial verb/auxiliary (or after the subject if there's no auxiliary):
It is obviously difficult. / She has admittedly made mistakes.

Differences in meaning (quick guide)

• Undoubtedly - very high certainty.

Undoubtedly, this was the best performance.

• Obviously - the speaker thinks it's clear/evident.

It is obviously too late to call.

• Hopefully - the speaker's hope.

Hopefully, the rain will stop.

• Admittedly - concession: you accept a point before contrasting it.

Admittedly, it's expensive, but it lasts for years.

• Frankly / Honestly - speaker's directness or sincerity.

Frankly, the plan won't work. / Honestly, I forgot.

• Inevitably - the result is unavoidable.

Inevitably, prices will rise.
Understandably - empathy; the reaction makes sense.
Understandably, she was upset.

Unit 2 ( Granmar )

Part 1

Rule in the Box (Explained)

This grammar focuses on past tenses with hypothetical meaning.

We use the past tense forms (simple past / past perfect) to talk about present or future
unreal situations-things that aren't true, but we imagine them.

1. It's time...

• Structure: It's time + subject + past simple

• Meaning: Suggests something should already be happening (but it isn't).

• Example:
• It's time you studied harder. (= you aren't studying hard enough now)

• It's time we went home. (= we should go now)

2. I wish ... / If only ...

• Structure: / wish / If only + past simple → for present/future wishes

• Structure: / wish / If only + past perfect → for past regrets

• Example:
• I wish I had more free time. (= but I don't)

• If only she were here. (= but she isn't)

• I wish I had studied harder. (= but I didn't, regret about the past)

3. l'd rather / I'd prefer ...

• Structure: I'd rather + subject + past simple

• Structure: I'd prefer it if + subject + past simple

• Meaning: Polite way to say what we want someone else to do.

• Example:
• I'd rather you came tomorrow. (= please come tomorrow, not today)

• I'd prefer it if you didn't smoke here.

Key difference in use:

• It's time → something should happen now or soon.

• I wish / If only → express unreal situations (present, future, or regrets about

the past).

• I'd rather / l'd prefer → politely express what we'd like others to do differently.

Part 2 ( page -25)

Grammar Rule (Box in Exercise 5)

• Rule Summary:
We can use adverbs like:

• considerably, far, way, a lot, much,

significantly, drastically, notably, extensively → to emphasise comparatives.

• nearly, nowhere near, nothing like → to emphasise (not) as ... as structures.

• Structures:
1. Comparative + adverb

• X is far more interesting than Y.

• This exam is considerably harder than the last one.

2. (Not) as ... as ... + adverb

• It's nearly as good as the original.

• This café is nowhere near as expensive as that restaurant.
• The film was nothing like as funny as the book.

• Notes:

• Way → informal, often in speech.

• This phone is way better than my old one.

• Significantly / considerably → more formal, often in writing.

• Energy use is significantly higher in winter.

• Quick Tips for Use

• Formal writing → use considerably, significantly, drastically, notably,

extensively.

• Informal speech → use way, a lot, nowhere near, nothing like.

• Neutral (safe everywhere) → use far, much, nearly.

Unit 3 ( Grammar )

Part 2

1. Provided that / As long as

●​ Meaning: They mean “only if / on the condition that.” They sound stronger than just if.​

●​ Structure:​

○​ Provided (that) / As long as + subject + verb, main clause​

●​ Examples:​

○​ You can borrow my car provided that you drive carefully. (= only if you drive
carefully)​

○​ We’ll go on holiday next week as long as the weather is good. (= only if the
weather is good)​

👉 These make the condition sound stricter than a normal if.

2. Unless
●​ Meaning: “Except if” or “if not.” Using unless makes the verb negative without writing
not.​

●​ Structure:​

○​ Unless + subject + verb, main clause​

 ●​ Examples:​

○​ You won’t pass the exam unless you study. (= if you don’t study)​

○​ I can’t help you unless you tell me the truth. (= if you don’t tell me)​

👉 Unless = if not.

3. Otherwise
●​ Meaning: Shows the result if a suggestion or order is not followed. Often used after
imperative or advice.​

●​ Structure:​

○​ Main clause (suggestion/order). Otherwise, + result clause​

●​ Examples:​

○​ Hurry up, otherwise we’ll miss the bus. (= if not, we’ll miss it)​

○​ Wear a coat, otherwise you’ll catch a cold. (= if not, you’ll catch a cold)​

👉 Often replaces if not at the start of the second clause.

