유형편

tⅠ

10
Par

22662-0019

Gateway
Λ
Sport can trigger an emotional response in its consumers of the kind☆rarely
brought forth by other products.' Imagine bank customers buying memorabilia to
= eliaited
_identifying Δ
show loyalty to their bank,) or consumers so strongly with their car
O
(
insurance company Δ that they get a tattoo with its logo.) We know (that some sport
followers are so dlllf passionate about players, teams and the sport itself that their
interest borders on obsession.) This addiction provides the emotional glue}that
_ , =
which

binds fans to teams,) and maintains loyalty even in the face of on-field p failure.
as off field
While most managers can only dream of having customers that are Δ
□ as passionate
-

about their products Δ as sport fans, the emotion (triggered by sport) can also have
a negative impact. Sport’s emotional intensity can mean (that organisations have
strong attachments to theσ past through nostalgia and club tradition.' As a result,
they may d increase, efficiency, productivity and the need to respond quickly to
ignore ① ② ③

changing market conditions. For example, a proposal to change club colours in

order to project a more attractive image may be olbs defeated because it breaks a link
V

with tradition.
memorabilia: obsession:

Words & Phrases in Use

trigger emotional bring forth

loyalty identify with tattoo
border on addiction provide
glue bind maintain
intensity attachment nostalgia
efficiency productivity proposal
project break a link with

64
 Exercises
01 9664-0049

I have known several negotiators guilty of hubris. They often dig their own
= overconfidence

graves because once they have made a take-it-or-leave-it offer, they can’t
m
(A) dismiss / tolerate the thought of losing face by returning to the table. You
may argue that it’s important to display toughness and resolve to the other side. boldness aetermination
nillBower
( n) . .

However, earning a reputation for being tough doesn’t serve you well at the
negotiation table. Indeed, a reputation as a tough negotiator leads to a number of
highly m(B) desirable / undesirable outcomes — for example, counterparties will
treat you with greater suspicion and act o
much tougher than they normally would. In
¤
_

an investigation of how bargaining reputation affects<how others treat you,> Cathy

√
=
negotiatimg
5 { √

Tinsley found that “tough guys finish last,” meaning that people negotiate more
mm
(C) aggressively / generously with those5who have a reputation for toughness.'
hubris:

(A) (B) (C)

dismiss undesirable aggressively
dismiss desirable aggressively
tolerate undesirable aggressively
tolerate desirable generously
tolerate undesirable generously

Words & Phrases in Use

negotiator guilty of dig

grave take-it-or-leave-it tolerate
resolve reputation serve
outcome counterparty suspicion
investigation bargaining

66
 P 62 9

02
.
O3

22662-0020
stark . do ( something ) with enthusiagm

δ
Some individuals with high levels of trait anxiety may turn to extreme activities as a
dapeBd =
on

way of managing their anxiety. It seems that they avoid the problems and anxieties
=
sh way of to

of everyday life by throwing themselves into an absorbing activity, such as an

Eompelling captivating ω a

extreme sport, in which they are more likely to succeed. Evidence in abo denial of this
= .
.

support
Vt . )

idea came from a study comparing mountaineers with practitioners of judo (considered
∅ [ ) σ p □ [ )
a low-risk sport). The results showed (that mountaineers with high levels of general
anxiety experienced significantly lower levels of general anxiety once they had "

completed
m their climb. Paradoxically, the high-risk activity of climbing appeared
to have a calming effect on these naturally anxious individuals. No such effect was
observed in the judo comparison group. The researchers suggested that the intense
focus required for climbing served to divert the climbers’ attention away from their
σ P[ )
β
chronic anxieties on to an external and objectively threatening situation " that they felt
able
mb to control. ?
divert alway from A on to B
-

3
chronic:
:
-
A
* consider A Es B
consider A B

Words & Phrases in Use

trait anxiety
absorbing be likely to do paradoxically
calming observe comparison
intense divert external
objectively

