Copyright 2008-2012 Taina Maria Miller.

EDITION 1.2

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the author.

Copying permission: Permission IS granted to reproduce this material to be used with one (1)
teacher's students by virtue of the purchase of this book. In other words, one (1) teacher MAY make
copies of these worksheets to be used with his/her students. Permission is not given to reproduce the
material for resale. If you have other needs, such as school-wide licensing, contact the author at
www.MathMammoth.com/contact.php.

2
 Contents

Introduction.................................................................................. 4
Addition Review ........................................................................ 8
More Addition Review ............................................................... 11
Addition Terminology and Practice ......................................... 14
Ordinal Numbers and Roman Numerals ................................ 18
Add in Columns ......................................................................... 21
Adding in Columns ................................................................... 23
Subtraction Review .................................................................... 24
More Subtraction Review .......................................................... 27
Subtraction Strategies and Terminology ................................ 30
Subtraction Terms ...................................................................... 34
Mental Math Workout and Pascal's Triangle .......................... 36
Subtracting in Columns ............................................................. 39
Subtract in Columns .................................................................. 43
Addition / Subtraction Connection .......................................... 46
Word Problems and Bar Models ......................................... 49
Missing Addend Solved with Subtraction .............................. 52
Mileage Chart ............................................................................ 55
Order of Operations ................................................................... 56
Order of Operations 2 ................................................................ 58
Graphs ......................................................................................... 60
Bar Graphs ................................................................................ 62
Line Graphs ................................................................................ 65
Reviewing Money ...................................................................... 68
Review ....................................................................................... 71
Review 2 ..................................................................................... 73

Answers ...................................................................................... 74

More from Math Mammoth ..................................................... 89

3
Introduction
Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 covers the following addition and subtraction related topics which are
approximately third and fourth grade level:

 Mental addition and subtraction strategies;

 Adding and subtracting in columns;
 Roman Numerals;
 The addition and subtraction connection, missing addend problems, and word problems with bar
models;
 Order of operations;
 Graphs and money.

The lessons are taken from the first chapters of Math Mammoth Grade 3 and Grade 4 Complete
Worktexts (Light Blue Series 3rd and 4th grade), and for this reason the sequence of lessons may not
always be extremely smooth. In other words, you may find that the same topic is covered in two lessons;
the reason being one lesson comes from the third grade complete worktext and the other from the fourth.
The first lessons cover the “technical aspects” of adding, such as mental math strategies, terminology, and
adding in columns. These are repeated for subtraction. Children also get to see how the sum or difference
changes if the numbers in the problems change and how that can be used to solve problems mentally.
The addition and subtraction connection is already a familiar topic, but the first lesson on this topic
practices this with bigger numbers. In the next lessons, the student solves word problems with the help of
bar models. Next, we solve simple missing addend equations using subtraction, such as x + 20 = 60. We
use bar models to illustrate these and connect them with fact families. These lessons help students think
algebraically.
We also practice subtracting in columns and borrowing. The lessons illustrate this process with the help of
pictures that relate to the three different place values: hundreds, tens, and ones. The idea is that when you
“borrow” a hundred, or a ten, you break it down into 10 smaller units (either tens or ones), and that
enables you to subtract.
Students are also introduced to parentheses and the order of operations including building the
mathematical expression (calculation) needed for certain real-life situations.
Students also get to practice their adding and subtracting skills when reading a mileage chart, bar graphs,
line graphs, rounding, estimating, and money problems.

I wish you success in your math teaching!

Maria Miller, the author

4
Helpful Resources on the Internet

Use these free online resources to supplement the “bookwork” as you see fit.
You can access an up-to-date online version of this list at
www.mathmammoth.com/weblinks/add-subtract-4.htm

Number Puzzles
Place the numbers to the puzzle so that each side adds up to a given sum. Practices mental addition and
logical thinking.
http://nlvm.usu.edu/en/nav/frames_asid_157_g_2_t_1.html

Speedy Sums
Click on numbers that add to the target sum. The more numbers you use, the more you score.
http://www.mathplayground.com/speedy_sums.html

Thinking Blocks
Thinking Blocks is an interactive math tool that lets students build diagrams similar to the bar diagrams
used in this chapter. Choose the Addition and Subtraction section.
http://www.mathplayground.com/thinkingblocks.html

Callum's Addition Pyramid

Add the pairs of numbers to get a number on the next level and finally the top number.
Three difficulty levels.
http://www.amblesideprimary.com/ambleweb/mentalmaths/pyramid.html

MathBlox
Click on two falling blocks that add up to the given number and they disappear. Try some of the harder
levels, such as addition to 50.
http://www.iknowthat.com/com/L3?Area=Mathblox

Calculator Chaos
Most of the keys have fallen off the calculator but you have to make certain numbers using the keys that
are left.
http://www.mathplayground.com/calculator_chaos.html

ArithmeTiles
Use the four operations and numbers on neighboring tiles to make target numbers.
http://www.primarygames.com/math/arithmetiles/index.htm

MathCar Racing
Keep ahead of the computer car by thinking logically, and practice any of the four operations at the same
time.
http://www.funbrain.com/osa/index.html

Fill and Pour

Fill and pour liquid with two containers until you get the target amount. A logical thinking puzzle.
http://nlvm.usu.edu/en/nav/frames_asid_273_g_2_t_4.html

5
Choose Math Operation
Choose the mathematical operation(s) so that the number sentence is true. Practice the role of zero and
one in basic operations or operations with negative numbers. Helps develop number sense and logical
thinking.
http://www.homeschoolmath.net/operation-game.php

Division and Order of operations and

Division and Addition - Order of Operations
Two mystery picture games.
http://www.dositey.com/2008/math/m/mystery2MD.htm and
http://www.dositey.com/2008/math/m/mystery2AD.htm

Order of Operations Quiz

A 10-question online quiz that includes two different operations and possibly parenthesis in each
question. You can also modify the quiz parameters yourself.
http://www.thatquiz.org/tq-1/?-j8f-la

The Order of Operations Millionaire

Answer multiple-choice questions that have to do with the order of operations, and win a million. Can be
played alone or in two teams.
http://www.math-play.com/Order-of-Operations-Millionaire/order-of-operations-millionaire.html

Exploring Order of Operations (Object Interactive)

The program shows an expression, and you click on the correct operation (either +, —, ×, ÷ or exponent)
to be done first. The program then solves that operation, and you click on the next operation to be
performed, etc., until it is solved. Lastly the resource includes a game where you click on the falling
blocks in the order that order of operations would dictate.
http://www.learnalberta.ca/content/mejhm/html/object_interactives/order_of_operations/use_it.htm

Order of Operations Practice

A simple online quiz of 10 questions. Uses parenthesis and the four operations.
http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/order-of-operations-practice.html

Quick Calculate
Practice your arithmetic of all four operations plus the order of operations.
http://themathgames.com/arithmetic-games/addition-subtraction-multiplication-division/quick-
calculate-game.php

Estimate Addition Quiz

Scroll down the page to find this quiz plus some others. Fast loading.
http://www.quiz-tree.com/Math_Practice_main.html

Mental Addition and Subtraction

A factsheet, quiz, game, and worksheet about basic mental addition and subtraction.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/numbers/wholenumbers/addsubtract/mental/

Shop 'Til You Drop

Get as many items as you can and be left with the least amount of change, and practices your addition
skills. The prices are in English pounds and pennies.
http://www.channel4.com/learning/microsites/P/puzzlemaths/shop.shtml

6
Change Maker
Determine how many of each denomination you need to make the exact change. Good and clear
pictures! Playable in US, Canadian, Mexican, UK, or Australian money.
http://www.funbrain.com/cashreg/index.html

Cash Out
Give correct change by clicking on the bills and coins.
http://www.mrnussbaum.com/cashd.htm

Piggy bank
When coins fall from the top of the screen, choose those that add up to the given amount, and the piggy
bank fills.
http://fen.com/studentactivities/Piggybank/piggybank.html

Bar Chart Virtual Manipulative

Build your bar chart online using this interactive tool.
http://nlvm.usu.edu/en/nav/frames_asid_190_g_1_t_1.html?from=category_g_1_t_1.html

An Interactive Bar Grapher

Graph data sets in bar graphs. The color, thickness and scale of the graph are adjustable. You can put in
your own data, or you can use or alter pre-made data sets.
http://illuminations.nctm.org/ActivityDetail.aspx?ID=63

Math Mahjong
A Mahjong game where you need to match tiles with the same value. It uses all four operations and has
three levels.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/mathgames/mixed_mahjong/mahjongMath_Level_1.html

Pop the Balloons

Pop the balloons in the order of their value. You need to use all four operations.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/mathgames/numberballoons/BalloonPopMixed.htm

7
Addition Review
Breaking numbers into parts often makes adding easier:
8+6 30 + 28 12 + 60
/ \ / \ / \
8 + 2 + 4 = ______ 30 + 20 + 8 = ______ 2 + 10 + 60 = ______

1. Let's review addition!

a. b. c. d.

8 + 7 = ______ 23 + 7 = ______ 6 + 6 = ______ 45 + 5 = ______

18 + 7 = ______ 23 + 6 = ______ 7 + 7 = ______ 45 + 8 = ______

18 + 8 = ______ 23 + 9 = ______ 8 + 8 = ______ 45 + 6 = ______

2. Break one of the numbers into its tens and ones to make the adding easier:

a. 50 + 14 b. 80 + 11 c. 50 + 39 d. 43 + 20 =

= 50 + 10 + 4

= 64

e. 35 + 60 f. 22 + 50 g. 29 + 40 + 30 h. 10 + 5 + 21

3. Add a number between 1 and 10 so that the sum (the answer) ends in 1.

a. b. c. d.

28 + _____ = 31 76 + ____ = _____ 83 + ____ = _____ 64 + ____ = _____

45 + _____ = 51 59 + ____ = _____ 66 + ____ = _____ 83 + ____ = _____

8 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

4. Add the same number each time (repeatedly).

a. Add 15. b. Add 25. c. Add 40. d. Add 9.

15 25 40 9
30 50 80 18
_______ _______ _______ _______

_______ _______ _______ _______

_______ _______ _______ _______

_______ _______ _______ _______

_______ _______ _______ _______

If the number you add changes, the sum (answer) changes in the same way!
56 + 4 = 60 17 + 100 = 117 15 + 15 = 30
56 + 5 = 61 17 + 99 = 116 15+ 17 = 32
1 more 1 less 2 more

5. Compare each pair of problems as you go:

a. b. c. d.
48 + 20 = ______ 28 + 100 = ______ 25 + 25 = ______ 15 + 15 = ______

48 + 21 = ______ 28 + 99 = ______ 25 + 27 = ______ 18 + 15 = ______

e. f. g. h.
200 + 36 = ______ 36 + 40 = ______ 8 + 8 = ______ 46 + 50 = ______

199 + 36 = ______ 36 + 39 = ______ 8 + 9 = ______ 46 + 47 = ______

i. j. k. l.

220 + 50 = ______ 530 + 80 = ______ 270 + 30 = ______ 670 + 20 = ______

227 + 50 = ______ 532 + 82 = ______ 276 + 32 = ______ 669 + 19 = ______

9 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

6. Add these part-by-part. First add what is inside the parentheses ( ).

a. b. c.
(20 + 40) + (2 + 7) (30 + 50) + (8 + 2) (40 + 60) + (4 + 3)

_____ + _____ = _____ _____ + _____ = _____ _____ + _____ = _____

7. Add these in the easiest order. You can break numbers into their parts and add part-by-part.

a. 10 + 12 + 7 = _____ b. 50 + 4 + 30 + 7 = _____ c. 78 + 10 + 2 + 20 = _____

8. Draw a line to connect each problem to its answer.

29 + ______ = 36 86 + ______ = 96
7
66 + ______ = 76 46 + ______ = 56
10
48 + ______ = 56 57 + ______ = 66
50 + ______ = 56 9 38 + ______ = 46
87 + ______ = 96 89 + ______ = 96
6
70 + ______ = 76 39 + ______ = 46
8
68 + ______ = 76 77 + ______ = 86

Solve the mystery numbers and !

(Guess and check.)

a. b. c.

+ = 22 + = 22
+ + 10 = 34
– =4 + = 36

= ______ = ______ = ______

= ______ = ______

10 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

More Addition Review

Remember addition?
You can write any number as a SUM
of the different units such as whole thousands,
whole hundreds, whole tens, and ones.
5,248 = 5,000 + 200 + 40 + 8
thousands hundreds tens ones

Trick: add first a bigger

You can add in parts: Add in any order: number, then subtract
to correct the error:
56 + 124 7 + 90 + 91 + 3
76 + 89
= 100 + 50 + 20 + 6 + 4 = 7 + 3 + 90 + 91
= 76 + 90 − 1
= 100 + 70 + 10 = 180 = 10 + 90 + 91 = 191
= 166 − 1 = 165

1. Add mentally. You can add in parts (tens and ones separately).

a. 70 + 80 = ___ b. 140 + 50 = ___ c. 50 + 60 = ___ d. 80 + 90 = ___

77 + 80 = ___ 141 + 50 = ___ 54 + 65 = ___ 82 + 93 = ___

77 + 82 = ___ 144 + 55 = ___ 58 + 62 = ___ 88 + 91 = ___

2. Write the numbers as a sum of whole thousands, whole hundreds, whole tens, and ones.

a. 487 = c. 8,045 =

b. 2,103 = d. 650 =

3. Solve the problems.

a. Two of the addends are 56 and 90. The sum is 190. What is the third addend?

b. Four of the addends equal 70 and five other addends equal 80. What is the sum?

11 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

4. Add and compare the results. The addition problems are “related”!

a. 7 + 8 = ___ b. 4 + 9 = ___ c. 6 + 8 = ___

57 + 8 = ___ 34 + 9 = ___ 16 + 8 = ___

70 + 80 = ____ 40 + 90 = ____ 600 + 800 = ____

700 + 800 = ____ 240 + 90 = ____ 560 + 80 = ____

5. Write four different addition problems that are “related” to the problem 5 + 8 = 13.
See the examples above!

6. Add in parts.
a. 80 + 5 + 2 + 30 + 4 + 44 b. 127 + 500 + 4 + 3 + 9 + 90

7. Explain an easy to way to add 99 to any number. For example,

explain how to do 56 + 99 and 487 + 99 easily.

8. Add in parts, or use other “tricks”.

a. 71 + 82 = ____ b. 42 + 47 = ____ c. 89 + 92 = ____

37 + 42 = ____ 64 + 64 = ____ 82 + 19 = ____

57 + 64 = ____ 12 + 99 = ____ 51 + 98 = ____

9. Continue the patterns.

a. 600 b. 900 c. 100 d. 500

+ 600 =____ + 900 =____ + 75 =____ + 45 =____
+ 600 =____ + 900 =____ + 75 =____ + 45 =____
+ 600 =____ + 900 =____ + 75 =____ + 45 =____
+ 600 =____ + 900 =____ + 75 =____ + 45 =____
+ 600 =____ + 900 =____ + 75 =____ + 45 =____
+ 600 =____ + 900 =____ + 75 =____ + 45 =____

12 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

10. Double and halve the numbers.

Half the number 10

Number 20 90 110 120 480 500 900 1,600 4,010

Its double 40

11. a. There are five people in the Brill family and they went to a concert. The children's tickets
were $20 each and the two parents' tickets were $28 apiece.
What was the total cost of the tickets for the family?

b. In another concert, adult tickets cost $30 and children's tickets were half that price.
What was the total cost for the Brill family?