4. Suppose / Imagine
●​ Meaning: Used to ask someone to think about a situation. Often followed by second
conditional (if + past) or third conditional (if + past perfect).​

●​ Structure:​

○​ Suppose / Imagine (that) + clause …​

 ○​ OR Suppose / Imagine + subject + verb (past / past perfect)​

●​ Examples:​

○​ Suppose you lost your phone, what would you do? (= second conditional)​

○​ Imagine you had studied harder, you would have passed. (= third conditional)​

○​ Suppose we met again in ten years — wouldn’t that be strange?​

Word/Phrase Meaning Structure Example

Provided that Only if / on Provided that You can stay

condition + clause provided that
you’re quiet.

As long as Only if As long as + I’ll help you

clause as long as
you ask
nicely.

Unless If not Unless + I won’t go

clause unless you
come with
me.
 Otherwise If not (result) Main clause. Work harder.
Otherwise, + Otherwise,
result you’ll fail.

Suppose Imagine this Suppose + Suppose you

situation past / past were rich,
perfect what would
you buy?

Imagine Picture this Imagine + Imagine you

situation past / past had failed —
perfect what then?

Unit 4 ( Grammar)

Part 1

📌 The RULE Box (Cleft Sentences)

Cleft sentences are used to add emphasis by changing sentence structure.
There are 3 types shown in book:

1 Cleft sentences with it (focus at the end)

🔹 Structure: It + be + X + (that/who) + rest of sentence

👉 Example:
◦ Normal: “John broke the window.”
◦ Cleft: “It was John who broke the window.” (focus on John)
◦ Cleft: “It was the window that John broke.” (focus on window)
 2 Cleft sentences with what (focus at the beginning)

🔹 Structure: What + clause + be + X

👉 Example:
◦ Normal: “I need a holiday.”
◦ Cleft: “What I need is a holiday.” (focus on holiday)

3 Cleft sentences with all (meaning ‘the only thing’)

🔹 Structure: All (that) + clause + be + X

👉 Example:
◦ Normal: “I only want some rest.”
◦ Cleft: “All I want is some rest.”

📘 Exercise 2 (Rewrite with cleft sentences)

➡️ What adults forget is how it feels to be a child.
1. Adults forget how it feels to be a child. (What …)

➡️
2. I don’t like the way he always interrupts me when I’m telling a joke. (It’s … that …)
It’s the way he always interrupts me that I don’t like.

➡️
3. I only watch comedy shows on TV. (All …)
All I watch on TV are comedy shows.

4. You have to remember that many people don’t find those kinds of jokes very funny. (What

➡️
…)
What you have to remember is that many people don’t find those kinds of jokes very
funny.

➡️
5. Dad’s laughing at you, not your joke. (It’s … that …)
It’s you that Dad’s laughing at, not your joke.

➡️
6. You only need to say sorry and she’ll forgive you. (All …)
All you need to do is say sorry and she’ll forgive you.

Extra Examples for Practice

• Normal: “I like her smile.”

◦ It-cleft: “It’s her smile that I like.”
◦ What-cleft: “What I like is her smile.”
◦ All-cleft: “All I like is her smile.”
 • Normal: “He told me the truth.”
◦ It-cleft: “It was he who told me the truth.”
◦ What-cleft: “What he told me was the truth.”
◦ All-cleft: “All he told me was the truth.”

Part 2

📘 The Rule Box (Grammar Boosting – Adverbs of Certainty/Strength)

We can make a statement stronger by using adverbs like:

🔹
• unquestionably, definitely, crucially, certainly
Placement Rules:
1 Before the verb “to be”
◦ Example: “She is definitely the best student.”
2 Before other verbs
◦ Example: “He certainly works very hard.”
3 Between auxiliary verbs and main verbs
◦ Example: “She has undoubtedly improved her English.”

✅ Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets

➡️
1 The show has gone from strength to strength. (definitely)
The show has definitely gone from strength to strength.

➡️
2 This fact of his birth accounts for many things about him. (certainly)
This fact of his birth certainly accounts for many things about him.

3 Then, in 2014 he was invited to appear on Comedy Central’s The Daily Show.

➡️
(crucially)
Then, in 2014 he was crucially invited to appear on Comedy Central’s The Daily Show.

