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Java Interview Cheatsheet

The document is a Java interview cheat sheet covering key concepts such as OOP principles, string handling, exceptions, collections, streams, concurrency, JVM, generics, I/O, modern Java features, serialization, performance, and security. It includes important notes on overloading, HashMap behavior, and resource management. The information is concise and structured for quick reference during interviews.

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8 views2 pages

Java Interview Cheatsheet

The document is a Java interview cheat sheet covering key concepts such as OOP principles, string handling, exceptions, collections, streams, concurrency, JVM, generics, I/O, modern Java features, serialization, performance, and security. It includes important notes on overloading, HashMap behavior, and resource management. The information is concise and structured for quick reference during interviews.

Uploaded by

techbuzz3934
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Java Interview Cheat■Sheet

Last updated: August 13, 2025, 04:34 PM (IST)

1) OOP, Overloading & Overriding


Overloading: same name, different params. Preference: widening > boxing > varargs.
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Overriding: cannot reduce visibility; covariant return allowed; checked exceptions can only narrow.
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final cannot be overridden; static is hidden.
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2) Strings & Secure Text Handling


String pool & intern(); immutable; StringBuilder vs StringBuffer.
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Store secrets in char[]; avoid Strings/logging; wipe buffers after use.
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3) Exceptions & TWR


Checked vs Unchecked; Errors unrecoverable.
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TWR closes resources in reverse creation order; use getSuppressed().
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4) Collections & Maps


Contracts: equals/hashCode/compareTo must align.
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HashMap (JDK 8+): bins treeify at 8; untreeify at 6; min-tree-cap 64; load factor 0.75.
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LinkedHashMap (order), TreeMap (sorted by key), HashSet uses HashMap.
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5) Streams & Lambdas


Intermediate vs terminal ops; collectors (groupingBy, mapping, joining).
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Parallel streams: CPU-bound only; avoid IO/shared mutability.
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6) Concurrency & JMM


Happens-before via locks/volatile/join/start; volatile gives visibility not atomicity.
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Atomics & LongAdder; ConcurrentHashMap has no segments since JDK 8.
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Executors, CompletableFuture, virtual threads (Java 21).
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7) JVM & GC
Young (Eden+S0/S1) → Old; Metaspace replaces PermGen.
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GCs: G1 (default), ZGC, Shenandoah; System.gc() is only a hint; finalization deprecated.
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8) Generics (PECS)
Invariance: List != List; type erasure; wildcards.
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PECS: Producer extends, Consumer super.
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9) I/O & NIO.2


Path/Files walk & WatchService; Channels & memory-mapped files; HttpClient.
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10) Modern Java


Records, sealed types, pattern matching, text blocks, switch expressions, virtual threads.
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11) Serialization & Externalization
Prefer JSON/Protobuf; serialVersionUID; transient; Externalizable for manual versioning.
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12) Performance & Troubleshooting


p95/p99; JFR & async-profiler; JMH for microbenchmarks; minimize allocation & contention.
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13) Security Basics


Keep secrets out of Strings/logs; KeyStore; ObjectInputFilter for deserialization.
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Last■minute Gotchas
Overloading: widening > boxing > varargs; TWR closes in reverse.
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HashMap: treeify=8, untreeify=6; CHM no segments; System.gc() is a hint.
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