12. Fill in the table - add 999 each time.

n 56 69 125 156 287 569 788 950 999

n + 999

John is writing very simple “missing addend” problems for first

graders. For example, he wrote the problem 2 + ___ = 8. The first
addend is given, and the second addend is missing.
John uses whole numbers from 0 on up to the number that is the sum.

a. How many such problems can he write when the sum is 8?

b. How many such problems can he write when the sum is 10?

c. How many such problems can he write when the sum is 20?

d. You should see a pattern in the above answers. Now use the pattern to solve this:
How many such problems could he write when the sum is 100 (for second-graders)?

13 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Addition Terminology and Practice
The numbers you add are all called addends.
The answer is called the sum.
It is called a sum even when you
haven’t yet calculated it.
So 13 + 7 is the sum of 13 and 7.
The whole “thing” is an addition sentence.

1. Write 20, 100, 500, and 138 as sums in three different ways.

a. 20 = 14 + 6 b. 100 = c. 500 = d. 138 =

20 = 100 = 500 = 138 =

20 = 100 = 500 = 138 =

How many different answers are there? ___________________________

2. Fill in each blank, and then write an equivalent addition sentence.

a. Two of the addends are 8 and 7, and the sum is 20.

_____ + _____+ _____ = _____
The third addend is ________.

b. The addends are 50, 60, and 70.

The sum is ________.

c. The sum is 80, and three of the addends are

22, 20, and 10. The fourth addend is _______.

3. Complete the next whole hundred.

a. 40 + ____ = 100 b. 96 + ____ = 100 c. 60 + ____ = 100

80 + ____ = 100 196 + ____ = ____ 360 + ____ = ____

180 + ____ = 200 496 + ____ = ____ 960 + ____ = ____

14 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 If an addend changes, then the sum changes the same way!
90 + 30 = 120 200 + 40 = 240 40 + 70 = 110
95 + 30 = 125 199 + 40 = 239 38 + 69 = 107
You start out with 5 more, You start out with 1 less, You start out with 3 less,
so the answer is 5 more. so the answer is 1 less. so the answer is 3 less.

4. Add and compare the problems.

a. 7 + 8 = b. 9 + 9 = c. 5 + 6 = d. 8 + 5 =

70 + 80 = 90 + 90 = 50 + 60 = 180 + 50 =

70 + 82 = 90 + 95 = 54 + 60 = 180 + 57 =

5. The addends change; think carefully how the sum changes.

a. 100 + 60 = b. 30 + 140 = c. 500 + 60 = d. 110 + 80 =

99 + 60 = 29 + 139 = 499 + 63 = 108 + 79 =

6. Can you think of an easy “trick” to find these sums?

a. 99 + 99 b. 499 + 299 c. 199 + 198 + 197

7. In each top problem, complete the next hundred. Use the top problem to help you
solve the bottom one.

a. 640 + 60 = 700 b. 180 + _____ = 200 c. 850 + _____ = 900

640 + 70 = 710 180 + _____ = 210 850 + _____ = 910

d. 350 + _____ = 400 e. 230 + _____ = ______ f. 660 + _____ = ______

350 + _____ = 420 230 + _____ = 330 660 + _____ = 740

g. 592 + _____ = ______ h. 420 + _____ = ______ i. 770 + _____ = ______

592 + _____= 622 420 + _____ = 530 770 + _____ = 850

15 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

8. Add. Compare the problems in each set. Follow the pattern to write the third problems for
sets (g) and (h) yourself.

a. 5 + 6 = b. 7 + 5 = c. 5 + 7 = d. 8 + 7 =

35 + 6 = 77 + 5 = 35 + 7 = 18 + 7 =

350 + 60 = 770 + 50 = 350 + 70 = 180 + 70 =

e. 9 + 8 = f. 6 + 9 = g. 4 + 8 = h. 9 + 9 =

69 + 8 = 76 + 9 = 34 + 8 = 49 + 9 =

690 + 80 = 760 + 90 = + =

9. Add in parts.

a. 200 + 50 + 4 b. 40 + 500 + 9 c. 300 + 20 + 400

d. 4 + 9 + 20 + 800 e. 18 + 700 + 40 f. 29 + 40 + 30 + 6 + 600

g. 400 + 506 h. 144 + 50 i. 24 + 512

10. Carmen had 23 pretty stones, Jane had 18, and Julie had 30.
a. How many stones do the three girls have all together?
b. Julie gave five of her stones to Jane. How many more does Julie have than Jane now?
c. Now how many stones do the three girls have all together?

11. Continue the sequences.

a. 6, 27, 48, 69, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______.

b. 14, 34, 24, 44, 34, 54, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, _____.

c. 250, 305, 360, 415, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, _____.

16 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

12. Add the tens and the ones separately.

a. 36 + 22 = b. 72 + 18 = c. 54 + 37 =
(30 + 20) + (6 + 2) = (70 + 10) + (2 + 8) = (50 + 30) + (4 + 7) =
+ = + = + =

d. 24 + 55 = e. 36 + 36 = f. 42 + 68 =
(__ + __) + (_ + _) = (__ + __) + (_ + _) = (__ + __) + (_ + _) =
+ = + = + =

13. Add mentally.

a. 14 + 14 = b. 23 + 23 = c. 35 + 35 = d. 17 + 17 =

16 + 16 = 24 + 24 = 38 + 38 = 27 + 27 =

18 + 18 = 25 + 25 = 32 + 32 = 37 + 37 =

e. 36 + 38 = f. 45 + 46 = g. 39 + 56 = h. 47 + 34 =

23 + 57 = 14 + 28 = 16 + 78 = 27 + 24 =

27 + 41 = 28 + 13 = 37 + 33 = 72 + 19 =

Multiplication means adding 2 × 14 3 × 12

the same number multiple times. 14 + 14 = 28 12 + 12 + 12 = 36

14. Solve these by adding.

a. 2 × 15 = b. 2 × 23 = c. 2 × 150 = d. 2 × 214 =

2 × 16 = 2 × 32 = 2 × 64 = 2 × 408 =

2 × 19 = 2 × 37 = 3 × 11 = 3 × 31 =

15. A bundle of two towels costs $13.

How much would four towels cost?

17 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Ordinal Numbers and Roman Numerals

Ordinal numbers are used when you

TIMBUKTU TIMBUKTU
order things: when the order
The third letter The first three letters
is important.
from the left. from the left.

Here is a short list of some ordinal numbers, and how they are abbreviated:
first - 1st tenth - 10th twentieth - 20th thirtieth - 30th
second - 2nd eleventh - 11th twenty-first - 21st fortieth - 40th
third - 3rd twelfth - 12th twenty-second - 22nd fiftieth - 50th
fourth - 4th thirteenth - 13th twenty-fifth - 25th hundredth - 100th
fifth - 5th fifteenth - 15th twenty-ninth - 29th hundred first - 101st
sixth - 6th sixteenth - 16th hundred twelfth - 112th
ninth - 9th eighteenth - 18th two hundred twenty-
third - 223rd
Most of the time, you just add “-th” to the normal (cardinal) number. Some exceptions:
 If the number ends in “y”, such as twenty, change the “y” to “ie” before adding “-th.”
 Five changes to “fifth” and twelve changes to “twelfth” (the “-ve” ending changes to
“f”)
 Nine and twelve drop the “e”: ninth, twelfth.
For 1 and anything ending in 1, use “first”; for example, thirty-first.
For 2 and anything ending in 2, use “second”; for example, fifty-second.
For 3 and anything ending in 3, use “third”; for example, hundred twenty-third.

1. a) Color four persons from the right. b) Color the fourth person from the right.

2. Write the ordinal number.

a. 31 e. 99

b. 9 f. 52

c. 12 g. 61

d. 57 h. 43

18 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

3. Number the persons with ordinal numbers
starting from the left. Use the picture
to help answer the questions.

a. How many persons are there between the third and the sixth person?
Do not count the 3rd and the 6th persons themselves.

b. How many persons are there between the first and the seventh person?

c. Jeff is the ninth in the line. Jane is ahead of him, and

there are three persons between Jeff and Jane.
What is Jane's position in the line?

d. Jack is the tenth in the line. Mark is ahead of him, and

there are seven persons between him and Mark.
What is Mark's position in the line?

e. The first three persons are wearing black. The fifth person
after those is wearing blue.
What is his position in the line?

Roman Numerals

In ancient Rome, people wrote numbers

I is 1 V is 5 X is 10 L is 50 C is 100
using letters such as I, V, X, L and C.

Using I, X, and C many times just II III XX XXX CC

means you add their values: 2 3 20 30 200

When bigger symbols come before VI XI LX XXVI CXXV

smaller ones, add the values. 6 11 60 26 125

There are more rules too: for example, 5 is not IIIII, but let's practice these first.

4. Write the Roman numerals using normal numbers.

a. II b. XV c. XXXVIII d. LXIII e. LXXXIII

VII XXI LIII LXV CX

VIII XXII LVI LXXX CVII

XII XXXV LXI LXXVII CLXXX

19 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 If a smaller unit is before IV is 4 IX is 9 XL is 40 XC is 90
a bigger unit, you subtract 1 before 5 1 before 10 10 before 50 10 before 100
the smaller from the bigger. 5−1 10 − 1 50 − 10 100 − 10

You can combine IV, IX , XL XIV = 14 XXIX = 29 XLV = 45 XCIX = 99

and XC symbols with others,
and add their values: 10 and 4 20 and 9 40 and 5 90 and 9

NOTE: IL is not used for 49 but XLIX. IC is not used for 99 but XCIX.

5. Write the Roman numerals using normal numbers.

a. IV b. XXIV c. XXIX d. XL

e. XLI f. XLIX g. XLIV h. XCIII

i. LXXIV j. LIX k. LXXXV l. LXXXIX

m. LIV n. LVI o. CCIX p. XCIV

6. Write using Roman numerals.

a. 15 b. 31 c. 42 d. 50

16 32 43 51
17 33 44 52

e. 62 f. 75 g. 69 h. 97

63 76 70 98
64 77 71 99

7. Add and subtract using Roman numerals. Write your answer as a Roman numeral.

a. IV + VI b. XI + IX c. XX + LX

d. XII + XVI e. XL + LIX f. XXXIX + L

g. LX − XXX h. XC − XL i. LXXIV − IV

j. C − VI k. XLIX − XXIII l. LXXX − XXVI

20 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Add in Columns

3 1 31 45
3 5 5 55 42
6 6 6 86 75
+ 7 + 5 + 9 + 29 + 57

First add the numbers that make a ten.

1. Add.
a. 34 b. 182 c. 280 d. 138 e. 56
212 527 149 364 229
258 159 154 265 119
+ 56 + 43 + 276 + 182 + 454

2. Add in columns. Write the hundreds, tens, and ones neatly under each other.

a. 524 + 68 b. 56 + 309 + 162 c. 435 + 79 + 8

1
5 2 4
+ 6 8 + +
2

d. 17 + 8 + 340 e. 222 + 38 + 159 f. 135 + 235 + 96

+ + +

21 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

3. Solve the word problems.

a. One night Dad came home with 24 new

crayons for Louise. Originally she had
36 crayons. How many does she have now?

b. Dad drove 35 kilometers to a farm and picked

60-pounds of strawberries. Then he drove
19 km to a library, and from there 22 km home.
How many kilometers did Dad drive?

c. Jim mixed together pieces from two 192-piece puzzles

and from one 48-piece puzzle.
How many pieces were in the pile?

d. Candles are packaged in boxes of 300. Mary has three

boxes. She took 12 candles out of one of the boxes.
How many candles are in the three boxes now?

e. Mr. Jackson put two 50-kg sacks of potatoes, two

35-kg sacks of carrots, and three crates of
tomatoes weighing 25 kg each on his pickup truck.
Then two workmen weighing 78 kg and 92 kg
climbed onto the truck.
Find the total weight of the load on the truck.

22 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Adding in Columns
1. Add in columns. Check by adding the numbers in each column in different order
(for example from down up).

a. b. c. 245 d. 1738
$1.8 2 139 2390
384 4 0.5 9 30 1078
2912 9.9 7 2931 364
2008 1 0.2 9 594 2803
209 1.0 9 9593 211
+ 26 + 0.4 3 + 526 + 99

2. Write the numbers under each other carefully, and add in columns.
a. 5,609 + 1,388 + 89 + 402

b. $8.05 + $0.29 + $38.40 + $293 + $203.20 + $46.49 + $94

3. The map shows some Kentucky cities

and distances between them. For example,
from Louisville to Frankfort is 54 miles.
The one distance not marked is written
below the map: from Frankfort to
Lexington is 28 miles.
Calculate the total driving distance, if
a family goes on a field trip like this:

a. Covington - Lexington - Paducah - Lexington - Covington

b. A round trip from Lexington via Covington, Louisville, and Frankfort,

and back to Lexington.

23 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Subtraction Review
1. Let’s review some easy subtraction problems!

a. b. c. d.

10 − 7 = _____ 70 − 5 = _____ 50 − 2 = _____ 12 − 2 − 5 = _____

10 − 4 = _____ 70 − 2 − 2 = _____ 50 − 5 − 2 = _____ 25 − 5 − 8 = _____

20 − 4 = _____ 70 − 8 = _____ 50 − 7 = _____ 73 − 3 − 5 = _____

e. f. g. h.

70 − _____= 63 46 − 6 − 6 = _____ 90 − 8 = _____ 14 − ____ − 5 = 5

40 − _____ = 35 89 − 9 − 9 = _____ 100 − 8 = _____ 18 − ____ − 4 = 9

100 − _____ = 91 77 − 7 − 7 = _____ 110 − 8 = _____ 15 − ____ − 6 = 7

2. Subtract whole tens. The box with a “T” is a ten.

a. b. c. d.
84 − 40 = ______ ______ − 10 = 57

35 − 20 = ______ ______ − 10 = 83
54 − 10 = ______ 67 − 20 = ______ 51 − 30 = ______ ______ − 20 = 17
54 − 30 = ______ 67 − 50 = ______ 62 − 30 = ______ ______ − 40 = 43
54 − 20 = ______ 67 − 60 = ______ 87 − 50 = ______ ______ − 60 = 3

3. Test yourself!

– 30 – 4 – 5 – 20 – 1 – 9 – 10 – 21

100 _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

24 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 4. Subtraction is used:

a. to find what’s left b. to find a difference c. to find a part of the whole

Debbie had $45, and she A certain lawnmower costs In a package of 100 buttons,
spent $10. How much does $340 in one store and $360 in 50 of them are white, 25 are
she have left? another. How much more does blue, and the rest are red.
it cost in the second store? How many are red?
$45 − $10 = _______.
$360 − $340 = ________ 100 − 50 − 25 = _______
She has ________ left.
It costs $________ more. ________ buttons are red.

5. Fill in the missing numbers.

a. Ben has saved 22 dollars. He still b. Jill earned $5 for raking the yard
needs $_______ to buy a bicycle and another $5 for weeding.
that costs $30. She had already saved $20,
so now she has $________.

c. Mom bought 28 bushes and planted d. The Smiths drank seven bottles
eight of them. She still needs of water. The Burns drank ________.
to plant ________ bushes. All together they consumed 21 bottles.

e. Ann bought 18 candles and Jill bought 5. f. Dad ate 12 cookies, Mom ate five,
Ann has _______ more candles than Jill, little sister ate two, and there are still
and together they have _______ candles. nine left. So originally the family
had _______ cookies.

g. Meredith had $20, and she bought a gift h. A box has 35 thumbtacks, and another
for $________. Now she has $13 left. has 42. The latter box has _______ more.