➡️ His story is unquestionably one of success and recognition.

4 His story is one of success and recognition. (unquestionably)

Exercise 7: Put the words in order to make sentences

➡️ She is undeniably one of the funniest actors in the world.

1 the / undeniably / she / world of / funniest / is / actors / one / in / the /.

2 is / film / undoubtedly / best / I Feel Pretty / her /.

➡️ I Feel Pretty is undoubtedly her best film.
➡️
3 funniest / film / I’ve / seen / literally / the / ever /.
It is literally the funniest film I’ve ever seen.

➡️
4 playing / she / ordinary people / loves / clearly /.
She clearly loves playing ordinary people.

➡️
5 convincing / her / was / Thank You For Your Service / performance in / utterly /.
Her performance in Thank You For Your Service was utterly convincing.

➡️
6 day / an / win / she / definitely / one / Oscar / will /.
She will definitely win an Oscar one day.

Extra Explanation + Examples

1 Before “to be”
◦ Normal: “This is the best idea.”
◦ Stronger: “This is certainly the best idea.”
2 Before other verbs
◦ Normal: “He improved a lot.”
◦ Stronger: “He undoubtedly improved a lot.”
3 Between auxiliary and main verb
◦ Normal: “She has improved her skills.”
◦ Stronger: “She has definitely improved her skills.”

Unit 5 ( Grammar)

Part 1

📘 The Rule Box: Participle Clauses

We use present or past participles (verb + -ing / past participle form) to shorten
sentences.
They often express:

1 Reasons

👉
◦ “Because she felt tired, she went home.”
◦ “Feeling tired, she went home.”
 2 Time / actions happening at the same time

👉
◦ “While I was watching TV, I fell asleep.”
◦ “Watching TV, I fell asleep.”

3 Results / consequences

👉
◦ “He jumped too high, so he fell.”
◦ “Jumping too high, he fell.”

4 Conditions

👉
◦ “If done carefully, this test is easy.”
◦ “Done carefully, this test is easy.”

✅ Structures:
• Present participle (V-ing) → for active meaning.
• Past participle (V3) → for passive meaning.

✅ Exercise 1
👉 Decide the meaning of the participle clauses.
1 Having made eight crossings, Petit took a bow and walked back inside.
◦ Meaning: time (after)

2 Had Petit not prepared so diligently, the walk might well have ended in disaster.
◦ Meaning: condition (if)

3 Arriving safely back on solid ground, Petit handed himself over to the police.
◦ Meaning: time (after)

4 Knowing they had a lot to do, the team worked quickly throughout the night.
◦ Meaning: reason (because)

✅ Exercise 3
👉 Use a participle clause to shorten each sentence.
1 Because she’d noticed there was something wrong with her parachute, she

➡️
didn’t jump out of the helicopter.
Having noticed something was wrong with her parachute, she didn’t jump out of
the helicopter.

➡️
2 If you do these exercises regularly, they’ll help you to become extremely fit.
Done regularly, these exercises will help you become extremely fit.
➡️
3 After they’d watched the stunt, most people were speechless.
Having watched the stunt, most people were speechless.

➡️
4 While we were watching the people in their canoes, we decided to try it too.
Watching the people in their canoes, we decided to try it too.

5 She’s always been aware of the risks, and because of this, she’s never had any

➡️
serious accidents.
Always aware of the risks, she’s never had any serious accidents.

➡️
6 He learned how to climb from his father. He became passionate about climbing.
Having learned how to climb from his father, he became passionate about
climbing.

🎯 Extra Examples for Practice

• Reason:

👉
◦ “Because he didn’t study, he failed.”
◦ “Not having studied, he failed.”
• Condition:

👉
◦ “If used correctly, this app is helpful.”
◦ “Used correctly, this app is helpful.”
• Time:

👉
◦ “After finishing the test, she left the room.”
◦ “Having finished the test, she left the room.”

Part 2

📘 The Rule: Verbs of Perception (see, hear, feel, notice, watch, etc.)
We can use verbs of perception with two different structures:

1️⃣ Verb of perception + object + -ing (gerund)

👉 This means you experienced the action in progress or part of it (not the whole action).
• “I saw a man painting a house.” (I saw him in the middle of painting, not from start to
finish)
• “I heard someone playing the piano.” (not the whole performance, just part of it)
• “I felt my heart beating fast.”