67
 Exercises

03 ( ) 9664-0051

We have seen many examples of primate societies in which other community +

members lend parents a hand with childcare. In many preindustrial societies, parents
receive even more help when they have too many children to raise. Foster care of
^

young, or temporary adoption, is a common solution for families in preindustrial

θ
societies who have too many children.) Fostering differs from adoption in that the
~

bond between biological parents and children is not terminated. The child goes to
S = off
is cut
its foster parents after weaning, but can return to its biological parents at any time
if the arrangement doesn’t work out. Biological parents continue to interact with
biological parents
=

children (they have fostered out } and remain concerned about them, but allow another
Λ
children
/ Lubo whom + @ =

family to raise them. In this way, children do not lose their biological parents and √

are raised by individualsδwho are better able to care for them.) Permanent adoption,
with a complete separation of the parent-child bond, is r v in these societies.
common
rare
primate: weaning:

Words & Phrases in Use

preindustrial foster care temporary

adoption bond terminate
arrangement work out permanent
separation

68
 04 ( ) 9664-0052
=
misconception fallacy
.

One of the persistent myths of mainstream society is (that the knowledge{we study
in schools) is factual and neutral.□ Yet we know}that knowledge evolves over time ∅

and is dependent on the moment in history and the cultural reference point of ②
② ∅

the society that acceptsuese it. Thinking critically involves more than just owmmmmacquiring

→ oratrntls
new information in order to determine which facts are true and which false. It also
involves determining the social, historical, and political meaning given to those facts.
②
n
↓
This determination includes assessing the investment various groups may have
∞
in furthering
cevelop
=
.
or challenging those meanings in any particular historical moment.
foster

For example, there was a timePwhen it was not widely understood (that the Earth is
□

1
round.) Common sense might tell us ( that it is flat,) and anyone looking out over a vast
landscape would have this sense daior rejected. Yet when scientific reasoning and more
confirmed
Bp O C( )

accurate technological methods for measuring the Earth emerged, the knowledge or
-
.

V
“fact” (that the Earth is flat)was rewritten. →

haveto
+< B →
P .

the Earth is round ! !

O
t ". n
8 Ctsl: -

⑨ OE
Λ

Words & Phrases in Use

persistent myth mainstream

factual neutral evolve
reference point determination assess
investment further landscape
reasoning emerge

69
 유형편
tⅠ

11
Par

22662-0021

Gateway
Jeffrey A. Rodgers, a vice president of a big company, was once taught the
simple idea of pausing to refresh. It began when Jeff realized (that as he drove
home from work each evening his mind was still focused on work-related
projects.) We all know this feeling. We may have left the office physically, but
we are very much still there mentally, as our minds get caught in the endless
loop of replaying the events of today and worrying about all the things☆we need
to get done the following day.} So now, as he gets to the door of his house, he
get
v *. +o + B

applies what he calls√“the pause}that refreshes.”) He stops for just a moment. He

Callto to c

closes his eyes. He breathes in and out once: deeply and slowly. As he exhales, he
.

. This allows him to walk through the front door to

his family with more singleness of purpose. It supports the sentiment
A
attributed to
∞

Lao Tzu: “In work, do (what you enjoy.' In family life, be completely present.”
B
loop:

V '
lets the work issues fall away arttribote ) t

makes plans for tomorrow’s work ∴ A

A
B
B

retraces the projects not completed yet

feels emotionally and physically exhausted
reflects on the achievements he made that day

Words & Phrases in Use

pause refresh realize

physically mentally get caught in
apply exhale
singleness of purpose sentiment
attribute ~ to… fall away