6. Subtract part-by-part: first to the previous whole ten, and then the rest.

a. 64 − 7 b. 72 − 8 c. 54 − 8 d. 45 − 9

64 − 4 − 3 = _____

e. 75 − 7 f. 27 − 9 g. 43 − 5 h. 51 − 5

75 − 5 − 2 = _____

25 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

7. Basic subtraction facts might need practice! Point to the problems, think of the answer,
and drill them.

a. b. c. d. e.
12 − 5 13 − 8 14 − 5 15 − 6 16 − 7
12 − 7 13 − 4 14 − 7 15 − 8 16 − 9
12 − 8 13 − 5 14 − 9 15 − 9 16 − 8
12 − 6 13 − 6 14 − 6 15 − 7
f.
12 − 4 13 − 9 14 − 8
17 − 8
12 − 9 13 − 7
17 − 9
12 − 3

8. Subtract and compare the results! What pattern do you notice?

a. 14 − 7 = _____ b. 12 − 8 = _____ c. 16 − 7 = _____ d. 15 − 7 = _____

34 − 7 = _____ 42 − 8 = _____ 56 − 7 = _____ 75 − 7 = _____

64 − 7 = _____ 82 − 8 = _____ 156 − 7 = _____ 105 − 7 = _____

9. Subtract in parts: Break the second number into tens and ones.

a. b. c.
89 – 26 56 – 35 75 – 51
89 – 20 – 6 56 – – 75 – –
69 – 6 = _____ _____ – ___ = _____ _____ – ___ = _____

d. e. f.
69 – 19 67 – 36 = 64 – 33 =
69 – –
_____ – ___ = _____

g. 97 – 64 = h. 55 – 34 = i. 56 – 23 =

26 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

More Subtraction Review
Marie: “I subtract in parts: first to John: “I use a helping problem.”
the previous whole ten, then the rest.”
15 − 7 = 8 is the helping problem
Compare the 35 − 7 for 35 − 7.
methods. The answer to 35 − 7 also ends in
= (35 − 5) − 2 “8” and is in the previous ten (the
twenties). So, 35 − 7 is 28.
= 30 − 2 = 28

1. Subtract from whole hundreds. You can subtract in parts.

a. b. c. d.
100 – 2 = ____ 200 – 4 = ____ 500 – 5 = ____ 400 – 7 = ____

100 – 20 = ____ 200 – 40 = ____ 500 – 50 = ____ 400 – 70 = ____

100 – 22 = ____ 200 – 45 = ____ 500 – 56 = ____ 400 – 71 = ____

2. Subtract. Use the helping problem.

a. b. c. d.
13 – 7 = ____ 15 – 9 = ____ 12 – 6 = ____ 16 – 8 = ____

63 – 7 = ____ 150 – 90 = ____ 82 – 6 = ____ 1,600 – 800 = ____

3. Subtract and compare the results. The problems are “related” – can you see how?

a. 12 – 8 = ____ b. 15 – 9 = ____ c. 13 – 7 = ____

42 – 8 = ____ 75 – 9 = ____ 73 – 7 = ____

120 – 80 = ______ 150 – 90 = ______ 1300 – 700 = ______

520 – 80 = ______ 650 – 90 = ______ 430 – 70 = ______

4. Write here four different subtraction problems

that are “related” to the problem 14 – 8 = 6.
See the examples above!

27 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 705 − 99 140 − 88
Trick: subtract first a bigger number,
then add back some to correct the error:
= 705 − 100 + 1 = 140 − 90 + 2
= 605 + 1 = 606 = 50 + 2 = 52

5. Fill in the table - subtract 99 each time.

n 125 293 346 404 487 510 640 849

n – 99

Strategy: Add up to find the difference of two numbers.

To solve 93 – 28, start + 2 + 60 + 3 + 40 + 200 + 20

at 28 and add until
you reach 93. However 28 30 90 93 16 0 2 00 4 00 4 20
much you added is the
difference.
93 – 28 = (2 + 60 + 3) = 65 420 – 160 = (40 + 200 + 20) = 260

6. Subtract in parts, use a helping problem, add up to find the difference, or use other “tricks”.

a. 91 – 82 = ______ b. 100 – 82 = ______ c. 56 – 29 = ______

42 – 37 = ______ 100 – 56 = ______ 61 – 39 = ______

77 – 64 = ______ 96 – 48 = ______ 84 – 38 = ______

d. 250 – 180 = ______ e. 1,000 – 555 = ______ f. 500 – 82 = ______

440 – 390 = ______ 1,000 – 56 = ______ 612 – 70 = ______

730 – 290 = ______ 1,000 – 208 = ______ 540 – 48 = ______

7. Fill in the table - subtract 27 each time.

n 120 140 160 180 200

n – 27

28 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

8. Subtract the same number repeatedly. Multiplication tables can help!

a. 240 b. 1600 c. 540 d. 490

– 40 = 200 – 200 = ______ – 60 = ______ – 70 = ______
– 40 = 160 – 200 = ______ – 60 = ______ – 70 = ______
– 40 = ______ – 200 = ______ – 60 = ______ – 70 = ______
– 40 = ______ – 200 = ______ – 60 = ______ – 70 = ______
– 40 = ______ – 200 = ______ – 60 = ______ – 70 = ______
– 40 = ______ – 200 = ______ – 60 = ______ – 70 = ______

The table of 4 The table of ____ The table of ____ The table of ____
has a similar pattern. has a similar pattern. has a similar pattern. has a similar pattern.

Repeated Subtraction Game!

Jane and Jim are playing a repeated subtraction game. Each player has various number cards. A
player pairs his cards together, two by two. With each two cards, the player subtracts the smaller
number as many times as possible from the bigger number.
For example, Jane pairs together cards 20 and 4. Jane subtracts 20 – 4 – 4 – 4 – 4 – 4 = 0.
Jim pairs the cards 45 and 11, and subtracts 45 – 11 – 11 – 11 – 11 = 1. He can't subtract any
more.
Each player gets as many “points” as is the “remainder” number (the final difference).
Above, Jane got 0 points and Jim got 1. The player who first accumulates 25 points loses the
game.

Write the subtractions that Jane does with these cards:

a. b.

With four cards, you need to choose which two will make a pair. Pair the cards for subtractions
so that you will get the least possible points. Then write the subtractions.

c. d.

e. Play the game yourself! Try number cards from 2-30 for an easier game. Try numbers from 2 to
60 for a challenge. Give each player 4-8 cards, depending on the difficulty level you wish to
have.

29 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Subtraction Strategies and Terminology
The number you subtract from is called the minuend.
The number you subtract from the minuend
is called the subtrahend.
Mnemonic: minuend comes first, subtrahend after,
just like m is before s in the alphabet.

When you subtract two numbers, the answer is called the difference.
It is called a difference even when you haven't yet calculated it.
So 12 – 6 is the difference of 12 and 6.

1. Write 1, 10, and 62 as differences in many different ways.

a. ____ – ____ = 1 b. ____ – ____ = 10 c. ____ – ____ = 62

____ – ____ = 1 ____ – ____ = 10 ____ – ____ = 62

____ – ____ = 1 ____ – ____ = 10 ____ – ____ = 62

Think carefully: How many different answers are there in (a)? In (b)? In (c)?

2. Write a subtraction sentence and fill in the blanks.

a. The subtrahend is 15 and the difference is 4.

_____ – _____ = _____
The minuend is ________.

b. The minuend is 49 and the subtrahend is 23.

_____ – _____ = _____
The difference is ________.

c. The minuend is 38 and the difference is 19.

_____ – _____ = _____
The subtrahend is _________.

3. Think carefully: how can you find the missing minuend no matter what the numbers are?

a. _____ – 4 = 5 b. ______ – 15 = 30 c. ______ – 23 = 800

_____ – 10 = 20 ______ – 200 = 5 ______ – 30 – 22 = 10

30 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 If the minuend changes, the difference changes the same way!
90 – 30 = 60 75 – 25 = 50 240 – 165 = 75
95 – 30 = 65 74 – 25 = 49 238 – 165 = 73
If you start out with 5 more; If you start out with 1 less; If you start out with 2 less;
the answer is 5 more. the answer is 1 less. the answer is 2 less.

If the subtrahend changes, the difference changes in the opposite way!

56 – 30 = 26 650 – 100 = 550 72 – 12 = 60
56 – 29 = 27 650 – 99 = 551 72 – 15 = 57
If you subtract 1 less;
the answer is 1 more. 1 less; 1 more 3 more; 3 less

4. The subtrahend or minuend changes; think carefully how the difference changes.

a. 95 – 66 = 29 b. 900 – 240 = 660 c. 504 – 37 = 467

95 – 67 = _______ 900 – 239 = _______ 507 – 37 = _______

95 – 68 = _______ 900 – 243 = _______ 500 – 37 = _______

d. 340 – 100 = 240 e. 67 – 50 = 17 f. 600 – 28 = 572

340 – 99 = _______ 67 – 49 = _______ 598 – 28 = _______

340 – 102 = _______ 67 – 47 = _______ 605 – 28 = _______

5. Compare these expressions without actually calculating. Write <, > or = .

a. 60 – 28 60 – 25 b. 90 – 25 90 c. 43 – 8 43 – 18

d. 75 + 24 75 + 36 e. 97 – 32 90 – 32 f. 43 – 28 67 – 28

g. 89 + 32 50 + 89 h. 45 + 27 27 + 44 i. 65 – 28 43 – 28

j. 65 + 13 13 + 65 k. 52 – 25 92 – 25 l. 27 + 27 47

31 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Strategy: Add up to find the difference.

To find the difference, start at the smaller number, and add up till you get to the bigger
number.
When adding up, first complete the ten, then add whole tens, then ones again.

84 – 37 = ? 92 – 35 = ?
37 + 3 = 40 35 + 5 = 40
40 + 40 = 80 40 + 50 = 90
80 + 4 = 84 90 + 2 = 92

I added 3, 40, and 4 - total 47. 84 – 37 = 47. I added total 57. 92 – 35 = 57.

6. Add up to find the difference.

a. + + + b. + + +
65 – 26 83 – 35
= _____ 26 30 60 65 = _____ 35 40 80 83

c. d. e. f.

56 – 28 = ______ 72 – 18 = ______ 54 – 37 = _______ 74 – 55 = _______

55 – 24 = ______ 82 – 46 = ______ 91 – 57 = _______ 63 – 34 = _______

7. Find missing addends. The same method works here. Think: First, add up to the next whole
ten, and then see how much more you need.

a. b. c. d.

13 + _____ = 30 25 + _____ = 50 43 + _____ = 70 36 + _____ = 60

37 + _____ = 70 25 + _____ = 54 43 + _____ = 72 36 + _____ = 64

28 + _____ = 90 25 + _____ = 60 54 + _____ = 90 65 + _____ = 80

54 + _____ = 80 25 + _____ = 61 54 + _____ = 93 65 + _____ = 83

32 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Strategy: Subtract an easy number that is close, and then correct the answer.

74 – 39 81 – 57
74 – 40 = 34 81 – 60 = 21
34 + 1 = 35 21 + 3 = 24

Subtract 40 since it is close to 39. First subtract 60.

You subtracted one too Then add 3 back.
much, so add one back.

8. Subtract mentally.

a. b. c. d.

34 – 18 = ______ 65 – 27 = ______ 97 – 49 = ______ 65 – 29 = ______

42 – 29 = ______ 55 – 38 = ______ 62 – 19 = ______ 83 – 38 = ______

e. f. g. h.
66 – 38 = ______ 55 – 46 = ______ 89 – 56 = ______ 52 – 36 = ______

93 – 57 = ______ 48 – 13 = ______ 57 – 33 = ______ 66 – 37 = ______

Solve the mystery numbers and !

Hint: guess and check. Then improve your guess.

a. b.
c.
+ = 30 –7=
– = 14 99 – – – = 36
– – =4

= _______
= _______
= _______
= _______
= _______

33 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Subtraction Terms

Remember subtraction terms?

Just like “m” comes before “s” in the alphabet,

the minuend comes before the subtrahend.

1. The minuend is missing! Find a general idea that always works to solve these kind of problems.

a. _____ − 8 = 7 b. _____ − 15 = 17 c. ______ − 22 − 7 = 70

_____ − 4 = 20 _____ − 24 = 48 ______ − 300 − 50 = 125

2. The subtrahend is missing! Find a general idea that always works to solve these kind of
problems.

a. 20 − ______ = 12 b. 55 − ______ = 34 c. 234 − _____ = 100

6 − ______ = 5 100 − ____ = 72 899 − _____ = 342

3. a. Write three subtraction problems where the difference is 10.

b. The subtrahend is 12 and the difference is 58. What is the minuend?

c. The minuend is 55 and the difference is 17. What is the subtrahend?

4. Explain an easy to way to subtract 999 from any number mentally.

For example, explain how to do easily 1,446 – 999.

5. The difference of two numbers is 20, and one of the numbers is 25.
What can the other number be?

34 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Subtraction is used:

 In “take away” situations

 To find the difference
 To find one part when you have a “whole” and
 In “less than” or “more than” situations
several “parts”.

6. Solve the problems. You will need addition AND subtraction.

a. A package of cheese costs $6 and a package of ham costs $2 less.

How much do the two cost together?

b. One alarm clock costs $11 and another costs $8 more.

How much would the two cost together?

c. Of the 45 students, 18 are girls. How many are boys?

How many more boys are there than girls?

d. Jack gave the clerk $50 for his purchases, and got $13 as his change.
How much did his purchases cost?

e. It rained five days in June and six days in July.

How many non-rainy days did those two months have?

f. Amy is 134 cm tall and her mom is 162 cm tall.

What is the difference in their heights?

g. Jack bicycled his favorite 28 km route on Tuesday and on Wednesday.

On Thursday and Saturday he bicycled along a route that was 6 km shorter.
How many kilometers did he bicycle all in all?

Find the missing numbers.

a. 200 − 45 − _______ − 70 = 25

b. ________ − 5 − 55 − 120 = 40

35 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Mental Math Workout and Pascal's Triangle
1. Fill in the table - add 29 each time.

n 9 18 27 36 45 54
n + 29

2. Fill in the table - subtract 39 each time.

n 660 600 540 480 420

n – 39

3. Subtract - and be careful!

a. b. c. d.

500 – 3 = 600 – 2 = 300 – 3 = 1,000 – 7 =

500 – 30 = 600 – 20 = 400 – 40 = 1,000 – 70 =

500 – 300 = 600 – 200 = 500 – 5 = 1,000 – 700 =

500 – 33 = 600 – 22 = 600 – 60 = 1,000 – 77 =

500 – 303 = 600 – 202 = 700 – 7 = 1,000 – 707 =

4. Figure out the patterns and continue them.

+ + + + + + + +

5 28 51 74 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

– – – – – – – –

1000 900 810 730 660 _____ _____ _____ _____

36 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

5. Continue the patterns.

+ 300 + 300 + 300 + + + + +

3,000 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

– 400 – 400 – 400 – – – – –

10,000 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

6. This will be a Pascal's triangle but you need to fill it in. On the left and right sides are ones.
Any other number is gotten by adding the two numbers right above it (slightly to the right and
to the left). For example, the colored number 3 comes from adding the 1 and 2 above it.