2️⃣ Verb of perception + object + infinitive (bare infinitive, no to)

👉 This means you experienced the action as a whole (from start to finish, or a completed
action).

• “I saw a man paint a picture.” (I saw the whole process: he started and finished
painting)
• “I heard someone close the door.” (the complete action: start → end)
• “I felt her hand touch my shoulder.”

✅ So in the RULE box of your book:

• Gerund = part of an action
• Infinitive = entire action

✅ Exercise 6: Complete the sentences

1 We heard somebody scream and then it was silent.
(→ whole action, so infinitive)

2 The noise was terrible and it went on for hours. We heard people banging drums and
blowing whistles loudly.
(→ continuing action, so gerund)

3 When he woke up after the operation, he saw lots of people standing around his bed.
(→ action in progress, gerund)

4 When we were driving home, I suddenly saw a deer run across the road before it
disappeared.
(→ whole action, infinitive)

5 I was lying in bed when I became aware of an insect crawling on my face. I switched
on the light, but couldn’t see anything.
(→ ongoing action, gerund)

6 The rain was beating down on the roof of the car, and I suddenly felt water drip down
onto the back of my neck.
(→ complete single action, infinitive)

🎯 Extra Practice Examples

• Gerund (part of action):
◦ I heard him talking on the phone. (not the whole call, just part)
◦ I saw her crying in the park. (action in progress)
• Infinitive (whole action):
◦ I heard him hang up the phone. (full action, start → end)
 ◦ I saw her drop her keys. (the complete moment)

Unit 6 ( Grammar)

Part 1
MODAL VERBS RULE BOX EXPLAINED

Modal verbs like may, might, can, could, will, won't express different shades of meaning —
possibility, ability, certainty, refusal, etc.

Each rule (a-g) in the box refers to a specific way modals are used:

a. Hypothesising
→ Used to imagine or guess about something that might happen in the future or in a
hypothetical situation.
• Common modals: may, might, could
• Structure:
• Subject + may/might/could + base verb
• Example:
• "I might win the competition."
• "She could be at home."

b. Talking about possibility

→ Used to describe something that is possible but not certain.
• Common modals: may, might, could
• Structure:
• Subject + modal + base verb
• Example:
• "He may come later."
• "It could rain today."

Difference from a. Hypothesising:

• b is about realistic possibilities.
• a is more imaginative or uncertain.

c. Talking about typical behaviour

→ Used to talk about what people or things usually do.
• Common modals: can
• Structure:
• Subject + can + base verb
• Exampl
• "Dogs can be very loyal."
• "People can get annoyed when waiting too long."

d. Refusing
Used to say that someone won't do something - denial or refusal.
• Common modal: won't (will not)
• Structure:
• Subject + won't + base verb
• Example:
• "I won't help you."
• "She won't listen."

e. Expressing certainty
→ Used when you are sure something will happen.
• Common modal: will
• Structure:
• Subject + will + base verb
• Example:
• "You will love this movie!"
• "They will be here soon."

f. Making a concession
→ Used to admit something that might be true, but it doesn't change your main point.
• Common modals: might, may
• Structure:
• Subject + modal + base verb
• Example:
• "I might forgive him, but I'm still angry."
• "She may have apologized, yet I'm not convinced."

Part 2

Rules in the Green Box

Modal verbs: should, shouldn’t, must, mustn’t, can’t

1.​ What you’d expect (normal circumstances): should​

○​ Structure: subject + should + base verb​

○​ Example: The bus should arrive at 8:00. (It’s expected, but not 100% certain.)​

2.​ Strong advice: must / mustn’t​

 ○​ Structure: subject + must + base verb / subject + must not (mustn’t) + base
verb​

○​ Example:​

■​ You must see that film! (strong recommendation)​

■​ You mustn’t park here. (strict prohibition)​

3.​ It’s reasonable: should​

○​ Structure: same as advice, but the meaning = logical outcome.​

○​ Example: If you study, you should pass the exam. (reasonable result)​

4.​ Advice: should​

○​ Example: You should eat more vegetables. (general suggestion, not as strong
as must).​

✅ Key Differences:
●​ Must = strong necessity/obligation (like a rule).​

●​ Mustn’t = strong prohibition (not allowed).​

●​ Should = advice, recommendation, or logical expectation.​

●​ Shouldn’t = advice against doing something.​

●​ Can’t = impossibility or prohibition.​