70
 Exercises
01 ( ) 9664-0059

Gestures and speech used similar neural circuits as they developed in our
evolutionary history. University of Chicago psycholinguist David McNeill was the
first to suggest this. He thought nonverbal and verbal skills might retain their strong
ties even though they’ve diverged into separate behavioral spheres. He was right.
Studies confirmed it with a puzzling finding: People who could no longer move
[ their limbs after a brain injuryConfosing
=

also increasingly lost their ability to communicate

verbally. Studies of babies showed the same direct association. We now know (that
[infants do not gain a more sophisticated vocabulary until their fine-motor finger
control improves.) That’s a remarkable finding. Gestures are “windows into thought
processes,” McNeill says.
diverge:

skill sense knowledge

V
vocabulary perspective

Words & Phrases in Use

speech neural circuit evolutionary

psycholinguist nonverbal retain
tie separate sphere
confirm puzzling finding
limb increasingly verbally
association sophisticated fine-motor
remarkable

72
 02 ( ) etSting Limits 9664-0060

Believe it or not, your child craves limits. She truly needs a flexible sense of order
intensely = desire

and will grow anxious without it. Think of limits as an expanding corral. Limits
.

/
8 … = ow @ ( become )

provide a physical environment (in which your child can feel safe and can learn.' +

As she grows more capable, the boundaries will expand. She begins in the womb,
expands to a bassinet, and then to her bed. You may feel your three-year-old is too
( young for an overnight visit to a playmate’s home. By the time she is five or six you
may occasionally consider it, and by the time she’s ten you may be ready to say yes
to a pajama party. Your child’s readiness determines (how the boundaries expand.) Your
child does not want control or dominance but a structure that encourages her Δ
to
to B
think, Δ
to make choices, and Δto take chances.
,

to to
, 3
corral: bassinet:

word friend stimulus

√
structure discipline
=
Kmits = Coprak bovmdavies

Words & Phrases in Use

crave flexible think of ~ as ...

expand capable boundary
womb pajama party
dominance encourage take chances

73
 Exercises

03 ( ) 9664-0061
main (a) . (D ) ∞

Once a staple crop is established, we have (what economists call a “lock-in.”' A

pattern continues because it is cheap to replicate and would be expensive, (both
repodvce duplicate =

financially and psychologically,' to change. The whole of north European agriculture

.

is based around a highly complex but very efficient system of wheat and small-grain
√

production. From the plow types to the bakeries and pasta factories, everything is
set up to deal with wheat. So, although the potato came early and proved far more
productive and well adapted than wheat, wheat remains the staple food — except
a
a

in areas too poor and marginal to afford it. The iron hand of economics forced the
, laad
impoverished Irish and Poles to live on potatoes in the old days, but they yearned
Gpoon
for bread — and now they can afford bread, and are eating fewer potatoes. Potatoes
added themselves to the system, but did not destroy it .
√
replicate: marginal:
+@ >
[ :

.be .becoma .grow :~ 1

caused disputes .
vemain ,
stay : n

APB&ar seem .1oolk v

V
did not destroy it
. .

psove : ~

avoided competition
could not maintain it
were eaten only by farmers

Words & Phrases in Use

staple crop establish

lock-in financially psychologically
agriculture complex efficient
wheat small-grain productive
adapt iron hand impoverished
the Irish Pole yearn
dispute extend

74
 04 ( : δ| ( ) emotion and Eonflict 22662-0022

Lee D. Ross and his colleagues carried out interesting experiments. Contrary to
: it is the nature of human beings to grab as many resources as
the assumption that 2 =

possible, these experiments show that people are willing to share resources equally.
←
However, those who have more) tend to justify this inequality. Human beings want
a fair world; however, fairness in the future is judged differently from ← fairness in
□

×
the past. We define fairness as equal sharing as long as the sharing lies in the future;

(
when we have accumulated more than others, we tend to believe we deserve it .
Loss aversion, the tendency of people to dislike losses significantly more than they
dislilke aBBosition
like gains, plays into these psychological preferences — we don’t mind sharing
= .

equally in the future, but we do not like to lose (what we have.) These psychological
phenomena strengthen conservative stances, leading people to evaluate those (who
want another distribution of resources as aggressors.) Just world hypothesis " "

share what we have

V
believe we deserve it
have more trust in others
care less about what we have
be more optimistic about the future

Words & Phrases in Use

colleague carry out contrary to

assumption nature grab
resource be willing to do fair
lie in accumulate loss aversion
gain psychological preference
phenomenon pl phenomena conservative
stance evaluate aggressor

