You are given a tree with n nodes numbered from 0 to n - 1 in the form of a parent

array parent where parent[i] is the parent of the ith node. The root of the tree is node 0, so parent[0]
= -1 since it has no parent. You want to design a data structure that allows users to lock, unlock, and
upgrade nodes in the tree.

The data structure should support the following functions:

 Lock: Locks the given node for the given user and prevents other users from locking the
same node. You may only lock a node using this function if the node is unlocked.

 Unlock: Unlocks the given node for the given user. You may only unlock a node using this
function if it is currently locked by the same user.

 Upgrade: Locks the given node for the given user and unlocks all of its
descendants regardless of who locked it. You may only upgrade a node if all 3 conditions are
true:

 The node is unlocked,

 It has at least one locked descendant (by any user), and

 It does not have any locked ancestors.

Implement the LockingTree class:

 LockingTree(int[] parent) initializes the data structure with the parent array.

 lock(int num, int user) returns true if it is possible for the user with id user to lock the
node num, or false otherwise. If it is possible, the node num will become locked by the user
with id user.

 unlock(int num, int user) returns true if it is possible for the user with id user to unlock the
node num, or false otherwise. If it is possible, the node num will become unlocked.

 upgrade(int num, int user) returns true if it is possible for the user with id user to upgrade
the node num, or false otherwise. If it is possible, the node num will be upgraded.

Example 1:
Input

["LockingTree", "lock", "unlock", "unlock", "lock", "upgrade", "lock"]

[[[-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]], [2, 2], [2, 3], [2, 2], [4, 5], [0, 1], [0, 1]]

Output

[null, true, false, true, true, true, false]

Explanation

LockingTree lockingTree = new LockingTree([-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]);

lockingTree.lock(2, 2); // return true because node 2 is unlocked.

// Node 2 will now be locked by user 2.

lockingTree.unlock(2, 3); // return false because user 3 cannot unlock a node locked by user 2.

lockingTree.unlock(2, 2); // return true because node 2 was previously locked by user 2.

// Node 2 will now be unlocked.

lockingTree.lock(4, 5); // return true because node 4 is unlocked.

// Node 4 will now be locked by user 5.

lockingTree.upgrade(0, 1); // return true because node 0 is unlocked and has at least one locked
descendant (node 4).

// Node 0 will now be locked by user 1 and node 4 will now be unlocked.

lockingTree.lock(0, 1); // return false because node 0 is already locked.

Constraints:

 n == parent.length

 2 <= n <= 2000

 0 <= parent[i] <= n - 1 for i != 0

 parent[0] == -1

 0 <= num <= n - 1

 1 <= user <= 104

 parent represents a valid tree.

 At most 2000 calls in total will be made to lock, unlock, and upgrade.

Code ----------------------------------------------------
Explanation

1. Initialization:

o The constructor initializes the tree structure based on the parent array and prepares
vectors to manage the locking state of each node.

2. Locking a Node:

o The lock method checks if the node is unlocked and, if so, locks it and records the
user.

3. Unlocking a Node:

o The unlock method verifies that the node is locked by the specified user before
unlocking it.

4. Upgrading a Node:

o The upgrade method first checks if the node is unlocked and whether it has any
locked descendants using hasLockedDescendant. It also checks that there are no
locked ancestors using canUpgrade.

o If all conditions are met, it locks the node and unlocks all its descendants.

5. Helper Methods:

o canUpgrade checks for locked ancestors.

o hasLockedDescendant performs a depth-first search (DFS) to find any locked

descendants.

o unlockDescendants recursively unlocks all descendants of a node.

Complexity

 The time complexity for each operation (lock, unlock, upgrade) is O(n) in the worst case due
to the need to traverse the tree for locked descendants or ancestors. This should be efficient
enough for moderate tree sizes.

Edge Cases Covered:

1. Locking an Already Locked Node: The code prevents locking a node that is already locked.

2. Unlocking a Node Not Locked by User: It prevents unlocking a node if the user does not own
the lock.

3. Upgrading a Locked Node: The upgrade operation checks that the node itself is not locked.

4. Upgrading Without Locked Ancestors: The code checks that the node does not have locked
ancestors.

5. Upgrading Without Locked Descendants: The code verifies that the node has at least one
locked descendant before allowing an upgrade.
Potential Edge Cases Not Fully Addressed:

1. Multi-threaded Lock/Unlock/Upgrade: While the code uses mutexes to manage concurrent

access, there are still scenarios where the order of operations might lead to unexpected
results. For example, if two users try to lock or unlock the same node simultaneously, the
behavior should be consistent and predictable.

2. Complex Tree Structures: The current implementation does not consider nodes beyond
immediate children for checking locked descendants, which may lead to incorrect
assumptions about node states in more complex tree structures.

3. Concurrent Upgrades: If two users attempt to upgrade the same node simultaneously, the
implementation may not handle these cases properly, potentially leading to inconsistencies.

4. User Identification: The system currently identifies users simply by an integer ID. If user IDs
are not unique or if user management is required, this could lead to confusion.

5. Performance: The hasLockedDescendants function checks all descendants in a linear fashion.

For very large trees, this could become a performance bottleneck.

Improvements:

 Refine Concurrent Operations: Use finer-grained locking strategies or additional checks to

prevent race conditions, especially during upgrades.

 Caching: Introduce a caching mechanism to speed up the check for locked descendants,
especially for larger trees.

 Enhanced User Management: Consider implementing a user management system if users

can have multiple roles or if user information needs to be stored more robustly.

 Testing: Implement extensive unit tests that cover various edge cases and stress test the
locking mechanisms to ensure reliability.

Conclusion:

While the current implementation provides a good foundation, thorough testing and additional
enhancements will help ensure it robustly handles all edge cases, especially in multi-threaded
environments. If you'd like, I can help you with specific tests or additional features!