Skin and Body Membrane

• Body membrane cover surface, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs.

•Function of body membrane

1. Line or cover body surfaces

2. Protect body surfaces
3. Lubricate body surfaces

Classification of Body Membrane

•Epithelial membranes

1. Cutaneous Membrane
2. Mucous Membrane
3. Serous Membrane

•Connective Tissue Membranes

Cutaneous Membrane

•Cutaneous Membrane = skin

 A dry membrane
 Outermost protective boundary

•Superficial Epidermis

 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

•Underlying Dermis

 Mostly dense (fibroids) connective tissue

Mucous Membrane

•Surface Epithelium

 Type depends on site

•Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

•Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface

•Often adapted for absorption or secretion

•Wet membranes bathed in secretions

Serous Membrane

•Surface simple squamous epithelium

•Underlying areolar connective tissue

•Occurs in pairs – parietal and viscelar

•Specific serous membranes

 Peritoneum — Abdominal Cavity

 Pleura — Around the lungs
 Pericardium — Around the heart
Connective Tissue Membrane

•Synovial Membrane

 Areolar connective tissue only

 Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
 Line small sac of connective tissue called bursae and the tube like tendon sheaths

Integumentary System

•Skin (cutaneous membrane)

•Skin derivatives

 Sweat glands
 Oil glands
 Hairs
 Nails

Skin functions

•Protects deeper tissues from:

 Mechanical damage
 Chemical damage
 Bacterial damage
 Thermal damage
 Ultraviolet radiation
 Desiccation
•Protective and cushioning

•Waterproof

•Aids in heat regulation

•Aids in excretion of salts, urea and uric acid

•Synthesizes vitamin D

•Contains sensory receptors

Skin structure

•Epidermis — outer layer

 Stratified squamous epithelium

 Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)

•Dermis

 Dense connective tissue

•Both firmly connected but can separate such as in a blister

•Deep to dermis is the hypodermis

 Not part of the skin

 Anchors skin to underlying organs
 Composed mostly of adipose tissue
 Serves as shock absorber and insulation for deeper tissues

Layers of Epidermis

•Stratum lucidum

 Occurs only in thick, hairless skin

•Stratum corneum

 Shingle like dead cells that are ¾ of the epidermal thickness

 Completely filled with keratin cells called cornified or horny cells

Melanin
•Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes

•Color is yellow to brown to black

•Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale

•Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight

Dermis — the “hide”

•Two layers

 Papillary layer
•projections called dermal papillae
•pain receptors and touch receptors
•capillary loops for nutrients
•results in fingerprints
 Reticular layer
•blood vessels
•sweat and oil glands
•nerve receptors

•Both collagen and elastic fibers are found in the dermis

 Collagen – responsible for the toughness of the dermis and for binding water to keep it
hydrated
 Elastic fibers – give skin elasticity when we are young but lessens as we age along with
collagen

•Lots of blood vessels play a role in maintaining body temperature

Normal Skin Color Determinants

•Redness or Erythema – blushing

•Pallor or Blanching – pale from dear or anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow

•Jaundice or Yellow cast – liver disorder where excess bile pigments are absorbed in the blood

•Bruises or Black and Blue marks – where blood has escaped from vessels and clotted in the
tissues spaces called hematomas

Appendages of the Skin

•Arise from the epidermis and play a role in maintaining homeostasis of the body

 Cutaneous glands – exocrine glands

•release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts
•sebaceous glands and sweat glands

•Sebaceous glands

 Produce oil – sebum

•lubricant for skin
•kills bacteria
•prevents hair from becoming brittle
 Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
 Glands are activated at puberty

•Sweat glands – sudoriferous glands

 Widely distributed skin

 Two types
•Eccrine

•Open via duct to pore on skin surface

•Apocrine

•Ducts empty into hair follicles

Sweat and its function

•Composition

 Mostly water with some salts and vitamin C

 Some metabolic waste and lactic acid
 Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only). Which may have a milky or yellowish color