75
 Exercises

05 9664-0063

object to (N : ∞ = flawless
The idea of starting at the bottom and working one’s way up may appear t
sound, but a

the major objection ∅ to it is this — too many of thoseδwho begin at the bottom} never
manage to lift their heads high enough to be seen by opportunity, so they remain
at the bottom. It should be remembered, also, that Δ the outlook from the bottom is
Vision
hopefu
=
= ∞

not so very bright or encouraging. n It has a tendency to kill off ambition. We call □ it
… _
‘getting into a rut’, which means we accept our fate because we form the habit of ~
= stuck in a rot
daily routine, a habitδthat finally becomes so strong we cease to try to throw it off.
_

And that is another reason why it pays to _

. Fby
By so doing

CH
Y
coingso
one forms the habit of①
looking around, of ' observing how others get ahead,) of seeing
③
opportunity, and of embracing it without hesitation.
.
. get into a rut:

accept your friends as they are

restore balance between work and life
believe in your heart without doubting
V start one or two steps above the bottom
be flexible when it comes to setting work hours

Words & Phrases in Use

work one’s way up sound lift

outlook kill off fate
routine cease pay
get ahead embrace hesitation

76
 06 9664-0064
= beliewed that

Hobbes held (that if we knew in advance the worst}that ] war could do to us, that
knowledge would be an effective preventative measure.) He was writing specifically
about civil war, as opposed to international war,1because he felt that .
{

mnremmmmmmkhich
Consider the constructive relations the United States developed1with Germany and
: { {

_
Japan, beginning immediately after the terrible events of World War II. Then compare
that with the overheated emotional reaction you are still bound to get by bringing
σ θ aresoreto =

up the Civil War just about anywhere in the American South. The War betweenC the
States is still being fought at home on many levels, almost a century and a half later,'
I
while our foreign enemies of fifty years ago are now our friends. Similarly, family
feuds are more bitter and lasting than neighborly disputes.
copflict feod
feud:
=
.

ex) Civil war :

once breaking out, wars are hard to control intermational : WW

a world war can start with a domestic feud

U
closeness gives a greater potential to wound
we have an innate hostility toward strangers
conflicts are easy to trigger, but hard to settle

Words & Phrases in Use

hold in advance preventative measure

specifically civil war
as opposed to constructive
relation immediately overheated
emotional reaction
be bound to bring up
bitter lasting neighborly
dispute

77
 유형편
tⅠ

12
Par

22662-0023

Gateway ( : )

↓
A variety of theoretical perspectives provide insight into immigration.
e
Economics, ( which assumes that actors engage in utility maximization," represents
V

one framework. From this perspective, it is assumed (that individuals are rational
actors," i.e., that they make migration decisions based on their assessment of the
costs as well as benefits of remaining in a given area versus the costs and benefits
of leaving.) Benefits may include but are not limited to short-term and long-term
monetary gains, safety, and greater freedom of cultural expression. People with
=financial budgeta
.

greater financial benefits tend to use their money to show off their social status by
purchasing luxurious items. Individual costs include but are not limited to the
^
*
expense of travel, uncertainty of living in a foreign land, difficulty of adapting to
a different language, uncertainty about a different culture, and the great concern
[
about living in a new land. Psychic costs associated with separation from family,
friends, and the fear of the unknownJ
= menal
also should be taken into account in cost-
*

benefit assessments.
psychic:
adopt + 0 : ∞
* .

to [x )

take to tinto accownt : ~

*

Words & Phrases in Use

theoretical perspective immigration

assume engage in utility
maximization rational assessment
benefit versus monetary
show off status luxurious
expense take ~ into account

78
 Exercises
01 22662-0024

Reading fiction, in particular, has been linked with increased &empathy. Because
we often experience emotions in response to the circumstances of fictional characters,
it has been hypothesized (that reading fiction allows us to mentally simulate,
manipulate, and perhaps improve our social understanding of the emotional states
of others in a way that translates into our own lives.) In a related series of studies,
Mar, Oatley, Hirsh, dela Paz, and Peterson have shown(that adults who read a lot of
fiction perform better on objective tests of empathy than non-readers.d Participation
in adult basic literacy education programs has been connected with a host of
benefitsAttribute
in the
to A , political sphere. In fact, this finding of increased empathy could
not be attributed to (simply reading a lot,) because adults who are frequent readers of
informational text do not display the same benefits. High informational text readers
may actually perform worse relative to non-readers!