37 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

7. a. After filling the triangle, add the numbers in each row and make a list. For example, the first
row just has 1. In the second row, add 1 + 1 = 2. In the third row, add 1 + 2 + 1 = 4.

The row sums are: 1, 2, 4, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____.
What do you notice about these numbers?

b. Can you find a diagonal with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7?

c. Can you find a diagonal with triangular numbers?

(Triangular numbers start like this:)

Read more about Pascal's triangle and its patterns at http://ptri1.tripod.com/

Below you will find an empty Pascal's triangle to explore with. You can fill it with some other
number on all the sides, such as 2, 3, or 20.

38 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Subtracting in Columns
1. Remember? If you can't subtract the ones or the tens, you need to borrow one unit from
the next bigger place value. It is also called regrouping, because you take a bigger unit
(ten or hundred) and group it with the smaller units (ones or tens).
Remember also to check each subtraction result by adding.

Check: Check: Check:

a. 762 b. 580 c. 749
– 156 + 156 – 341 + –376 +

Check: Check: Check:

d. 529 e. 630 f. 465
– 357 – 217 – 283

2. Solve the word problems. Write an addition or subtraction sentence for each problem.
Check your subtractions by adding.

a. A computer costs $495. Mark has saved $327.

How much does he still need to save in order
to buy the computer?

b. Mark's grandpa gives him $50 for his birthday.

How many dollars does Mark still need to save?

c. Jack's family is driving from Easttown to Middletown,

a distance of 149 km. The car's odometer shows they
have driven 67 kilometers. How far do they still have to go?

d. A store sold 178 blue balls and 149 red balls in one day.
There are now 210 blue balls and 239 red balls left.
How many balls did the store have before?

39 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Borrowing two times: 325 – 169

First break one ten Then break one hundred into

There are not
into 10 ones. Now you 10 tens. Now you can cross
enough ones to
can cross out 9 ones - out 6 tens, 9 ones, and one
subtract 9.
but can't subtract 6 tens. hundred. What is left? ______

→ →

325 3 hundreds + 1 ten + 15 ones 2 hundreds + 11 tens + 15 ones

11
1 15 2 1 15
3 2 5 → 3 2 5 → 3 2 5
– 1 6 9 – 1 6 9 – 1 6 9
6 6

First borrow a ten. Then borrow a hundred.

3. Subtract in columns. Draw pictures to illustrate the process.

H is hundreds, T is tens, and O is ones.

→ →
break break
a 10 a 100 2 2 1
– 9 7

a. 221 → 2 H; 1 T; 11 O → 1 H; 11 T; 11 O
Now cross out 97.

→ →
break break
a 10 a 100 3 4 1
– 1 7 5

b. 341 → __H; ___T; ___O → __H; ___T; ___O

Now cross out 175.

40 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 → →
break break 3 5 0
a 10 a 100
– 2 8 7

c. 350 __H; ___T; ___O __H; ___T; ___O

→ →
Now cross out 287.

→ →
break break
a 10 a 100 4 2 3
– 1 5 6

d. 423 → __H; ___T; ___O → __H; ___T; ___O

Now cross out 156.

4. It's time for practice. Subtract in columns. Find the answers in the number queue below.

a. 616 b. 734 c. 421 d. 743 e. 747

– 469 – 265 – 326 – 578 – 269

f. 921 g. 354 h. 765 i. 614 j. 850

– 145 – 157 – 379 – 426 – 262

k. 811 l. 643 m. 746 n. 916 o. 933

– 156 – 277 – 378 – 249 – 388

197395265591654783867761881474695883686675458366

41 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

5. Solve the word problems. Write an addition or subtraction sentence, or several,
for each problem. Check your subtractions by adding.

a. Littletown had 168 rainy days during a year.

How many days did it not rain that year?

b. Uptown School had 267 students, and Downtown

School had 650. Then 125 students moved from
Downtown School to Uptown School.

How many students does Uptown School now have?

Downtown School?

Which school has more students?

How many more?

c. A shipment contains light blue, white, and striped shirts.

250 shirts are white, and 180 are light blue.
All total there are 775 shirts.
How many shirts are striped?

What numbers are missing from the subtractions?

6 0 8 6 1 0
– 3 – 3 6 – 5 7 – 4

3 1 5 5 6 4 2 4 4 2 0 7

42 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Subtract in Columns
1. This is review. Subtract in columns. Check by adding!

a. Add to check: b. Add to check: c. Add to check:

519 728 1350

− 346 + 346 − 519 + 519 − 782 + 782

It is time to review borrowing over zeros!

You can't subtract 3 from 0. First borrow one hundred. Then borrow 1 ten
You can't borrow a ten You get 10 tens in the tens into the ones column.
- there are none! column. Now you can subtract.
9
7 10 7 10 10
8 0 0 8 0 0 8 0 0
– 2 5 3 – 2 5 3 – 2 5 3
5 4 7

You can't borrow from the tens Then borrow one ten into
Next, borrow one hundred
nor from the hundreds. So the ones column. You're
into the tens column.
borrow 1 thousand. ready to subtract!
9 9 9
6 10 6 10 10 6 10 10 12
7 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 7 0 0 2
– 4 9 3 3 – 4 9 3 3 – 4 9 3 3
2 0 6 9

2. Subtract in columns. Check by adding!

a. Add to check: b. Add to check: c. Add to check:

700 5000 6004

− 356 + 356 − 1236 + 1236 − 678 + 678

43 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

3. Subtract in columns. Check by adding!

a. Add to check: b. Add to check: c. Add to check:

506 4090 9000

− 289 + 289 − 3785 + 3785 − 3420 + 3420

d. e. f.

5070 $80.00 $600.00

− 2356 + − 56.70 + − 230.50 +

g. h. i.

4005 $400.00 $109.40

− 2391 + −198.99 + − 78.65 +

4. Look again at the Kentucky map.

How many miles longer is

a. a round trip from Lexington to Ashland

and back than a round trip from
Lexington to Covington and back?

b. a trip from Lexington to Paducah and back

than a triangular trip from Lexington via
Covington, Louisville, Frankfort,
and back to Lexington?

44 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 8120 – 2653 – 754 = ? 7 10 11 10
8 1 2 0 Check:
When subtracting two numbers, –2 6 5 3
you can continue the subtraction
4 7 1 3
under your first answer. 5 4 6 7 7 5 4
Check by adding the answer – 7 5 4 +2 6 5 3
and all the numbers you
subtracted. 4 7 1 3 8 1 2 0

5. Write the numbers under each other carefully, and subtract in columns.
a. 4,400 − 2,745 − 493
b. 5,604 − 592 − 87
c. $45.60 − $12.36 − $1.69

6. You can solve the problem 5,200 − 592 − 87 − 345 − 99

by subtracting the numbers one at a time. That means
four separate subtractions. Can you find a quicker way?

Little Hannah has almost learned to read

the (analog) clock, but she can't remember
which hand is the hour hand and which is
the minute hand. So when the time is 1:15, she might say, “It is 3:05”,
mixing the hours and the minutes.

One day mom was lying in bed, sick, and she asked Hannah what time it was. Hannah said,
“It is 2:20.” Just a few minutes later mom asked again for the time. Hannah claimed it was
now 4:25.

Remembering that each time Hannah either tells the time right, or mixes the hour and
minute hands, mom was able to figure out what time it was in reality. Can you?

45 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Addition / Subtraction Connection

When two parts make a total, you can:

 add the parts to get the total;
 subtract the first part from the total 300 + 531 = 831
to get the second part;
 subtract the second part from the total 831 – 300 = 531
to get the first part.
831 − 531 = 300

1. For each addition, write two subtraction sentences. Fill in the missing numbers.

a. _____+ _____ = _____ b. _____+ _____ = _____ c. _____+ _____ = _____

_____ – _____ = _____ 99 – 65 = _____ _____ – _____ = _____

_____ – _____ = _____ _____ – _____ = _____ _____ – _____ = _____

d. _____ + _____ = _____ e. _____ + _____ = _____ f. 291 + ____ = 400

400 – 199 = _____ _____ – _____ = _____ _____ − ____ = _____

_____ – _____ = _____ 95 – _____ = 28 _____ − ____ = _____

2. Find the difference of:

a. 100 and 499 b. 405 and 704 c. 200 and 650

3. Ellie has saved $190. She wants a computer that costs $429.
How many more dollars does she need to buy it?

4. Peter has saved $49. He wants to buy a cell phone for $80
and the cell phone service for $42. How much does he
still need to save?

46 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Sometimes you know the total and one part,
but you don't know the other part.

In this case, you can write both a “missing 200 + ? = 570

addend” sentence and a subtraction sentence.
570 – 200 = ?

5. Write an addition and a subtraction sentence using the given numbers.

a. 560 + 100 = 660 b. 200 + ______ = 900 c. _____ + _____ = _____

660 – 560 = 100 _____ – _____ = _____ 750 – 150 = _______

d. 609 + _______ = 809 e. _____ + _____ = _____ f. 700 + _______ = 830

_____ – _____ = _____ 965 – 400 = _______ _____ – _____ = _____

6. Solve the problems. Write both a missing addend sentence and a subtraction sentence.
a. Ann needs 56 pins for a sewing project. She only has 41.
How many more does she need?

b. You are on page 224 of a book that has 380 pages.

How many pages are left to read?

7. Write a subtraction problem with the given numbers so that the numbers in the boxes
are the same.

a. 199 + = 234 b. 17 + = 85 c. 44 + = 93

_____ – _____ = _____ – _____ = _____ – _____ =

d. 15 + = 153 e. 307 + = 449 f. 101 + = 155

_____ – _____ = _____ – _____ = _____ – _____ =

47 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

8. Solve the problems.

a. A cook needs 84 eggs. Eggs are sold in packages of 30.

How many packages does the cook need to buy?

How many eggs will be left over?

b. The temperature outside is 25 degrees Fahrenheit,

and inside it is 74 degrees.
What is the difference in temperature?

c. Jack had 83 tennis balls, and Robert had 45.

How many do they have together?

Jack lost 11 of his. How many more

does Jack have now than Robert?

d. A diving suit costs 66 dollars. John has saved $37,

and his grandma gives him $15 more.
How much more money does he still need before he can buy it?

9. Here three parts make up a whole. Write both an addition and a subtraction sentence and
solve them.

a. 560 + 100 + ______ = 960 b. ______ + ______ + ______ = ______

960 – 560 – 100 = _______ ______ – ______ –______ = ______

c. ______ + ______ + ______ = ______ d. ______ + ______ + ______ = ______

______ – ______ –______ = ______ ______ – ______ –______ = ______

48 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Word Problems and Bar Models
Bar models help you see how the numbers in a problem relate to each other. Whenever you get
stumped by a word problem, try drawing a bar model.

On Monday, Dad drove 277 miles, and Monday

on Tuesday he drove 25 miles more
than he did on Monday. How many
miles did he drive in the two days? Tuesday

On Tuesday he drove 277 + 25 = 302 miles. The bracket “}” means addition or the total
Altogether he drove 277 + 302 = 579 miles. of the two bars. We do not know the total
or the sum of the two days' journey, so it
is marked with a question mark.

After driving 20 miles, Dad says, “I still have 15

more miles to go to the half-way point.” How long
is the trip?

20 mi + 15 mi = 35 miles, and that is the first half

of the trip. So, the total trip is 2 × 35 = 70 miles. We do not know the total length,
so it is marked with “?”.

Mark the numbers given in the problem in the diagram. Mark what is asked with “?”.
Then solve the problem.
1. Jake worked for 56 days on a farm, and
Ed worked for 14 days less.
How many days did Ed work?

2. Of his paycheck, Dad paid $250 on taxes, and spent

$660 on other bills and purchases. Then, half of his
paycheck was gone. How much was his paycheck?

3. Dad bought two hammers. One cost $18

and the other cost $28 more.
What was his total bill?

49 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Angi and Rebecca split a $100 paycheck so that
Angi got $10 more than Rebecca.
How much did each one get?
The bar diagram shows the situation. Angi got $10 more
than Rebecca, and together they earned $100.
To solve it, you can think this way. If you took away (subtracted) the “additional” $10, then the total
would be $90, and we would only have the two equal parts (the two green parts). So, $90 ÷ 2 = $45
gives us the amount Rebecca got, and then Angi got $45 + $10 = $55.

Here's another way of looking at the same situation.

We draw just one bar for the paycheck, and divide it
into two halves in the middle (the dashed line). Then
we draw half of the $10, or $5, on either side of that
middle line.
We can then see Angi got $50 + $5 = $55 and Rebecca got $50 − $5 = $45.

Mark the numbers given in the problem in the diagram. Mark what is asked with “?”.
Then solve the problem.

4. Mary and Luisa bought a $46 gift together.

Mary spent $6 more on it than Luisa.
How many dollars did each spend?

5. Henry bought two circular saws. One

saw was $100 cheaper than the other.
His total bill was $590. What did each saw cost?

6. Eric and Angela did yard work together. They earned $80
and split it so that Eric got $12 more
than Angela. How much did each one get?
Draw a bar diagram.

50 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 You can solve the rest of the problems any way you like best.

7. Mark bought four towels for $7 each, and a blanket for $17.
He paid, and the clerk handed him back $5.
What denomination was the bill Mark used to pay?

8. One plain yogurt costs $2.40, strawberry yogurt

costs $0.15 less than plain yogurt, and plum yogurt
costs $0.30 more than plain yogurt.
What is your total bill if you buy all three?

9. Erica was 132 cm tall when she was 9 years old.

In the next year, she grew 6 cm, and the next year 2 cm
less than the previous year. How tall was she at the age of 11?

10. John's monthly phone service bill is $48. John said that with
the money he earned on his summer job, he could pay his
phone service for two months, spend $120 for a bike,
and still have half his money left. How much did he earn?

11. Melissa found a nice shirt for $11.50, another

for $2.55 less, and yet another for $2 less.
If she buys all three, what will her total bill be?

51 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Missing Addend Solved with Subtraction
From this simple diagram, we can write
two addition and two subtraction sentences.
Those four form a fact family.
x stands for a number, too. We just don't know it yet.  x + 15 = 56  56 – x = 15
Which fact in the family makes it easy to
find the value of x?  15 + x = 56  56 – 15 = x

Here is missing addend problem: You can solve it by subtracting

the one part (769) from the total (1,510):
769 + x = 1,510.
x = 1,510 – 769
= 741

1. The missing addend is solved with subtraction. Solve.

a. 78 + x = 145 b. 128 + x = 400 c. x + 385 = 999

x = 145 – 78 = _____ x = ____ – ____ = _____ x = ____ – ____ = _____

2. Write a missing addend sentence using x, and a subtraction sentence to solve it.

a. A car costs $1,200 and dad has $890.

How much more does he need?

b. The school has 547 students, of which

265 are girls. How many are boys?

52 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

3. a. Write a fact family using these
three numbers: x, 59, 124.
(Remember, x stands for a number too.)

b. Solve for x.