•Function

 Helps dissipate excess heat (eccrine only)

 Excretes waste products
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

•Odor is from associated bacteria living off proteins and fats

Appendages of the Skin

•Hair

 Serves a few minor protective functions

•used to serve as insulation and still does in some animals
 Produced by a hair follicle flexible epithelial structure
 Parth of the hair enclosed in the follicle is the root
 Part projecting from the surface of the scalp is the shaft

•Hair

 Produced by hair bulb matrix

 Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
 Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color

Hair anatomy

•Central core called the medulla

•Cortex surrounds medulla

•Cuticle on outside of cortex formed from a single layer of cells that overlap like shingles on a
root to keep hairs separated

 Most heavily keratinized to provide strength

 Worn more at tips to cause split ends
Associated Hair Structure

•Hair follicle

 Dermal (provides blood vessels) and epidermal sheath surrounds hair root

•Arrector Pilli

 Smooth muscle cause the hair to stand up (goose bumps)

•Sebaceous (oil) gland

•Sweat gland

Nail Structures

•Each nail has three parts

1. Free edge
2. Body
3. Root of nail

•Eponychium – proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body often called cuticle
Appendages of the Skin

•Nails

 Scale like modifications of the epidermis

•heavily keratinized
 Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
•the thickened proximal area called the nail matrix is responsible for nail growth
 Lack of pigment makes them colorless
•appear pink due to blood vessels underneath
•white crescent – lunula – thickened nail matrix

Skin Homeostatic Imbalance

•Infections

 Athletes foot – tinea pedis

•caused by fungal infection on feet
 Boils and Carbuncles
•caused by bacterial infection – staphylococcus aureus – in hair follicles and sebaceous
glands
 Cold sores – fever blisters
•caused by herpes simplex viral infection usually on lips and in oral mucosa of the mouth

•Infections and allergies

 Contact dermatitis
•exposures to certain chemicals cause allergic reaction
 Impetigo
•pink, water-filled, raised lesions around the mouth caused by staphylococcus bacterial
infection
 Psoriasis
•cause is unknown but chronic
•triggered by trauma, infection, stress
•Burns

 Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
 Nearly every body system is affected when skin is severely damaged
 Associated dangers
•dehydration
•electrolyte imbalance
•circulatory shock
•infection

Rules of Nines

•Way to determine the extent burns

•Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation

 Each area represents about 9%

•rule of nines

•Classified according to their severity (depth)

Severity of Burns

•First degree burn

 Only epidermis is damaged

 Skin is red and swollen
 Partial thickness burn that heals quickly

•Second degree burns

 Epidermis and upper epidermis are damaged

 Skin is red with blisters
 Partial thickness burn that heals w/o scar
•Third degree burns

 Destroys entire skin layer

 Burn is gray, white, or black
 Nerve endings destroyed so not painful
 Full thickness burn that does not heal and grafting is necessary

•Fourth degree burns

 Extend through the skin to injure muscle, ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and
bones
 These burns always require medical treatment

Critical burns

•Burns are considered critical if:

 Over 25% of body had second degree burns

 Over 10% of the body has third degree burns
 There are third degree burns of the face, hands, or feet
Skin Cancer

•Cancer – abnormal cell mass

•Two types

1. Benign
•does not spread (encapsulated)
2. Malignant
•metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body

•Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer

Skin Cancer Types

•Basal cell carcinoma

 Least malignant
 Most common type
 Arises from stratum basale that no longer makes keratin and stays in place

•Squamous cell carcinoma

 Arises from stratum spinosum

 Metastasizes to lymph nodes
 Early removal allows a good chance for cure

•Malignant melanoma

 Most deadly skin cancers

 Cancer of melanocytes
 Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
 Detection uses ABCD rule
ABCD Rule

A = Asymmetry

 Two sides of pigmented mole do not match

B = Border Irregularity

 Borders of mole are not smooth

C = Color

 Different colors in pigmented area

D = Diameter

 Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter