SECTION 4.

3  The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 335

■ Differentiation and Integration as Inverse Processes

We end this section by bringing together the two parts of the Fundamental Theorem.

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Suppose f is continuous on fa, bg.

1. If tsxd − ya f std dt, then t9sxd − f sxd.
x

2. ya f sxd dx − Fsbd 2 Fsad, where F is any antiderivative of f, that is, F9− f.

b

We noted that Part 1 can be rewritten as

d
y
x
f std dt − f sxd
dx a

This says that if we integrate a continuous function f and then differentiate the result, we
arrive back at the original function f. We could use Part 2 to write

y
x
F9std dt − Fsxd 2 Fsad
a

which says that if we differentiate a function F and then integrate the result, we arrive
back at the original function F, except for the constant Fsad. So taken together, the two
parts of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus say that integration and differentiation are
inverse processes.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is unquestionably the most important theo­
rem in calculus and, indeed, it ranks as one of the great accomplishments of the human
mind. Before it was discovered, from the time of Eudoxus and Archimedes to the time of
Galileo and Fermat, problems of finding areas, volumes, and lengths of curves were so
difficult that only a genius could meet the challenge, and even then, only for very special
cases. But now, armed with the systematic method that Newton and Leibniz fashioned
out of the Funda­mental Theorem, we will see in the chap­ters to come that these challeng-
ing problems are accessible to all of us.

4.3 Exercises
1. E
 xplain exactly what is meant by the statement that 3. Let tsxd − y0x f std dt, where f is the function whose graph is
“differenti­ation and integration are inverse processes.” shown.
x
2. Let tsxd − y0 f std dt, where f is the function whose graph is (a) Evaluate ts0d, ts1d, ts2d, ts3d, and ts6d.
shown. (b) On what interval is t increasing?
(a) Evaluate tsxd for x − 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. (c) Where does t have a maximum value?
(b) Estimate ts7d. (d) Sketch a rough graph of t.
(c) Where does t have a maximum value? Where does it
have a minimum value?
y
(d) Sketch a rough graph of t.
y

f
1
f
1
0 1 5 t
0 1 4 6 t

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336 CHAPTER 4 Integrals

4. Let tsxd − y0x f std dt, where f is the function whose graph is 13. Fsxd − y s1 1 sec t dt
0

x
shown.
(a) Use Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to
graph t9.
(b) Find ts3d, t9s3d, and t 0s3d.
F
Hint: y s1 1 sec t dt − 2y s1 1 sec t dt
0

x
x

0
G
(c) Does t have a local maximum, a local minimum, or
14. Rs yd − y t 3 sin t dt
2

neither at x − 6? y

(d) Does t have a local maximum, a local minimum, or z2

15. hsxd − y 16. hsxd − y
1yx sx
neither at x − 9? sin 4t dt 4
dz
2 1 z 11
y t
17. y − y 18. y − y cos2  d
3x12 x4
dt
1 1 1 t3 0

f
19. y − y
y4

sx
 tan  d 20. y − y
4

1yx
Î 11
1
t
dt

0 1 3 6 9 t 21–24 Use Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to

evaluate the integral and interpret the result as an area or a
difference of areas. Illustrate with a sketch.

5–6 The graph of a function f is shown. Let t be the function that

y y
2 4
21. x 3 dx 22. sx 2 2 4 xd dx
represents the area under the graph of f between 0 and x. 21 0

(a) Use geometry to find a formula for tsxd.

y y (sx 2 1) d x
2 4
(b) Verify that t is an antiderivative of f and explain how this 23. s2 sin xd dx 24.
y2 0
confirms Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for
the function f.
25–46 Evaluate the integral.
5. y 6. y
f(t)=3 f(t)=3t
y y
3 1
25. sx 2 1 2x 2 4d dx 26. x 100 dx
1 21

y ( 45 t 2 34 t 2 1 25 t ) dt y (1 2 8v 1 16 v7) d v
2 3 1 3
27. 28.
0 0

0 x t 0 x t
y y
9 8
29. sx dx 30. x 22y3 dx
1 1

7–8 Sketch the area represented by tsxd. Then find t9sxd in two
ways: (a) by using Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem and (b) by
31. y 0
4
st 2 1 t 3y2 d dt 32. y 1
3
S 1
z2
1
1 3
z
D dz

evaluating the integral using Part 2 and then differentiating.