4. Write a missing addend sentence with x. Solve.

a. A school's teachers and students students + teachers = total

filled a 450-seat auditorium. If ____ + ____ = ____
the school had 43 teachers,
how many students did it have?
x=

b. Mom went shopping with $250 spent + left = had originally

and came back home with $78. ____ + ____ = _____
How much did she spend?
x=

c. Janet had $200. She bought an item item 1 + item 2 + left = total
for $54 and another for $78. ____ + ____ + ____ = ____
How much is left?
x=

d. Jean bought one item for $23 and

another for $29, and she had ____ + ____ + ____ = ____
$125 left. How much did she have
initially? x=

5. Which number sentence fits the problem? Find x.

a. Jane had $15. Dad gave Jane her allow- b. Mike had many drawings. He put 24 of
ance (x) and afterwards Jane had $22. them in the trash. Then he had 125 left.
$15 + x = $22 OR $15 + $22 = x 125 – 24 = x OR x – 24 = 125

c. Jill had 120 marbles, but some of them d. Dave gave 67 of his stickers to a friend
got lost. Now she has 89 left. and now he has 150 left.
120 – x = 89 OR 120 + 89 = x 150 – 67 = x OR x – 67 = 150

53 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

6. Pick a number sentence that you can use to find x. Then solve for x.

a. Problem: 253 + x = 2056 b. Problem: x + 148 = 397

2056 – 253 = x OR x – 253 = 2056 148 – 397 = x OR 397 – 148 = x

c. Problem: x – 23 = 45 d. Problem: 120 – x = 55

45 – 23 = x OR 45 + 23 = x 120 – 55 = x OR 120 + 55 = x

7. Solve for x.

x 1,750 b. 23 + 56 + x = 110
|4,900 

a.

8. Write the numbers and x to the picture. Write a missing addend sentence. Solve.

a. The Jones' family had traveled 420 miles b. The store is expecting a shipment of 4,000
of their 1,200-mile journey. How many blank CDs. Two boxes of 500 arrived.
miles were left to travel? How many are still to come?

 

c. A 250 cm board is divided into three parts: d. After traveling 56 miles, Dad said,
two 20 cm parts at the ends and a part in “We have 118 miles left.”
the middle. How long is the middle part? How long is the journey?

 

54 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Mileage Chart
To find the distance between Brigham City and Emery, look at
the column downwards from Brigham City, and at the row across
from Emery. The number at the intersection of that column
and row tells you the distance in miles.

The distance between Brigham City

and Emery is 230 miles.

1. How many miles is it from

Fillmore to Emery?

2. How many miles is it from

Delta to Brigham City?

3. How many miles is it

from Bryce Canyon
to Echo Junction?

4. A family made a trip from Emery to Delta, to Cedar Breaks,

to Canyonlands National Park, and back home to Emery.
What was their total mileage?

5. a. On his way from Cedar Breaks to Brigham City,

Dad stopped at a gas station after driving 35 miles.
How many miles did he still have to go?

b. After another 80 miles he has to stop again.

Now how far does he still have to go?

6. How much longer is the drive from Echo Junction to

Canyonlands National Park than from Echo Junction
to Cedar Breaks?

7. Suppose that Dad drives 45 miles each hour. Can he then

drive from Delta to Capitol Reef National Park in four hours?

55 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Order of Operations
Addition is an operation, subtraction is another operation, and so is multiplication.
If you have many operations, there are rules that tell us which one to do first.

Calculate first the operations 15 – (2 + 3) (6 + 7) – (4 – 3)

inside parentheses ( ) . 15 – 5 = 10 13 – 1 = 12

90 – 60 – 20 + 4
80 + 20 – 30 \ /
If there are no parentheses,
add and subtract from left to right.
30 – 20 + 4
100 – 30 = 70 \ /
10 + 4 = 14

1. Calculate.

a. 20 – 6 – 2 b. 20 + (6 + 2) c. 20 – 6 + 2 d. 20 + 6 – 2

20 – (6 – 2) (20 + 6) + 2 20 – (6 + 2) 20 + (6 – 2)

2. Write an expression to match each instruction.

a. “First add 40 and 50, then b. “First add 40 and 50, then
subtract that sum from 120.” subtract from that 120.”

3. Calculate.

a. (13 – 6) – (2 + 5) b. (50 + 8) + (7 – 4) c. (200 – 40) – (90 – 70)

13 – 6 – 2 + 5 50 + 8 + 7 – 4 200 – 40 – 90 – 70

d. 25 – 10 – 4 + 6 e. 700 – (200 + 30 – 1) f. (100 – 50) – (20 – 10)

25 – (10 – 4) + 6 700 – 200 + (30 – 1) 100 – (50 – 20 – 10)

4. Put a parenthesis into each equation to make it true.

a. 10 – 5 – 2 = 7 b. 20 – 5 – 2 – 1 = 16 c. 15 – 5 + 2 – 1 = 9

10 – 5 + 2 = 3 20 – 5 – 2 – 1 = 18 15 – 5 + 2 – 1 = 7

56 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

5. Remember? Do additions and subtractions from left to right. For the following problems,
use the extra space to do the calculations.

a. 234 + 567 – 135 = ___ b. 505 – 317 + 195 = ____

Add these first.
Then from the sum subtract 135.

234
+ 567 – 135 – +

c. 364 + 409 – 238 = ____ d. 735 – 218 + 450 = ____

+ – – +

6. Solve the word problems.

a. Julie earned money from picking strawberries as follows:

The first week she earned $178, the second week $215,
the third week $230 and the last week $212. The people
who owned the farm where she worked, subtracted $88
for the cost of food and accommodations. How much
did Julie bring home from her job?

b. Ken earns $90 each week. After four weeks,

he paid his parents $125 to help on food costs.
How much does he have left for himself?

57 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Order of Operations 2
1. Do operations within ( ) first. 4 + 3 × (6 − 2)
70 + (80 − 5)
2. Then multiply and divide. = 4 + 3× 4
= 70 + 75 = 145
= 4 + 12 = 16
3. Then add and subtract, from
left to right.
Make sure you understand 7+3×5 (12 − 6) − (11 − 5)
the examples on the right. = 7 + 15 = 22 = 6 − 6=0

1. Do the calculations in the right order.

a. 500 – 30 – 30 = b. 250 + (100 – 50) + (100 – 50) =

500 – (30 – 30) = 250 + 100 – 50 + 100 – 50 =
500 – 30 + 30 = (250 + 100) – (50 + 100) – 50 =
500 – (30 + 30) = 250 + 100 – (50 + 100 – 50) =

2. Calculate in the right order.

a. 2 × (5 + 3) = b. 2 × 5 + 3 × 1 = c. 2 × 5 + 3 × 0 =
20 – 3 × 3 = (10 – 3) × 3 + 1 = (20 – 16) × 3 + 2 =
50 – 1 – 2 × 10 = 50 – 1 × 7 + 2 × 3 = 2 × (2 + 2) – 3 =

3. Match the description with the right number sentence. Then calculate.

First multiply 5 times 10 and subtract from the result 7. 5 × (10 – 7)

Add to 10 the difference of 100 and 20. 5 × 10 – 7
First subtract 7 from 10, and then multiply the result by 5. 100 – (20 + 10)
From 100 subtract the sum of 20 and 10. (100 – 20) + 10

4. You cut off two 20-cm pieces of a 90-cm piece of wood.

Which calculation tells you the piece that is left? 90 – 20 + 20
90 – 2 × 20
(90 – 20) × 2

58 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

5. A clerk in the store rings up all the items the customer buys, gets the customer's money,
and figures out the change.
a. Which of the calculations on the right i. $50 – $1.26 – $6.55 – $0.22 – $5
best matches figuring out the change?
ii. $50 + $1.26 + $6.55 + $0.22 + $5
b. Which calculation of the three would give
you the wrong answer for the change? iii. $50 – ($1.26 + $6.55 + $0.22 + $5)

6. Describe a shopping situation where you need to do these calculations:

a. $10 + $2.10 + $45

b. 4 × $1.20

c. $10 – 4 × $1.20

7. Put operation symbols +, – , or × into the number sentences so that they become true.

a. b. c.

4 1 8 = 12 2 10 1 2 = 14 3 3 3=6

50 5 10 = 0 100 (15 17) 1 = 68 (2 5) 2 = 14

8. Everyday, James feeds the kennel dogs 5 kg of dog food. He bought a 100-kg bag of dog
food. How many kilograms are left after four days? Write a single number sentence to
solve that.

9. Parking costs $2 per hour during the day and $3 per hour during the night. Write a single
number sentence that tells you the cost of parking a car for 5 daytime hours and 2
nighttime hours. Solve it.

10. Write a single number sentence that tells you the change if you buy a book for $7, a ball
for $5, and pay with a $20 bill.

See also the Choose Two Operations game at http://www.homeschoolmath.net/operation-

game.php

59 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Graphs
1. The graph shows the number of books some children read during a vacation reading
assignment. Read the graph and fill in the blanks.
________________ read the most books. ________________ read the fewest books.
All together, the four girls
read _____ books.
All together, the four boys
read _____ books.
The smallest number of books
read was _____ books, and
the biggest number was
_____ books.

The difference between the most books read and the fewest books read was _____ books.
The difference between ______________ and ______________, who read the least amount
of books, was only ___ book.

2. Below you see a pictogram that shows how many vegetables were used in certain places.
It is called a pictogram because it uses a picture to represent a certain amount. In this case,
each picture of a carrot represents 5 kilograms. Read the pictogram to answer the questions.
Restaurant B used _____ kg of vegetables.
The Millers used _____ kg. Vegetable use in one month

The Jacksons used _____ kg. Jacksons

The school cafe used _____ kg. Joneses

Restaurant B used _____ kg Millers
more than the Joneses.
School cafe
The Millers used _____ kg fewer
vegetables than the school cafe. Restaurant A
All together, the Jacksons, Joneses, Restaurant B
and Millers used _____ kg of vegetables.
The two restaurants used = 5 kilograms of vegetables
a total of _____ kg of vegetables.

60 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

3. On Monday a small art museum had 29 adult and Museum visitors
14 child visitors; on Tuesday it had
23 adult and 10 child visitors; on Wednesday Total
Day Adults Children
34 adult and 18 child visitors; and on Thursday Visitors
38 adult and 19 child visitors.
Monday
Use that data to fill in the table. Also
calculate the total visitor counts. Tuesday
Wednesday
a. The busiest day was _______________.
The least busy day was _______________. Thursday
Friday 35 19
b. What was the difference in the total visitor
count between those two days? Saturday 57 25
Sunday 63 31
Totals

c. The total visitor count for the whole week

(both adults and children) was ______ visitors.

d. During the whole week, how many more

adults than children visited the museum?

e. Make a double-bar graph of this data. For each day, make a bar for the number of adults
and another bar for the number of children.
The bars for Monday and Tuesday are already made.

61 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Bar Graphs
1. Beverly asked her classmates how many hours they watch TV each day.
The results are below; she already organized them in order.
001111111111122223333444556
Each number above is someone's answer to Beverly's question. So two people answered that
they watched TV for 0 hours. Quite a few answered that they watch TV about 1 hour per day.
With these numbers, first we need to make a frequency table. In a frequency table,
we count how frequently or how often a certain number was in our list of data. After
counting all that, we can make a bar graph.
In Beverly's data above, the number zero (0 hours of TV) appeared two times. The number
two (2 hours of TV) appeared four times. Finish the frequency table and the bar graph.

Hours of TV Frequency
0h 2
1h
2h 4

b. How many classmates did Beverly question?

c. What was the most common response to Beverly's question?

d. How many of these kids watch TV 1 hour or less?

e. How many kids watch TV 3 hours or more?

f. Are there more kids who watch TV 3 hours a day than kids who watch TV 2 hours a day?

g. Are there more kids watching TV 2 hours or more, than kids watching TV less than
2 hours?

62 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

2. a. Beverly also asked some people about their favorite color. Make a bar graph.

Color Frequency
red 2
orange 1
yellow 4
green 5
blue 7
purple 4
black 2
white 2

b. How many people did Beverly question?

c. Were the “warm” colors or the “cold” colors more popular?
(Warm colors are red, orange, and yellow. Cold colors are green, blue, and purple.)

3. The numbers are students' quiz scores. 1 3 5 3 6 4 9 8 6 4 8 7 5 3 9 8 6 2 1 8 9 10 2 9 7 6

a. Make a frequency table and a bar graph.

Test score Frequency

b. What was the most common quiz score? How many students got that score?
c. What was the least common quiz score? How many students got that score?
d. How many students got a score from 5 to 8?
e. How many students did excellent (got a score of 9 or 10)?
f. The teacher said after the test, “Anyone with a score of 4 or less will need to retake the
test, and anyone with a score of 5 or 6 will get extra homework.”
How many students need to do the test again? How many will get extra homework?

63 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

4. a. Make a bar graph Height in cm Number of people Height in cm Number of people
out of the data 120...129 4 160...169 95
in the frequency table
on the right. 130...139 10 170...179 61
140...149 41 180...189 39
150...159 82 190...199 6

b. How many people were short (less than 140 cm tall)?

c. How many were very tall (180 cm or taller)?

d. Most adults are 160 cm tall or taller. Use this fact to guess (estimate) how many
children and how many adults were in this group.

e. Could this data come from

 a group of elementary school children?

 a group of people who were at the swimming pool at 5 pm on a certain Tuesday?

 a group of elderly women in a nursing home?

Explain your reasoning.

64 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Line Graphs
A line graph shows how something changes
over time, such as over several hours, days,
weeks, months, or years.
The data values are often drawn as dots.
Then the dots are connected with lines.
The x-axis and the y-axis are the
two lines that frame the picture. The time
units are written under the x-axis.
To read a line graph, look “up” from the time
unit until you find the dot. Then draw an
imaginary line from that dot to the y-axis.
For example, in July Amy had saved $90.

1. Look at the line graph about Amy's savings.

a. How many dollars had Amy saved in May?
b. How many dollars had Amy saved in August?
c. How many dollars had Amy saved in September?
d. In which month had she saved up $75?
e. In September Amy used up her savings to buy a used bike. How much did the bike cost?

2. The graph shows a puppy's weight

for 10 days after birth.
Notice how the two axes are
named as “day” and “grams”.
a. About how many grams
did the puppy weigh
on day 1? ________

Day 2? ________

Day 3? ________

Day 4? ________

b. What is the first day that the puppy weighed 600 g or more?
c. What is the first day that the puppy weighed 700 g or more?

65 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

3. Look at the graph about the monthly retail prices of strawberries in 2004, given in dollars per
pound. The retail price is the price you see in a grocery store or the price the customers pay.
Price
Month
($ per lb)
Jan 2.48
Feb 2.33
Mar 2.12
Apr 1.66
May 1.67
Jun 1.85
Jul 1.63
Aug 1.82
Sep 1.84
Oct 2.60
a. Describe the price changes as the year progresses. Nov 3.19
Do you know why the price is lower in the summer? Dec 3.60

b. Find the highest price per pound and the lowest price per pound.
What is the difference of these two?

c. How much did it cost to buy 2 lb of strawberries in August?

In November?

4. Becca's mom wrote down an “x” mark for every bad behavior she did during the day.
The table shows the list of her x-marks.
a. Make a line graph. Remember to name one axis as “days” and the other as “x-marks”.
b. Did Becca's behavior improve?

Day x-marks
Mon 10
Tue 8
Wed 9
Thu 6
Fri 3
Sat 4
Sun 2

66 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

5. The table gives the average Max. Max. Max.
maximum temperatures Month Month Month
Temp. Temp. Temp.
for each month in New York. Jan 3°C May 20°C Sep 26°C
Feb 3°C Jun 25°C Oct 21°C
Mar 7°C Jul 28°C Nov 11°C
Apr 14°C Aug 27°C Dec 5°C

a. Make a line graph. Three values are already done for you.
b. What are the coldest months?
c. What are the warmest months?
d. What is the difference in maximum temperature between the coldest and the
warmest month?