Words & Phrases in Use

fiction empathy circumstance

hypothesize mentally manipulate
state translate into objective
literacy a host of sphere
attribute frequent

80
 02 9664-0067

Food packaging is a visible form of the food supply’s waste. Once the product
is consumed, the packaging is left to be handled separately. Consumer packaging S

waste, however, is not the only source of packaging waste along the supply chain.
V
Packaging waste comes from each stage in the supply chain including restaurants,
= Suck as

retailers, distributors, and manufacturers. Not all of the waste is managed

appropriately; for example,θ some of it has ended up clogging our oceans where ∅
= the haraste

plastic litter is floating around choking, trapping, and poisoning wildlife. Used
packaging may be recovered for recycling and reuse. It is difficult to treat or
back
=
get
retrieve =

recycle food waste since it contains high levels of salt and moisture. This is a
critical way to minimize the overall burden from food and beverage packaging and
potentially serve as a resource for new packaging.
clog: choke:
∴ ∞

Nome [ ]
+
( ]
+

Words & Phrases in Use

packaging visible handle

separately retailer distributor
manufacturer litter critical
minimize overall burden
beverage potentially

81
 Exercises

03 ( ) 9664-0068

Breadth of knowledge is what enables you to engage in meaningful small talk,

( ( )
and small talk, as O. Henry once said, is similar to putting “a few raisins into the
S V

tasteless dough of existence.” In short, there’s nothing small about small talk; it’s
a social lubricant that looms large in all human exchanges.' Thus, being informed
on a wide range of topics (outside your area of expertise) can be immensely helpful
in building social bridges. Social theory approaches emphasize the importance of
_
understanding the social context for becoming an expert. Research has shown (that
the more people feel they have in common, the better they like each other. So by
increasing your breadth of knowledge, you’ll be able to project a favorable image
more easily with more people.
lubricant: loom large:

Words & Phrases in Use

breadth engage in
small talk raisin
tasteless dough existence
exchange range expertise
immensely emphasize context
project favorable

82
 04 [ ) 9664-0069

Although people can agree on the need for conservation and strong anti-pollution
efforts when costs are not considered, when costs are considered there is significantly
ω

less agreement. Let’s consider some of these costs. They involve restrictions
on individual actions, relocation of industry and jobs, new bureaucracy, and the
① ② ③
When assessing
development of expensive new technology. In assessing the issue of pollution,
④

the costs as well as the benefits must be considered. Therefore, it is unlikely

that we will decide to institute a “no pollution” policy; that would be impossible to
∞
implement. Policy analysis provides decision makers with important information
of the benefits well
on how policies work in practicetheand [their effects on economic, environmental, social
. as us Eosts
: [ >

and other factors. And even approaching a standard of “little” pollution, for many,
S

would be too expensive. Instead we are likely to choose an “optimal level” of

V

pollution.
bureaucracy:
notonly A but also B
BG )
=
B as well asA

Words & Phrases in Use

conservation restriction relocation

assess institute implement
approach standard optimal

83
 유형편
tⅠ

13
Par

22662-0025

Gateway
* drive t o + to

According to the market response model, □it is increasing prices □

that drive
providers to search for new sources, innovators to substitute, consumers to
conserve, and alternatives to emerge.
( n ) conservation
(Vi ) appear
=