y y
0 5
33. cos  d 34.  dx
7. tsxd − y t 2 dt
x y2 25

y y
1 4
35. su 1 2dsu 2 3d du 36. s4 2 td st dt
0 0
8. tsxd − y s2 1 sin td dt
x

y
0
4 2 1 x2
y
2
37. dx 38. s3u 2 2dsu 1 1d du
1 sx 21

9–20 Use Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find

s4 1 1
y y
2 5
the derivative of the function. 39. ds 40. st 2 1 sin t dt
1 s2 5

9. tsxd − y st 1 t 3 dt 10. tsxd − y cosst 2 d dt

x x

y y
y3 y3
0 1 41. sec  tan  d 42. csc 2  d
0 y4

11. tswd − y sins1 1 t 3 d dt

0
w
12. hsud − y0
u st
t11
dt 43. y 0
1
s1 1 rd3 dr 44. y 1
18
Î 3
z
dz

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 4.3  The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 337

45. y0

f sxd dx  where f sxd − H sin x if 0 < x , y2
cos x if y2 < x < 
65. On what interval is the curve

y−y
x t2
dt

H
2
0 t 1t12
2 if 22 < x < 0
y
2
46. f sxd dx  where f sxd − concave downward?
22 4 2 x 2 if 0 , x < 2
 et Fsxd − y1 f std dt, where f is the function whose graph is
x
66. L
shown. Where is F concave downward?
47–50 Sketch the region enclosed by the given curves and
calculate its area. y
f
47. y − sx , y − 0, x − 4

48. y − x 3, y − 0, x − 1 0 t
_1 1
2 2
49. y − 4 2 x , y − 0 50. y − 2 x 2 x , y − 0

; 51–54 Use a graph to give a rough estimate of the area of the 67. If f s1d − 12, f 9 is continuous, and y14 f 9sxd dx − 17, what is
region that lies beneath the given curve. Then find the exact area. the value of f s4d?
51. y − s
3
x , 0 < x < 27 52. y − x 24, 1 < x < 6 68. If f sxd − y0
sin x
s1 1 t 2 dt and ts yd − y3 f sxd dx, find t 0sy6d.
y

2
53. y − sin x, 0 < x <  54. y − sec x, 0 < x < y3  he Fresnel Function The Fresnel function S was defined in
69. T
Example 3 and graphed in Figures 7 and 8.
; 55–58 What is wrong with the equation? (a) At what values of x does this function have local maxi-

G
1
mum values?
x23 3 (b) On what intervals is the function concave upward?
y
1
55. x 24 dx − −2
22 23 22
8 (c) Use a graph to solve the following equation correct to
two decimal places:

G
2
4 2 3
y y
2 x
56. dx − 2 2 − sins t 2y2d dt − 0.2
21 x3 x 21
2 0

70. The Sine Integral Function The sine integral function

y g
 
57. sec  tan  d − sec  − 23
y3 sin t
Sisxd − y
y3 x
dt
0 t
y g
 
58. sec 2 x dx − tan x 0 −0 is important in electrical engineering. [The integrand
0
f std − ssin tdyt is not defined when t − 0, but we know that
its limit is 1 when t l 0. So we define f s0d − 1 and this
59–62 Find the derivative of the function. makes f a continuous function everywhere.]
u2 2 1 (a) Draw the graph of Si.
59. tsxd − y
3x
du (b) At what values of x does this function have local maxi-
2x u2 1 1