6. Do a line graph from some data that you gather yourself! Just remember, it has to be something
that changes over time. You can also “make up” data from your own head. Here are some
ideas:

 outside temperature from the morning till the evening

 your savings in the past 6 months, or an imaginary child's savings in 6 or 8 or 12 months
 how many hours of schoolwork (or housework or playing etc.) you do each day of the week
 how many pages of a book you read each day of the week
 your height from year 0 to year 9 of your life
You can also use this neat online tool for creating your graph: http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/
To use it, you need to have your data ready. It will not give you any data. It just draws the graph.

67 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Reviewing Money
1. Write the dollar amounts as cents or vice versa.

a. $0.25 = _____ ¢ b. $0.70 = ______ ¢ c. $1.25 = _______ ¢

d. $5.60 = ______ ¢ e. $31.55 = ______ ¢ f. $_______ = 76¢

g. $_______ = 20¢ h. $______ = 154¢ i. $_______ = 859¢

j. $______ = 419¢ k. $80.34 = _______¢ l. $_______ = 104¢

2. Round to the nearest dollar.

a. $1.05 ≈ ______ b. $7.72 ≈ ______ c. $35.17 ≈ ______ d. $165.83 ≈ _______

e. $94.90 ≈ ______ f. $99.09 ≈ ______ g. $99.90 ≈ ______ h. $100.56 ≈ _______

3. You bought items for $1.50, $12, and for $2.20. You paid with a 20-dollar bill.
How much was your total?
How much was your change?

4. Make change. Mark how many of each bill/coin you need.

Item Money Change

cost given needed
$50 bill $20 bill $5 bill $1 bill
a. $56 $70
b. $29 $50
c. $78 $100
d. $129 $200

5. Make change. Mark how many of each bill or coin you need.

Money Change
Item cost
given needed 25¢ 10¢ 5¢ 1¢
$5 bill $1 bill
a. $2.56 $5
b. $8.94 $10
c. $7.08 $10
d. $3.37 $10

68 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

6. Solve. Write a number sentence for each problem.
a. Mike had $99. He spent $34 , and he has $56 left. a. $99 − $34 = $56.

b. Dad had ______. He spent $250, and has $170 left. b.

c. Mom had $280. She spent $45, and now has ______ left. c.

d. Greg bought a $45-tool and now he has $15 left. d.

Originally he had _______.

e. Alice had $12. She bought an item, and now e.

she has $3.56. The item cost ________.

7. Match the situations (a), (b), and (c) with number sentences (i), (ii), and (iii).
Then solve for the unknown number x in each situation.

a. Andy had $60 and he bought a tool set for $48. i. $60 − x = $48
How much does he have left?

b. Elisa bought food for $60 and now has $48 left. ii. $60 − $48 = x
How much money did she have initially?

c. Greg had $60 when he went to the store. He came iii. x − $60 = $48.
back home with $48. How much did he spend?

8. Solve the word problems.

a. Mike had $38, and after Grandma's b. Ashley spent half of her $88 in town.
gift, he had $158. How much does she have now?
How much did Grandma give him?

c. Greg bought two $15 books with his d. Jill bought three $4 magazines with her
birthday money ($60). birthday money, and now she has $28.
How much did he have left? How much was the birthday money?

e. You bought 4,000 marker pens at $0.98 each, f. Dad bought a $0.60 ice cream cone for each
and 1,000 whiteboard erasers at $1.02 each, of the three kids, and an $0.80 ice cream cone
Estimate the total using rounded numbers. for himself. How much was the total?
What was his change from $10?

69 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Discounts
Often the store lowers the price of an item. That is called discounting the item.
If a shirt first costs $10, and the store then puts a new price of $9 on it, the shirt is discounted by $1.
The discount is how many dollars the price changed. This time the discount was $1.

A TV costs $650. A flower vase was discounted

Now it is discounted by $100. by $2.10. The new price is $6.
Add to find the original price, which is
The new price is $650 − $100 = $550. of course higher: $6 + $2.10 = $8.10

9. How much is the discount, the new price, or the original price?

a. b. c. d.
Old price $5.25 Old price $1.56 Before $500 / month Before $______
New price $4.50 New price $1.32 Now _____ / month Now $29.50
Discount ______ Discount ______ Discount $23 Discount $5.50

e. A jacket cost $54.99 at first; f. A $1,199 TV-set has

the new price is $47.95. a $200 discount.
How much is the discount? What is the new price?

10. The chart lists some Disney World ticket prices. For each ticket there is an adult and
child price, normal (gate) price and discount price.
Ticket type Normal price Discount price
Look at the normal prices:
4 day Adult $235 $225.31
1 Day Adult costs $______ more than 1 Day Child. 4 day Child $200 $193.38
2 Day Adult costs $______ more than 2 Day Child. 3 day Adult $221 $218.73
Now look at the normal and discounted prices: 3 day Child $189 $186.81
2 day Adult $165 $162.20
For 4 Day Adult ticket, the discount is __________.
2 day Child $143 $141.70
For 4 Day Child ticket, the discount is __________.
1 Day Adult $103 $103
For _________________ and _________________ 1 Day Child $92 $92
tickets, there is no discount.
11. You're a family of 2 adults and 2 children.
a. How much would it cost for your family to spend 2 days
in Disney World using the discount tickets?
b. Can you spend three days there if you can afford to spend $800 at the most?

70 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Review
1. Solve mentally. Use the top problem to help you solve the bottom problem.

a. b. c. d.
300 + 50 = ______ 60 + 70 = ______ 500 – 60 = ______ 990 – 400 = ______

299 + 50 = ______ 59 + 68 = ______ 501 – 60 = ______ 990 – 402 = ______

2. Write the numbers as hundreds, tens, and ones. Then add in parts.

a. 44 + 503 b. 643 + 52

3. Write the Roman numerals using normal numbers.

a. VI b. LVI c. LXV d. XLVIII

4. Add up to find the difference.

+ + + b. 63 – 27 = ______ d. 94 – 58 = ______
a. 71 – 26

= ______ 26 30 70 71 c. 82 – 15 = ______ e. 101 – 27 = ______

5. Subtract.

a. 4 0 5 b. 5 1 0 c. 8 0 7 d. 5 0 3 e. 4 1 5
– 2 6 6 – 2 1 6 – 4 2 9 – 1 2 6 – 2 4 9

6. Calculate.

a. 50 – 20 – 5 + 6 = ________ d. (500 – 50) + (70 – 10) = ________

b. 50 – (20 – 5) + 6 = ________ e. 500 – (50 + 70 – 10) = ________

c. 50 – (20 – 5 + 6) = ________ f. 500 – 50 + (70 – 10) = ________

71 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

7. Solve: _______ – 318 = 467

8. Solve: 693 + 183 – (800 – 34).

9. A store sells CDs in boxes of 100. Ann bought three

full boxes, and one box from which 14 CDs had been
taken away earlier. How many CDs did she get?

10. There are 800 beads in a bag. Some are yellow, some
are red, and some are blue. If there are 270 red and 270
blue beads, find how many yellow beads are in the bag.

11. a. Which day was the busiest?

b. Which day was the least busy?
c. These numbers are visitors counts for adults for the days shown on the chart, but they
are not in the right order. Match each visitor count with the right day.
109 67 47 144 54 132 34

d. How many adults all total visited the park during the week?

72 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Review 2
1. a. Write a subtraction problem where
the difference is 15 and the minuend is 100.

b. Write an addition problem where

one addend is 339 and the sum is 2,193

2. Solve x + 283 = 1,394.

3. Amanda and Abigail weeded a garden together, and shared

the pay so that Amanda got $50 more than Abigail, because
she spent more time in weeding it. If their total pay was $300,
how much did Amanda get and how much did Abigail get?

4. Calculate in the right order.

a. b. c.
5 × (2 + 4) = ______ 120 – 20 – 2 × 0 = _____ (80 – 44) + (80 – 34) = _____

(50 – 20) × 2 + 10 = ______ 5 × 3 + 2 × 7 = ______ 10 × (4 + 4) – 4 = ______

5. Which expression matches the problem? 3 × $13 – $2

Find the cost of three $13-hammers when $13 – 3 × $2
they are discounted by $2.
($13 – $2) × 3

6. How many feet do ten dogs and 20 chickens have in total?

Write a single number sentence to solve.

7. After spending $15.20 on food and $34.60 on gasoline,

Mom had $70.20 left in her purse.
How much did she have initially?

8. Alberto bought two pairs of skis; one cost $48.90

and the other cost $25 more. What was his total cost?

73 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4
Answers

Addition Review, p. 8
1. a. 15, 25, 26 b. 30, 29, 32 Puzzle corner.
c. 12, 14, 16 d. 50, 53, 51
2. b. 80 + 10 + 1 = 91 c. 50 + 30 + 9 = 89 a. = 12
d. 3 + 40 + 20 = 63 e. 5 + 30 + 60 = 95
f. 2 + 20 + 50 = 72 g. 9 + 20 + 40 + 30 = 99 Solution: + + 10 = 34.
h. 10 + 20 + 1 + 5 = 36
It follows that + must equal 24 (so that when you
3. a. 28 + 3 = 31; 45 + 6 = 51
b. 76 + 5 = 81; 59 + 2 = 61
add 10 to that, you get 34). Therefore, must equal 12.
c. 83 + 8 = 91; 66 + 5 = 71
d. 64 + 7 = 71; 83 + 8 = 91
b. = 9, = 13.
4. a. 15 b. 25 c. 40 d. 9
+ 15 = 30 + 25 = 50 + 40 = 80 + 9 = 18 Solution:
+ 15 = 45 + 25 = 75 + 40 = 120 + 9 = 27 + = 22
+ 15 = 60 + 25 = 100 + 40 = 160 + 9 = 36
+ 15 = 75 + 25 = 125 + 40 = 200 + 9 = 45
– =4
+ 15 = 90 + 25 = 150 + 40 = 240 + 9 = 54
+ 15 = 105 + 25 = 175 + 40 = 280 + 9 = 63 Guess and check is a great strategy here. Take two numbers
that add to 22. For example, 18 and 4. Then check their
5. a. 8 + 40 + 20 = 68, and one more is 69. difference (subtract): 18 - 4 = 14, which doesn't match,
b. 28 + 100 = 128, and one less is 127
c. 25 + 25 = 50, and two more is 52 since - should be 4.
d. 15 + 15 = 30, and three more is 33
e. 200 + 36 = 236, and one less is 235 So... guess again. This time let's make the two numbers
f. 6 + 30 + 40 = 76, and one less is 75 closer to each other. For example, 14 and 8. Then check
g. 8 + 8 = 16, and one more is 17 their difference (subtract). 14 - 8 = 6, which doesn't match,
h. 6 + 40 + 50 = 96, and three less is 93 since - should be 4. BUT IT IS MUCH BETTER!
i. 200 + 20 + 50 = 270, and seven more is 277 WE MUST BE CLOSE!
j. 530 + 70 + 10 = 610, and 2 + 2 = 4 more is 614
k. 270 + 30 = 300, and 6 + 2 = 8 more is 308 Then, we can try next 13 and 9.... which ends up being the
l. 670 + 20 = 690, and 1 + 1 = 2 less is 688 correct answer.
6. a. 60 + 9 = 69 b. 80 + 10 = 90 c. 100 + 7 = 107
7. a. (10 + 10) + (2 + 7) = 29 c. = 4, = 18
b. (50 + 30) + (4 + 6) + 1 = 91
c. (70 + 10 + 20) + (8 + 2) = 110 Solution:

8. + = 22

+ = 36
If two squares are 36, then one square = 18.
Then we tackle the top equation.
18 + = 22. The triangle equals 4.

74 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

More Addition Review, p. 11
1. a. 150, 157, 159 b. 190, 191, 199 9. a. 1,200, 1,800, 2,400, 3,000, 3,600, 4,200
c. 110, 119, 120 d. 170, 175, 179 b. 1,800, 2,700, 3,600, 4,500, 5,400, 6,300
c. 175, 250, 325, 400, 475, 550
2. a. 400 + 80 + 7 b. 2,000 + 100 + 3 d. 545, 590, 635, 680, 725, 770
c. 8,000 + 40 + 5 d. 600 + 50
10.
3. a. 56 + 90 + 44 = 190 b. 70 + 80 = 150
Half the
10 45 55 60 240 250 450 800 2,005
4. a. 15, 65, 150, 1500 b. 13, 43, 130, 330 number
c. 14, 24, 1400, 640 Number 20 90 110 120 480 500 900 1,600 4,010
5. For example: 50 + 80 = 130; Its double 40 180 220 240 960 1,000 1,800 3,200 8,020
500 + 800 = 1,300; 25 + 8 = 33
11. a. $116 b. $105
6. a. 80 + 30 + 44 = 154, 5 + 2 + 4 = 11,
154 + 11 = 165 12.
b. 127 + 500 + 90 = 717, 4 + 3 + 9 = 16,
717 + 16 = 733 n 56 69 125 156 287 569 788 950 999
n + 999 1,055 1,068 1,124 1,155 1,286 1,568 1,787 1,949 1,998
7. Add one hundred then subtract one.
56 + 100 = 156; 156 − 1 = 155,
Puzzle corner.
487 + 100 = 587; 587 − 1 = 586
a. 9 problems: from 0 + ___ = 8 to 8 + ___ = 8.
8. a. 153, 79, 121 b. 89, 128, 111 b. 11 problems c. 21 problems d. 101 problems
c. 181, 101, 149

Addition Terminology and Practice, p. 14

1. Answers will vary. For example: 4) If we allow negative integers, there are infinitely
a. 20 = 14 + 6; 20 = 10 + 10 ; 20 = 5 + 15 many different sums that equal any given number.
b. 100 = 90 + 10; 100 = 35 + 65; 100 = 80 + 20
c. 500 = 100 + 400; 500 = 50 + 450; 500 = 70 + 430 2. a. 5; 8 + 7 + 5 = 20
d. 138 = 100 + 38; 138 = 54 + 84; 138 = 93 + 45 b. 180; 50 + 60 + 70 = 180
c. 28; 22 + 20 + 10 + 28 = 80
How many different answers are there?
3. a. 40 + 60 = 100; 80 + 20 = 100; 180 + 20 = 200
This is a thought-provoking, open-ended question. There b. 96 + 4 = 100; 196 + 4 = 200; 496 + 4 = 500
are different answers, depending on how the child c. 60 + 40 = 100; 360 + 40 = 400; 960 + 40 = 1,000
interprets the question. Part of the question is to notice
that the answer depends on how the question is framed, 4. a. 15; 150 (ten times); 152 (two more)
and that the question is not framed exactly enough. b. 18; 180 (ten times); 185 (five more)
c. 11; 110 (ten times); 114 (four more)
1) If we do not use zero, and add only positive integers, d. 13; 230 (ten times + 100); 237 (seven more)
there are n − 1 different sums that equal the integer n.
For example, for 15, we have 1 + 14, 2 + 13, ..., 13 + 2,
and 14 + 1, or exactly 14 different sums. 5. a. 160; one less is 159
So, in (a) we would have 19 different sums, in (b) we b. 170; 1 + 1 = 2 less makes 168
would have 99 different sums, in (c) we would have 499, c. 560; 1 less and 3 more is 2 more: 562
and in (d) 137 different sums. d. 190; 2 + 1 = 3 less gives 187

2) If we allow zero, there are n + 1 different sums. For 6. a. 198 is 1 + 1 = 2 less than 100 + 100 = 200
example, for 15, we have the ones listed above plus b. 798 is 1 + 1 = 2 less than 500 + 300 = 800
0 + 15 and 15 + 0, or 16 different sums. c. 594 is 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 less than 200 + 200 + 200 = 600
So, in (a) we would have 21 different sums, in (b) we 7. b. 180 + 20 = 200; 180 + 30 = 210
would have 101 different sums, in (c) we would have 501, c. 850 + 50 = 900; 850 + 60 = 910
and in (d) 139 different sums. d. 350 + 50 = 400; 350 + 70 = 420
3) If 1 + 14 and 14 + 1 are considered the same, then the e. 230 + 70 = 300; 230 + 100 = 330
answers change yet one more time. f. 660 + 40 = 700; 660 + 80 = 740
In (a) we would have either 10 or 11 different sums, in (b) g. 592 + 8 = 600; 592 + 30 = 622
either 50 or 51, in (c) either 250 or 251 different sums, h. 420 + 80 = 500; 420 + 110 = 530
and in (d) either 69 or 70 different sums, depending on i. 770 + 30 = 800; 770 + 80 = 850
whether we allow zero or not.