①
(A) Many examples of such “green taxes”) exist. Facing landfill costs, labor
②
expenses, and related costs in the provision of garbage disposal, for example,
some cities have required households to dispose of all waste in special trash
bags, purchased by consumers themselves, and often costing a dollar or more
each.' '
(B) Taxing certain goods or services, and so increasing prices, should result in
either decreased use of these resources or creative innovation of new sources
or options. The money raised through the tax can be used directly by the
government either to supply services or to search for alternatives.
(C) The results have been greatly increased recycling and more careful attention
by consumers to packaging and waste. By internalizing the costs of trash to
consumers, there has been an observed decrease in the flow of garbage from
households.
Λ
(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)
(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Words & Phrases in Use

substitute conserve alternative

green tax landfill
labor expense provision garbage
disposal packaging internalize

84
 Exercises
01 9664-0071

Scientists today are able to accurately date fossils, the rock-bound remains of
organisms from past geologic ages.

=
ex☆ means :

(A) For example, the earliest known species of horse lived some 60 million years ago
and, according to the fossil record, was shorter than 20 inches (50 centimeters)
high at the shoulders. Successive rock layers yield fossils of increasingly larger
horse species, culminating in the horses of today.
( )
cf .avfonwmy

(B) As size changed, so did other aspects of the horses’ anatomy: teeth became
adapted to eating grass, the bones of the lower leg fused, and multiple toes
evolved into a single toe surrounded by a hoof.
(C) When fossils are arranged along a timeline, scientists can see gradual changes
from simple to more complex life forms. In some cases, evolution through
various intermediate forms over millions of years can be detected and compared
to the present state of an organism.
culminate in: anatomy: hoof:

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)
* yield
④ offer . poduce "
( ]
② surrender

③ grant

Words & Phrases in Use

date fossil rock-bound

remains organism geologic
successive layer yield
adapt fuse multiple
arrange timeline gradual
evolution intermediate detect

86
 04 9664-0074

Health is a dynamic and complex state. It is a product of continuous

interactions between an individual’s genetic makeup, environmental conditions,
strocture
and personal experiences.
=

comBosition =

(A) In contrast, a child who is born healthy, raised in a nurturing family, consumes a
aring supportive
= ( =

nutritious diet, lives in a safe environment, and has numerous opportunities for
learning and recreation is more likely to enjoy a healthy life.
(B) Mothers who fail to maintain a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy" are more
likely to give birth to infants☆who are born prematurely, have low birth weight, or
experience a rangeof of special challenges.) These children also face a significantly
=
Wariety
a

greater risk of developing chronic health problems and early death.

(C) For example, an infant’s immediate and long-term health is influenced by his
or her mother’s personal lifestyle practices during pregnancy: her diet; use or
avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, and certain medications; routine prenatal care; and
inmate
exposure to communicable illnesses or toxic stress.
=

=
in fectiovs
=
Eontagious prenatal:

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Words & Phrases in Use

dynamic state continuous

interaction genetic makeup
in contrast nurture nutritious
numerous recreation pregnancy
infant prematurely a range of
chronic immediate avoidance
medication exposure communicable
toxic

89
 유형편
tⅠ

14
Par

22662-0027
Materials evolution
Gateway

It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the

(i "
relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those
^
that
" occur naturally : stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. ( ) With time, they
{
discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those
…
of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. ( )
Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered
by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.) ( ) At this point,
materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a
given, rather limited set of materials,) the one best suited for an application based
on its characteristics. ( ) This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past
""
100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of
materials. ( ) Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with
rather specialized characteristicssthat meet the needs of our modern and complex
society, including metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.'

Words & Phrases in Use

relatively property superior to

pottery alter heat treatment
substance utilization involve
suited application characteristic
approximately empower fashion
evolve fiber

90
 Exercises
01
p 80 12
.

22662-0028

The children were asked to do the same, and they wrote a reader response to the
books.
a ② following →
<b
.