F G
mum values?
Hint: y f sud du − y f sud du 1 y f sud du
3x 0 3x (c) Find the coordinates of the first inflection point to the
2x 2x 0 right of the origin.
(d) Does this function have horizontal asymptotes?
60. tsxd − y (e) Solve the following equation correct to one decimal place:
112x
t sin t dt
122x
sin t
y
x
dt − 1
1 t
61. hsxd − y 62. tsxd − y
x3 x2 0
cosst 2 d dt dt
sx tan x s2 1 t 4 x
71–72 Let tsxd − y0 f std dt, where f is the function whose graph
is shown on page 338.
cos t (a) At what values of x do the local maximum and minimum
63. Let Fsxd − y
x
dt. Find an equation of the tangent line values of t occur?
t 

to the curve y − Fsxd at the point with x-coordinate .

(b) Where does t attain its absolute maximum value?
(c) On what intervals is t concave downward?
x
64. If f sxd − y0 s1 2 t 2 d cos 2 t dt, on what interval is f increasing? (d) Sketch the graph of t.

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
338 CHAPTER 4 Integrals

71. y tsxd − y f std dt

x
and

3 0

2 (a) Find an expression for tsxd similar to the one

f
1 for f sxd.
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and t.
0 2 4 6 8 t (c) Where is f differentiable? Where is t differentiable?
_1
81. Find a function f and a number a such that
_2
f std
61y
x
dt − 2 sx     for all x . 0
72. y a t2
f
0.4 82. Suppose h is a function such that hs1d − 22, h9s1d − 2,
h 0s1d − 3, hs2d − 6, h9s2d − 5, h 0s2d − 13, and h 0 is con-
0.2 tinuous everywhere. Evaluate y12 h 0sud du.

83. A
 manufacturing company owns a major piece of equip-
0 1 3 5 7 9 t
­ment that depreciates at the (continuous) rate f std, where
_0.2 t is the time measured in months since its last overhaul.
Because a fixed cost A is incurred each time the machine
is overhauled, the company wants to determine the opti-
73–74 Evaluate the limit by first recognizing the sum as a mal time T (in months) between overhauls.
t
Riemann sum for a function defined on f0, 1g. (a) Explain why y0 f ssd ds represents the loss in value

S D
of the machine over the period of time t since the last
n
i4 i overhaul.
73. lim o
n l ` i−1 n5
1 2
n
(b) Let C − Cstd be given by

74. lim
nl`
1
n
SÎ Î Î 1
n
1
2
n
1
3
n
1 ∙∙∙ 1 ÎD n
n Cstd −
1
t
F A 1 y f ssd ds
0
t
G
75. Justify (3) for the case h , 0. What does C represent and why would the company
76. If f is continuous and t and h are differentiable functions, want to minimize C ?
show that (c) Show that C has a minimum value at the numbers t − T
where CsT d − f sT d.
d
y
hsxd
f std dt − f shsxdd h9sxd 2 f s tsxdd t9sxd
dx tsxd

The following exercises are intended only for those who have
77. (a) Show that 1 < s1 1 x 3 < 1 1 x 3 for x > 0. already covered Chapter 6.
(b) Show that 1 < y01 s1 1 x 3 dx < 1.25.
84–90 Evaluate the integral.
78. (a) Show that cossx 2 d > cos x for 0 < x < 1.
(b) Deduce that y0 cossx 2 d dx > 12.
y6
1
y y
3 9
84. s2 sin x 2 e x d dx 85. dx
0 1 2x
79. Show that
x2
0<y
10

y
dx < 0.1 1ys2 4
y
1
5 x 1 x2 1 1
4 86. 10 x dx 87. dx
0 1y2 s1 2 x 2
by comparing the integrand to a simpler function.
4
y y
1 1
80. Let 88. dt 89. e u11 du
0 t2 1 1 21
0 if x,0
x if 0<x<1 y 3 2 2y 2 2 y
y
3
f sxd − 90. dy
22x if 1,x<2 1 y2
0 if x.2

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.