SUBJECT CODE
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UNIT NO 2
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL
STRUCTURES
• Type of Fasteners- Bolts Pins and
welds
III VI
• Types of simple bolted and welded
connections
20CEPC601 • Relative advantages and
Limitations
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Fasteners:
• A fastener or fastening is a hardware device that mechanically
joins or affixes two or more objects together. In general,
fasteners are used to create non-permanent joints; that is,
joints that can be removed or dismantled without damaging
the joining components. Welding is an example of creating
permanent joints.Steel fasteners are usually made of stainless
steel, carbon steel, or alloy steel.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Type of Fasteners:
Bolts Pins and welds:
Bolts:
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Type of Fasteners:
Bolts Pins and welds:
Bolts:
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Bolt Fasteners:
A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread
requiring a matching pre-formed female thread such as a nut.
Bolts are very closely related to screws.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Type of Fasteners:
Pins Fasteners:
• Pin fastener, a steel pin, usually cylindrical, that can keep
machine parts in proper alignment or fasten them together.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Type of Fasteners:
welded Fasteners:
Welding is often used to permanently fasten two pieces of metal together,
often by robotic welders. Screws and nuts are the most common welded
fasteners.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES:
• Connections are structural elements used for joining dfferent
members of a structural steel frame work.
• Steel Structure is an assemblage of different member such as
“BEAMS,COLUMNS” which are connected to one other,
usually at member ends fastners,so that it shows a single
composite unit.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Components of a connections:
1.Bolts:
2. . Weld:
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Components of a connections:
3.Connecting Plates:
4.Connecting Angles:
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Bolted Connection:
• In the bolt design, two kinds of forces including tension and
shear forces should be considered.
• Bolted connection can be divided into ordinary bolted
connection or high-strength bolted connection.
• Both of them are easy in installation, particularly suitable for
connection in the construction site
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Bolted Connection:
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of bolts:
• Bearing type bolts
• High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG)
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of bolts:
Bearing type bolts:
The most common type is bearing bolts in clearance holes, often
referred to as
1. Black Bolts
Ordinary, unfinished, rough, or common bolts.
Least Expensive
Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small trusses,
purlins etc
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of bolts:
Bearing type bolts:
1. Black Bolts
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of bolts:
Bearing type bolts:
2.Turned Bolt
□ Similar to unfinished bolts.
□ Shanks - Hexagonal Rods
□ Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small trusses,
purlins etc
□ Expensive – Limited use – Structures with no Slippage
Connections
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of bolts:
Bearing type bolts:
2.Turned Bolt
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of bolts:
Bearing type bolts:
3.Ribbed Bolts
□ Round head similar to Rivets.
□ Raised ribs parallel to the shank.
□ Actual Diameter - slightly Larger than the hole
□ Tightly fit into the hole.
□ Popular - Economical in Material & Installation
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of bolts:
Bearing type bolts:
3.Ribbed Bolts
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of bolts:
High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG):
□ Uses when bearing type bolts slips under shear
□ High strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) Pre-tensioned against the
plates to be bolted together so that contact pressure developed
between the plates being joined
□ Prevents relative slip when extra shear is applied
□ Higher Shear Resistance.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Advantages of bolted connection:
1. The bolting operation is very silent
2. Bolting is a cold process hence there is no risk of fire
3. Bolting operation is more quicker than riveting.
4. Less man power is required in making the connections.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Dis Advantages of bolted connection:
1. If subjected to vibratory loads, results in reduction in
strength get loosened.
2 . Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non
uniform diameter.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Welded Connection:
• whose components are joined together primarily by welds.
• Welding Notations were developed by American Welding Society
(AWS).
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Types of weld:
□ Fillet (Mostly used, Weaker than groove and others)
□ Plug (expensive – poor transmission of tensile forces)
□ Slot (expensive - poor transmission of tensile forces)
□ Plug and Slot welds – stitch different parts of members
together
□ Groove ( More reliable than others)
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Positition of weld:
• Horizontal
• Vertical
• Overhead
• Flat
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Advantages of Welded connection:
• Economical – Cost of materials and labors.
• Efficiency is 100% as compared to rivets (75-90%)
• Fabrication of Complex Structures – Easy – like Circular
Steel pipes.
• Provides Rigid Joints – Modern Practice is of Rigid Joints.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Dis Advantages of Welded connection:
• No provision for expansion or contraction therefore greater
chances of cracking.
• Uneven heating and cooling - member may distort- may result
in additional stresses.
• Inspection is difficult and more costlier than rivets
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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