75 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

8. a. 11, 41, 410 b. 12, 82, 820 c. 12, 42, 420 12. a. 50 + 8 = 58 b. 80 + 10 = 90 c. 80 + 11 = 91
d. 15, 25, 250 e. 17, 77, 770 f. 15, 85, 850 d. (20 + 50) + (4 + 5) = 70 + 9 = 79
g. 12, 42, 340 + 80 = 420 h. 18, 58, 490 + 90 = 580 e. (30 + 30) + (6 + 6) = 72
f. (40 + 60) + ( 2 + 8) = 100 + 10 = 110
9. a. 254 b. 549 c. 720 d. 833 e. 758
f. 705 g. 906 h. 194 i. 536 13. a. 28, 32, 36 b. 46, 48, 50 c. 70, 76, 64
d. 34, 54, 74 e. 74, 80, 68 f. 91, 42, 41
10. a. Together the girls have 23+18+30= 71 stones. g. 95, 94, 70 h. 81, 51, 91
b. After giving 5 stones to Jane, Julie now has
30 − 5 = 25 stones. After receiving 5 stones
from Julie, Jane now has 18 + 5 = 23 stones. So
Julie now has 25 − 23 = 2 more stones than Jane. 14. a. 15 + 15 = 30; 16 + 16 = 32; 19 + 19 = 38
c. Together the girls now have 23 + 23 + 25 = 71 b. 23 + 23 = 46; 32 + 32 = 64; 37 + 37 = 74
stones. Why is the total the same as before? c. 150 + 150 = 300; 64 + 64 = 128; 11 + 11 + 11 = 33
Does that make sense? d. 214 + 214 = 428; 408 + 408 = 816; 31 + 31 + 31 = 93
11. a. 6, 27, 48, 69, 90, 111, 132, 153, 174, 195, 216, 237 15. $13 + $13 = $26
b. 14, 34, 24, 44, 34, 54, 44, 64, 54, 74, 64, 84, 74
c. 250, 305, 360, 415, 470, 525, 580, 635, 690, 745, 800

Ordinal Numbers and Roman Numerals, p. 18

5. a. 4 b. 24 c. 29 d. 40 e. 41 f. 49
1. a. g. 44 h. 93 i. 74 j. 59 k. 85 l. 89
m. 54 n. 56 o. 209 p. 94
b. 6. a. XV; XVI; XVII b. XXXI; XXXII; XXXIII
c. XLII; XLIII; XLIV d. L; LI; LII
2. a. thirty-first b. ninth c. twelfth e. LXII; LXIII; LXIV f. LXXV; LXXVI; LXXVII
d. fifty-seventh e. ninety-ninth g. LXIX; LXX; LXXI h. XCVII; XCVIII: XCIX
f. fifty-second g. sixty-first h. forty-third
7. a. X b. XX c. LXXX d. XXVIII e. XCIX
3. a. 2 b. 5 c. Jane is the fifth person in line. f. LXXXIX g. XXX h. L i. LXX
d. Mark is the second person in line. j. XCIV k. XXVI l. LIV
e. He is the eighth person in line.
4. a. 2, 7, 8, 12 b. 15, 21, 22, 35 c. 38, 53, 56, 61
d. 63, 65, 80, 77 e. 83, 110, 107, 180

Add in Columns, p. 21
1. a. 560 b. 911 c. 859 d. 949 e. 858 3. a. 60 crayons. b. 76 km.
c. 432 pieces. d. 888 candles. e. 415 kg.
2. a. 592 b. 527 c. 522 d. 365 e. 419 f. 466

Adding in Columns, p. 23
1. a. 5,539 b. $64.19 c. 14,058 d. 8,683 3. a. 672 miles. b. 261 miles.
2. a. 7,488 b. $683.43

76 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Subtraction Review, p. 24
1. a. 3, 6, 16 b. 65, 66, 62 c. 48, 43, 43 d. 5, 12, 65 6. a. 57 b. 64 c. 46 d. 36
e. 7, 5, 9 f. 34, 71, 63 g. 82, 92, 102 h. 4, 5, 2 e. 68 f. 18 g. 38 h. 46
2. a. 44, 24, 34 b. 47, 17, 7 c. 44, 15, 21, 32, 37 7. a. 7, 5, 4, 6, 8, 3, 9 b. 5, 9, 8, 7, 4, 6
d. 67, 93, 37, 83, 63 c. 9, 7, 5, 8, 6 d. 9, 7, 6, 8 e. 9, 7, 8 f. 9, 8

3. 100, 70, 66, 61, 41, 40, 31, 21, 0 8. a. 7, 27, 57 b. 4, 34, 74
c. 9, 49, 149 d. 8, 68, 98
4. a. $35 b. $20 c. 25 red buttons The ones digits don't change.
5. a. $30 − $22 = $8 b. $20 + $5 + $5 = $30 9. a. 63 b. 21 c. 24
c. 28 − 8 = 20 bushes d. 21 − 7 = 14 bottles d. 50 e. 31 f. 31
e. Ann has 18 − 5 = 13 more, and together they have g. 33 h. 21 i. 33
18 + 5 = 23 candles. f. 12 + 5 + 2 + 9 = 28 cookies
g. $20 − $13 = $7 h. 42 − 35 = 7

More Subtraction Review, p. 27

1. a. 98, 80, 78 b. 196, 160, 155 7.
c. 495, 450, 444 d. 393, 330, 329
n 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
2. a. 6, 56 b. 6, 60 c. 6, 76 d, 8, 800 n – 27 93 113 133 153 173 193 213 233 253 273
3. a. 4, 34, 40, 440 b. 6, 66, 60, 560 8. a. 200, 160, 120, 80, 40, 0.
c. 6, 66, 600, 360 b. 1,400, 1,200, 1,000, 800, 600, 400.
4. Answers vary. Examples: 34 − 8 = 26, 140 − 80 = 60, The table of 2 has a similar pattern: 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4.
240 − 80 = 160, 740 − 80 = 660. c. 480, 420, 360, 300, 240, 180
The table of 6 has a similar pattern: 48, 42, 36, 30, 24, 18.
5. d. 420, 350, 280, 210, 140, 70
The table of 7 has a similar pattern: 42, 35, 28, 21, 14, 7.
n 125 293 346 404 487 510 640 849
Game:
n – 99 26 194 247 305 388 411 541 750 a. 21 − 5 − 5 − 5 − 5 = 1
b. 37 − 10 − 10 − 10 = 7
6. a. 9, 5, 13 b. 18, 44, 48 c. 27, 22, 46 c. 37 − 12 − 12 − 12 = 1 and
d. 70, 50, 440 e. 445, 944, 792 50 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 = 1
f. 418, 542, 492 d. 30 − 9 − 9 − 9 = 3 and 20 − 8 − 8 = 4.

77 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Subtraction Strategies and Terminology, p. 30
1. Answers will vary. 5. a. < b. < c. > d. < e. > f. <
a. 30 − 29= 1; 23 − 22 = 1; 5 − 4 = 1 g. < h. > i. > j. = k. < l. >
b. 50 − 40 = 10; 12 − 2 = 10; 98 − 88 = 10
c. 89 − 27 = 62; 120 − 58 = 62; 96 − 34 = 62 6. a. 4 + 30 + 5 = 39 b. 5 + 40 + 3 = 48
There are infinitely many answers for (a), (b), and (c). c. 2 + 20 + 6 = 28; 6 + 20 + 5 = 31
(Why?) d. 2 + 50 + 2 = 54; 4 + 30 + 2 = 36
e. 3 + 10 + 4 = 17; 3 + 30 + 1 = 34
2. a. The minuend is 19. 19 − 15 = 4 f. 5 + 10 + 4 = 19; 6 + 20 + 3 = 29
b. The difference is 26. 49 − 23 = 26
c. The subtrahend is 19. 38 − 19 = 19 7. a. 17, 33, 62, 26 b. 25, 29; 35; 36
c. 27; 29; 36; 39 d. 24; 28; 15; 18
3. a. 9, 30 b. 45, 205 c. 823, 62
You can find the missing minuend by adding 8. a. 16, 13 b. 38, 17 c. 48, 43 d. 36, 45
the difference and the subtrahend(s). e. 28, 36 f. 9, 35 g. 33, 24 h. 16, 29
4. a. 28, 27 b. 661, 657 c. 470, 463
d. 241, 238 e. 18, 20 f. 570, 577
Puzzle corner. b. = 21
a. = 22, =8 Equation: 99 − t − t − t = 36.
Guess and check. Let's try t = 10.
Solution: I will write t for a triangle, s for a square. 99 − 10 − 10 −10 = 69. We need to subtract a bigger number.
t + s = 30 Let's try t = 20: 99 − 20 − 20 − 20 = 39. That is close!
t − s = 14 Let's try t = 21: 99 − 21 −21 − 21 = 36. So t = 21.
Use guess and check. First choose two numbers that add
c. = 3, = 10
to 30 (the first equation). For example, let's choose 14
and 16. Then check their difference - that's the bottom The equations are: s − 7 = t; s − t − t = 4
equation. 14 − 16 is −2, not 14, so that won't work.
Since 7 and 4 are fairly small numbers, maybe s and t are also
Let's try other two numbers that add to 30. Maybe 20 fairly small. Let's try s = 12. From the first equation, we get
and 10. Their difference is 20 − 10 = 10. That's still not 12 − 7 = t. So t would be 5.
14. Let's try 18 and 12. Their difference is 6, which is If s = 12 and t = 5, then the bottom equation becomes:
further away from 14 than our previous try. Since their 12 − 5 − 5 = 2. It should equal 4. We are fairly close.
difference needs to be 14, the two numbers need to be
fairly "far apart" from each other. Let's try 24 and 6. Let's try s = 11, a little less. Then from the first equation, we
24 − 6 = 18. Those two are too far apart from each other. get 11 − 7 = 4, so t would be 4. Now the bottom equation:
Let's try 22 and 8: 22 − 8 = 14. That's it! 11 − 4 − 4 = 3. This is really close. So, let's try s = 10.
First equation: 10 − 7 = 3. So t would be 3. Bottom equation:
10 − 3 − 3 = 4. That matches! The solution is s = 10, t = 3.

78 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Subtraction Terms, p. 34
Add the subtrahend and the difference to find the minuend. Puzzle Corner: a. 60 b. 220
1. a. 15, 24 b. 32, 72 c. 99, 475
To solve the first problem, 200 − 45 − ___ − 70 = 25, show
Subtract the difference from the minuend. the student an easier problem that also has a missing
2. a. 8, 1 b. 21, 28 c. 134, 557 subtrahend, such as 10 − ____ = 7 or 10 − 2 − ____ = 4. The
idea is that we do know the TOTAL (subtraction always starts
3. a. Examples: 20 − 10 = 10; 34 − 24 = 10; 98 − 88 = 10 with the total), and one of the PARTS is missing.
b. 70 c. 38
In the case of 10 − 2 − ____ = 4, the parts are 2, 4, and ___ ,
4. Subtract a thousand, then add one. To do 1,446 − 999, and the total is 10. To find the missing part, you can use
first subtract a thousand: 1,446 − 1,000 = 446. subtraction, subtracting the other parts from the total. The
Then add one: 446 + 1 = 447. subtraction 10 − 2 − 4 gives the missing part. Similarly, to
solve 200 − 45 − ___ − 70 = 25, you subtract the other
5. It can be 5 or 45, because 45 − 25 = 20 and 25 − 5 = 20. “parts” (45, 70, and 25) from 200.
6. a. $6 + ($6 − $2) = $10; So together they cost $10. In the second problem we have a missing minuend: ___ − 5 −
b. $11 + ($11 + $8) = $30 55 − 120 = 40. In other words, the TOTAL is missing. We can
c. 45 − 18 = 27 boys; 27 − 18 = 9 more boys than girls. find it by adding all the parts (the 5, 55, 120, and 40). To
d. $50 − $13 = $37; Jack's purchases cost $37. teach this to a student, show him/her an easier but similar
e. 25 in June and 25 in July; total 50 non-rainy days. problem, such as ____ − 5 = 3 or ____ − 5 − 4 = 3. In each
f. 162 cm − 134 cm = 28 cm. case, you add the "parts" to get the original total.
g. 28 + 28 + (28 − 6) + (28 − 6) = 100 km in all.

Mental Math Workout and Pascal's Triangle, p. 36

1.
n 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
n + 29 38 47 56 65 74 83 92 101 110 119

2.
n 660 600 540 480 420 360 300 240 180 120
n – 39 621 561 501 441 381 321 261 201 141 81

3. a. 497, 470, 200, 467, 197 b. 598, 580, 400, 578, 398 c. 297, 360, 495, 540, 693 d. 993, 930, 300, 923, 293

4.
+ 23 + 23 + 23 + 23 + 23 + 23 + 23 + 23

5 28 51 74 97 120 143 166 189

– 100 – 90 – 80 – 70 – 60 – 50 – 40 – 30

1,000 900 810 730 660 600 550 510 480

5.

+ 300 + 300 + 300 + 300 + 300 + 300 + 300 + 300

3,000 3,300 3,600 3,900 4,200 4,500 4,800 5,100 5,400

– 400 – 400 – 400 – 400 – 400 – 400 – 400 – 400

10,000 9,600 9,200 8,800 8,400 8,000 7,600 7,200 6,800

79 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

6.

7. a. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048.

These numbers double each time.
b. yes - marked with a dashed line in the image above
c. yes - marked with a dashed line in the image above.

Subtracting in Columns, p. 39
1. a. 606 b. 239 c. 373 d. 172 e. 413 f. 182
2. a. 495 − 327 = 168, so he still needs to save $168. b. Mark still needs to save $168 − $50 = $118.
c. Jack's family still has to go 149 − 67 = 82 km. d. The store had 178 + 210 + 149 + 239 = 776 balls to start with.

3. a. Cross out 97
1 11 11
2 2 1
  – 9 7

1 2 4
221  2H 1 T 11 O  1 H 11 T 11 O
b. Cross out 175
2 13 11
3 4 1
 
– 1 7 5

 3 H 3 T 11 O  2 H 13 T 11 O 1 6 6
341
c. Cross out 287 2 14 10
3 5 0
  – 2 8 7

350  3 H 4 T 10 O  2 H 14 T 10 O 6 3

d. Cross out 246 3 11 13

4 2 3
  – 1 5 6

423  4 H 1 T 13 O  3 H 11 T 13 O 2 6 7

80 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

4. a. 147 b. 469 c. 95 d. 165 e. 478 f. 776 g. 197 h. 386
i. 188 j. 588 k. 655 l. 366 m. 368 n. 667 o. 545
5. a. It didn’t rain 365 − 168 = 197 days that year.
b. Uptown School now has 267 + 125 = 392 students,
and Downtown School now has 650 − 125 = 525 students.
Downtown has 525 – 392 = 133 students more
c. There are 775 − 250 − 180 = 345 striped shirts.
Puzzle corner:

6 0 8 8 0 0 6 0 1 6 1 0
– 2 9 3 – 2 3 6 – 3 5 7 – 4 0 3

3 1 5 5 6 4 2 4 4 2 0 7

Subtract in Columns, p. 43
1. a. 173 b. 209 c. 568 4. a. 74 miles longer. b. 249 miles longer.
2. a. 344 b. 3764 c. 5326 5. a. 1,162 b. 4,925 c. $31.55
3. a. 217 b. 305 c. 5,580 d. 2,714 e. $23.30 6. First add 592, 87, 345 and 99; then subtract the sum
f. $369.50 g. 1,614 h. $201.01 i. $30.75 from 5,200. The answer is 4,077
Puzzle Corner: 4:25

Addition/Subtraction Connection, p. 46
1.

c. 190 + 200 = 390

a. 670 + 120 = 790 b. 65 + 34 = 99 390 – 190 = 200
790 – 670 = 120 99 – 65 = 34 390 – 200 = 190
790 – 120 = 670 99 – 34 = 65
d. 199 + 201 = 400 e. 28 + 67 = 95 f. 291 + 109 = 400
400 – 199 = 201 95 – 28 = 67 400 – 291 = 109
400 – 201 = 199 95 – 67 = 28 400 – 109 = 291

2. a. 499 − 100 = 399 b. 705 − 405 = 299 c. 650 − 200 = 450

3. $190 + ___ = $429. She needs $429 – $190 = $239 more.
4. He still needs to save $73.
5.

a. 560 + 100 = 660 b. 200 + 700 = 900 c. 600 + 150 = 750

660 – 560 = 100 900 – 200 = 700 750 – 150 = 600
d. 609 + 200 = 809 e. 565 + 400 = 965 f. 700 + 130 = 830
809 – 609 = 200 965 – 400 = 565 830 – 700 = 130

6. a. 41 + ___ = 56. Ann needs 56 − 41 = 15 more pins.

b. 224 + ___ = 380. There are 380 − 224 = 156 more pages to read.

81 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

7. a. 199 + 35 = 234; 234 – 199 = 35 b. 17 + 68 = 85; 85 – 17 = 68
c. 44 + 49 = 93; 93 – 44 = 49 d. 15 + 138 = 153; 153 – 15 = 138
e. 307 + 142 = 449; 449 – 307 = 142 f. 101 + 54 = 155; 155 – 101 = 54
8. a. The cook needs 3 packages because 30 + 30 + 30 = 90, which is more than 84.
There will be 90 − 84 = 6 eggs left over.
b. The difference is 74 − 25 = 49 degrees.
c. Together they had 83 + 45 = 128 tennis balls. After losing 11, Jack has 83 − 11 = 72.
Jack has 72 − 45 = 27 more than Robert.
d. John has $37 + $15 = $52. To buy the suit, he still needs $66 − $52 = $14.
9.

a. 560 + 100 + 300 = 960 b. 20 + 40 + 70 = 130

960 – 560 – 100 = 300 130 – 20 – 40 = 70

c. 51 + 28 + 20 = 99 d. 222 + 200 + 400 = 822

99 – 28 – 20 = 51 822 – 222 – 400 = 200

Word Problems and Bar Models, p. 49

1. Ed worked for 56 − 14 = 42 days. 5. One saw cost $245 and the other saw cost $345.
First subtract $100 from $590, which is $490. Then
split that into two halves, which gives you $245.

2. $250 + $660 = $910; $910 + $910 = $1,820;

So dad's paycheck was $1,820. 6. Angela got $34 and Eric got $46.

3. $18 + ($28 + $18) = $64; Dad's cost is $64.

$80 − $12 = $68. Half of that is $34.
7. 4 × $7 + $17 + $5 = $50 so Mark used
a 50-dollar bill to pay.
8. Strawberry yogurt costs $2.40 − $0.15 = $2.25.
Plum yogurt costs $2.40 + $0.30 = $2.70.
4. Mary spent $26 and Luisa spent $20 on the gift. The total bill will be: $2.40 + $2.25 + $2.70 = $7.35.
9. 132 cm + 6 cm + 4 cm = 142 cm.
Erica was 142 cm tall when she was 11 years old.
10. Half of John's money is: $48 + $48 + $120 = $216;
So John earned $216 + $216 = $432.
11. Melissa's total bill would be:
$11.50 + $8.95 + $9.50 = $29.95.

82 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Missing Addend Solved with Subtraction, p. 52
1. a. x = 145 − 78 = 67 b. x = 400 − 128 = 272 4. c. $54 + $78 + x = $200; x = $68
c. x = 999 − 385 = 614 d. $23 + $29 + $125 = x; x = $177
2. a. $890 + x = $1,200; $1,200 − $890 = $310 5. a. $15 + x = $22, x = $7 b. x − 24 = 125, x = 149
b. 265 + x = 547; 547 − 265 = 282 boys. c. 120 − x = 89, x = 31 d. x − 67 = 150, x = 217
3. a. x + 59 = 124; 59 + x = 124; 6. a. 2,056 − 253 = x; x = 1,803 b. 397 − 148 = x; x = 249
124 − x = 59; 124 − 59 = x. c. 45 + 23 = x; x = 68 d. 120 − 55 = x; x = 65
Or, there is another possibility, if x is the biggest number: 7. a. 4,900 − 1,750 = 3,150 b. 110 − 23 − 56 = 31
59 + 124 = x; 124 + 59 = x; 8. a. 420 + x = 1,200; x = 780 miles
x − 124 = 59; x − 59 = 124. b. 500 + 500 + x = 4,000; x = 3,000 CDs
c. 20 + x + 20 = 250; x = 210 cm
b. x = 65 or x = 183 d. 56 + 118 = x; x = 174 miles
4. a. x + 43 = 450; x = 407
b. x + $78 = $250; x = $172

Mileage Chart, p. 55
1. 96 miles 5. a. Dad still has 268 miles to go.
b. Now Dad has 188 miles to go.
2. 189 miles
6. It is 55 miles longer.
3. 284 miles
7. No, because he still has 7 miles more to go.
4. 814 miles total.

Order of Operations, p. 56
1. a. 12, 16 b. 28, 28 c. 16, 12 d. 24, 24 5. a. 801 – 135 = 666 b. 188 + 195 = 383
c. 773 – 535 d. 517 + 967
2. a. 0, 10 b. 61, 61 c. 140, 0
d. 17, 25 e. 471, 529 f. 40, 80 6. a. Julie brought home $747 from her job.
3. a. 120 – (40 + 50) b. 40 + 50 – 120 or (40 + 50) – 120 b. Ken can keep $235 for himself.

4. a. 10 – (5 – 2) = 7; 10 – (5 + 2) = 3
b. 20 – (5 – 2) – 1 = 16; 20 – (5 – 2 – 1) = 18
c. 15 – (5 + 2 – 1) = 9; 15 – (5 + 2) – 1 = 7

Order of Operations 2, p. 58
1. a. 440, 500, 500, 440 b. 350, 350, 150, 250 7. a. 4 × 1 + 8 = 12; 50 − 5 × 10 = 0
b. 2 + 10 + 1 × 2 = 14; 100 − (15 + 17) × 1 = 68
2. a. 16, 11, 29 b. 13, 22, 49 c. 10, 14, 5 c. 3 × 3 − 3 = 6; (2 + 5) × 2 = 14
3. 5 × 10 − 7 = 43; 10 + (100 − 20) = 90; There may be other correct number sentences
5 × (10 − 7) = 15; 100 − (20 + 10) = 70 for the problems 8 - 10.
4. 90 – 2 × 20 = 50. A 50-cm piece is left. 8. 100 kg − 4 × 5 kg = 80 kg
5. a. iii. and i. b. ii. or 100 kg − 5 kg − 5 kg − 5 kg − 5 kg = 80 kg
or 100 kg − (5 kg + 5 kg + 5 kg + 5 kg) = 80 kg
6. Answers will vary - example:
a. Anne buys a shirt for $10, a box of pens for $2.10 and 9. 5 × $2 + 2 × $3 = $16 or 2 × $3 + 5 × $2 = $16
a jacket for $45. What is her total cost? $57.10 or $2 + $2 + $2 + $2 + $2 + $3 + $3 = $16
b. Tim bought four ice cream cones for $1.20 each. 10. $20 − $7 − $5 = $8 or $20 − ($7 + $5) = $8
What was his total cost? $4.80
c. What is Tim's change from a 10-dollar bill? $5.20

83 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Graphs, p. 60
1. Jane read the most books. Jim read the least books.
The girls read 52 books altogether. The boys read 51 books altogether.
The least amount of books read was 8 books, and the most books read was 18 books.
2. Restaurant B used 40 kg of vegetables. The Millers used 10 kg. Jacksons used 15 kg. The school cafe used 25 kg.
Restaurant B used 35 kg more than the Joneses.
The Millers used 15 kg fewer vegetables than the school cafe.
Altogether, the Jacksons, Joneses, and Millers used 30 kg of vegetables.
The two restaurants used total of 75 kg of vegetables

3.
Museum's visitors
Day Adults Children
Monday 29 14
Tuesday 23 10
Wednesday 34 18
Thursday 38 19
Friday 35 19
Saturday 57 25
Sunday 63 31
Totals 279 136 e.

a. Sunday is the busiest and the least busy is Tuesday.

b. The difference in the total count between those two days is 94 − 33 = 61 visitors.
c. The total count for the whole week (both adult and children) is 415 visitors.
d. There were 143 more adults than children during the whole week.

Bar Graphs, p. 62
1. a.

2. a.

Hours of TV Frequency
0h 2
1h 11
2h 4
3h 4
4h 3 b. 27 people c. “Cold” colors.
5h 2
6h 1

b. 27 classmates c. 1 hour of TV.

d. 13 e. 10 f. no g. yes.

84 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

3. a. 3. b. 6, 8, and 9; four students each
c. 10; 1 student d. 12 e. 5 f. 9; 6

Test score Frequency

1 2
2 2
3 3
4 2
5 2
6 4
7 2
8 4
9 4
10 1

4. a.

b. 14 people c. 45 people d. About 82 + 41 + 10 + 4 = 137 children, about 95 + 61 + 39 + 6 = 201 adults

e. It could be a group of people that were at the swimming pool at 5 pm on a certain Tuesday
because there were both children and adults.

85 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Line Graphs, p. 65
1. a. $60 b. $140 c. $70 d. June e. $70 b. Highest price was in December, $3.60 per pound,
and the lowest price was in July,
2. a. Day 1: 500 grams; Day 2: 525 grams; $1.63 per pound. The difference is $1.97.
Day 3: 550 grams; Day 4: 575 grams
b. Day 5. c. In August, $3.64. In November, $6.38.
c. Day 8.
3. a. The price lowers in the summer and is higher in
the winter, because in the summer there is an
abundance of strawberries; all stores and markets are
selling strawberries. Nobody can keep the price high
because if they did, people would go elsewhere to buy.
4. a. b. yes.

5. a.

b. December, January, and February c. June, July, August, and September d. 25 degrees

86 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Reviewing Money, p. 68
1. a. 25¢ b. 70¢ c. 125¢ d. 560¢ e. 3,155¢ f. $0.76
g. $0.20 h. $1.54 i. $8.59 j. $4.19 k. 8,034¢ l. $1.04
2. a. $1.00 b. $8.00 c. $35.00 d. $166.00 e. $95.00 f. $99.00 g. $100.00 h. $101.00
3. Total Cost: $2.20 + $12 + $1.50 = $15.70. Change: $20 − $2.20 − $12 − $1.50 = $4.30

4. Item Change
Money given
cost needed
$50 bill $20 bill $5 bill $1 bill
$56 $70 $14 2 4
$29 $50 $21 1 1
$78 $100 $22 1 2
$129 $200 $71 1 1 1

5.

Money Change
Item cost
given needed 10¢
$5 bill $1 bill 25¢ 5¢ 1¢

$2.56 $5 $2.44 2 1 1 1 4
$8.94 $10 $1.06 1 1 1
$7.08 $10 $2.92 2 3 1 1 2
$3.37 $10 $6.63 1 1 2 1 3

6. b. $420; $420 − $250 = $170 c. $235; $280 − $45 = $235

d. $60; $60 − $45 = $15 e. $8.44; $12 − $8.44 = $3.56

7. a. ii. x = $12 b. iii. x = $108 c. i. $12

8. a. $38 + x = $158; x = $120 b. She had the other half left, which is $44.
c. Greg had left $30. d. x − $4 − $4 − $4 = $28; x = $40.
e. (4,000 × $1) + (1,000 × $1) = $5,000.
f. Cost: ($0.60 × 3) + $0.80 = $2.60; Change $7.40
9. a. $0.75 b. $0.24 c. $477 d. $35 e. $7.04 f. $999
10. 1 Day Adult costs $11 more than 1 Day Child.
2 Day Adult costs $22.00 more than 2 Day Child.
For 4 Day Adult ticket, the discount is $9.69.
For 4 Day Child ticket, the discount is $6.62.
For 1 Day Adult and 1 Day Child tickets, there is no discount.

11. a. $607.80 b. No.

87 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

Review, p. 71
1. a. 350; 349 b. 130; 127 7. 785
c. 440; 441 d. 590; 588
8. 110
2. a. 40 + 4 + 500 + 0 + 3 = 547
b. 600 + 40 + 3 + 50 + 2 = 695 9. 386 CDs

3. a. 6 b. 56 c. 65 d. 48 10. There are 260 yellow beads in the bag.

4. a. 45 b. 36 c. 67 d. 36 e. 74 11. a. Saturday b. Wednesday

c. Mon: 67, Tue: 54, Wed: 34, Thu: 47,
5. a. 139 b. 294 c. 378 d. 377 e. 166 Fri: 109, Sat: 144, Sun: 132.
d. 587 adults.
6. a. 31 b. 41 c. 29 d. 510 e. 390 f. 510

Review 2, p. 73
1. a. 100 − 85 = 15 b. 339 + 1,854 = 2,193
2. x + 283 = 1,394: x = 1,111
3. Amanda earned $175 and Abigail earned $125.
4. a. 30, 70 b. 100, 29 c. 82, 76
5. ($13 − $2) × 3 = $33.
6. (10 × 4) + (20 × 2) = 80 feet altogether.
7. $15.20 + $34.60 + $70.20 = $120
8. $48.90 + ($48.90 + $25) = $122.80

88 Math Mammoth Add & Subtract 4 (Blue Series)

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