Data Visualization

Data Visualization techniques involve the generation of graphical or pictorial representation of

Data Visualization in Data Science

Data visualization techniques most important part of Data Science, There won’t be any doubt about
it. And even in the Data Analytics space as well the Data visualization doing a major role. We will
discuss this in detail with help of Python packages and how it helps during the Data Science process
flow. This is a very interesting topic for every Data Scientist and Data Analyst.

I. Line Chart

Line Chart is a simple data visualization in Python, which is available under Matplotlib.

Line charts are used to represent the relation between two data X and Y on the respective axis. Let’s
see a few samples

#Sample #1

# importing the required libraries

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

#simple array

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

#genearting y values

y = x*2

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.show()

#Sample #2

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

y = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8])

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.xlabel("Time in Hrs")

plt.ylabel("Distance in Km")

plt.title("Time Vs Distance")

plt.show()

Line Chart always a linear relationship between X and Y axis, we observe that in the above picture.

II.Histogram
The histogram is the graphical representation of a set of numerical data distribution across. It is a
kind of bar plot with X-axis and Y-axis represents the bin ranges and frequency respectively. How to
read or represent this chart.

Let say the example, set of students marks in the ranges and frequency as below. Here we could
understand the range and frequency cut off exactly.

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

fig,ax = plt.subplots(1,1)

a = np.array([25,42,48,55,60,62,67,70,30,38,44,50,54,58,75,78,85,88,89,28,35,90,95])

ax.hist(a, bins = [20,40,60,80,100])

ax.set_title("Student's Score")

ax.set_xticks([0,20,40,60,80,100])

ax.set_xlabel('Marks Scored')

ax.set_ylabel('No. of Students')

plt.show()
Characteristics Of Histogram

 The Histogram is used to get any unusual observations in the give en dataset.

 Measured on an interval scale of given numerical values with several data bins.

 The Y-axis represents the number of % of occurrences in the data

 The X-axis represents data distributions.

Displot – This is similar to the histogram in the graphical, but with additional features. And
bringing Kernel Density Estimation (KDE).

Jointplot – A combination of scattering and histogram.

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from warnings import filterwarnings

df = sns.load_dataset('tips')

sns.distplot(df['total_bill'], kde = True, color ='green', bins = 20)

sns.jointplot(x ='total_bill',color ='green', y ='tip', data = df)

This is a very familiar chart and representation statistical plot in the form of circular from series of
data. This is commonly used in business presentations to represent Order, Sales, Profit, Loss, etc., It
consists of slices of data part in the collection of the same set and character-wise differentiation.
Each of the slices of pie is called a wedge with values of different sizes.

This chart is widely used to represent the composition collection. Perfect for the categorical data
type.

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

Language = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Chinese',

'Russian', 'Japanese', 'French']

data = [379, 480, 918, 154, 128, 77.2]

# Creating plot

fig = plt.figure(figsize =(10, 7))

plt.pie(data, labels = Language)

# show plot

plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["India", "UK", "UK", "German"]

myexplode = [0.2, 0, 0, 0]

plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels, explode = myexplode)

plt.show()

IV. Area plot

This is very similar to a line chart with fencing surrounded by a boundary line of different colours.
Simple representation of the evolution of a numeric variable.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

days = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
raining = [7, 8, 6, 11, 7]

snow = [8, 5, 7, 8, 13]

plt.stackplot(days, raining, snow,colors =['b', 'y'])

plt.xlabel('Days')

plt.ylabel('No of Hours')

plt.title('Representation of Raining and Snow wrt to Days')

plt.show()

V. Scatter plots

Scatter plots are used to plot data points across both axes (Horizontal and Vertical) and represent
how each axis correlated with each other. Mostly in Data Science/Machine Learning implementation
and before the EDA process, generally we should analyse how dependent and independent aligned.
It could positive or Negative or sometimes be scattered across the graph.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9]

y = [99,86,87,88,67,86,87,78,77,85,86,56]
plt.scatter(x, y)

plt.show()

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [5,7,8,10,14,18,22,26]

y = [6,8,9,12,16,20,24,28]

plt.scatter(x, y)

plt.show()

VI. Hexbins plots

The objective of Hexbins is used to group the two sets of numeric values. Hexbins helps to improve
the visualization of the scatter plots. Because for a larger dataset, a scatter plot makes a confused
smattering of points. We can improve this with Hexbins. It provides two modes of representations
1.List of Coordinates 2.Geospatial Object.

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.random.normal(size=(1, 1000))

y = np.random.normal(size=(1, 1000))

plt.hexbin(x, y, gridsize=15)

plt.hexbin(x,y,gridsize=15, mincnt=1, edgecolors="white")

plt.show()

VII. Heatmap

A heatmap is one of my favorite visualization techniques among the other charts. basically, a set of
variable correlations is represented by various shades of the same color. Usually, the darker shades of
the chart represent the higher correlations values than the lighter shade. this map would help Data
Scientists to figure out how to target variable is correlated with other dependent variables in the
given data set. Less correlated variables can be removed for further analysis, we could say this helps
us during the feature selection process. Later grouping them under X, Y as our target and followed by
test and train split.

import seaborn as sn

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

df=pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((7,7)),columns=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g'])

sn.heatmap(df)

sn.heatmap(df,annot=True,annot_kws={'size':7})
VIII. Boxplot

A Boxplot is a type of chart often used in the Data Science life cycle, especially during Explanatory
Data Analysis (EDA). Which represents the distribution of data in the form of quartiles or percentiles.
Q1 represents the first quartile (25th percentile), Q2 is the second quartile (50th percentile/median),
Q3 represents the third quartile (Q3) and Q4 represents the fourth quartile or the largest value.

Using this plot we could identify the outliers very quickly and easily. This is a very effective plot all
among the plots. So after the removal of outliers, the data set needs to undergo some sort of
statistical test and fine-tune for further analysis.

#import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

np.random.seed(10)

one=np.random.normal(100,10,200)

two=np.random.normal(80, 30, 200)

three=np.random.normal(90, 20, 200)

four=np.random.normal(70, 25, 200)

to_plot=[one,two,three,four]

fig=plt.figure(1,figsize=(9,6))

ax=fig.add_subplot()

bp=ax.boxplot(to_plot)

fig.savefig('boxplot.png',bbox_inches='tight')