.
☆ followedby
②
→

Improvements have been found in children’s empathy following an intervention

θ
designed to increase empathy and social understanding through literature. ( )
J
ω
Lysaker, Tonge, Gauson, and Miller used (what they called relationally oriented reading
instruction) to promote second- and third-grade children’s ability to infer and imagine
the thoughts and feelings of others. ( ) The children, who were chosen because
S
}
they were experiencing difficulties with social relationships, were provided with books
provide A B w with

depicting adults or childrenδwho were working through social-emotional problems.)

s dEribinges
=

( ) Teachers engaged the children in discussions related to the thoughts, feelings,

engagetotin
: δ ~

intentions, and emotions of the book characters. (

√
) The teacher expressed empathy
mummmmmmms
for the characters and modeled her thinking about how she inferred the characters’
feelings. (
…
√
) After 8 weeks of intervention, children displayed a significant
improvement on objective measures of empathy.

Words & Phrases in Use

response empathy intervention

oriented instruction promote
infer depict engage
intention significant objective
measure

92
 02 ( ) 9664-0077

←
As predicted, Americans made the trait judgments much more quickly thanθ
did
Mexican Americans.

A factorδthat influences social cognition) is culture. (

5
) People from different
cultures think about the social world in different ways. ( ) In one study,
researchers asked both American and Mexican Americans to read a series of
V
S

sentences describing a person’s behavior, and then judge (whether this person had
a given trait. ( ) For example, one sentence read, “He took his first calculus

[
~
~

test when he was 12” (and the traitδthey reacted to' was “smart”). (
√
) Another
sentence read, “She left a 25% tip for the waitress” (and the traitδthey reacted to)was
“generous”). ( V )θ This reflects Americans’ strong tendency to emphasize the role
[ ]

AGpersonal
= :

of traits in leading to behavior — as well as the tendency of those from collectivistic

traits

cultures to take situational factors into account.

↓ dawsdualistic calculus:
Mexicam
Americaps trait → American
Personal ^

individualistic Eulture → dispositionl factors

< collectiwistis culture →

( )
situational fastors

Words & Phrases in Use

cognition judge trait

tip collectivistic take ~ into account

93
 Exercises

03 ( )
9664-0078

Pl
One reasonδnonnative species are often a serious problem' is a lack of natural

*
predators in their new homes.

Lions, snakes, and eagles are examples of predators — organisms that hunt and

[
eat other organisms. Those that have the best techniques for obtaining food ) are
V

the ones most likely to grow and reproduce. ( ) Predation affects the size of
prey populations and the diversity of species within a community. ( ) Purple
loosestrife is such a species, whereas in its native habitats its populations are kept in
i kept under control
=
= are

check by a leaf-eating beetle and root-eating weevil. ( ) Parasitism is a variety

[ of predation; a parasite feeds on prey but often weakens rather than kills its host. (
Some parasites, such as wheat rust, have very specific host requirements. (
Others, such as mistletoe, parasitize a variety of species.
pl
)
)

②
purple loosestrife: weevil: parasitism:
⑤~ V ③

Competition prediction symbiosis

( parasitism )

Words & Phrases in Use

nonnative lack predator

organism obtain reproduce
predation community whereas
habitat keep ~ in check parasite
host wheat rust requirement
mistletoe parasitize

94
 04 9664-0079

Into the cliff faces, the people of Petra carved hundreds of exquisite temples,
tombs and monuments.

The saying goes that the ruined city of Petra in Jordan is ‘the rose-red city, half
as old as time itself’. This would mean it was built before the Earth was formed, so
ignore it. ( ) But Petra is very old. ( ) Between about 200 BC and AD 400,
it was the busy capital of the Arab kingdom of the Nabataeans. ( ) Hidden away
among red sandstone hills and surrounded by cliffs, it was the perfect desert hideaway.
( √ ) Many have spectacular facades (fronts) with carved columns and lintels, often
in styles copied from the buildings of Greece and Rome. ( ) Most impressive of
all is the front of the Treasury, which is 28 metres wide and 40 metres high.)
exquisite: lintel:

Words & Phrases in Use

cliff face carve

monument the saying goes that
ruined sandstone surround
hideaway spectacular facade
column impressive treasury

95