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Two Stroke Engine
• The main difference between two-stroke and four-stroke engine is the method of filling the cylinder
with fresh charge and removing the burnt gases from it. In the four stroke engine, these
operations are performed by the engine piston during suction and exhaust stroke separately.
• In two-stroke engine, the filling process is accomplished by the charge compressed in crankcase.
The induction of the compressed charge pushes out the products of combustion through exhaust
ports. Therefore, no piston strokes are required for these two operations. Two strokes are
sufficient to complete the cycle, one for compressing the fresh charge and the other for expansion
or power stroke.
• The charge or air enters into the crankcase through spring loaded inlet port when the pressure in
the crankcase is reduced due to upward motion of the piston during compression stroke. After the
compression and ignition, expansion takes place in the usual way.
• Charge is compressed in the crankcase during the expansion stroke. Just nearing the expansion
stroke, the piston uncovers the exhaust ports and the cylinder pressure drops to atmospheric
pressure as the combustion products leave the cylinder. Further movement of the piston uncovers
the transfer ports, permitting the slightly compressed charge or air in the crankcase to enter the
engine cylinder. The top of the piston has usually a projection to deflect the fresh charge towards
the top of the cylinder before flowing to the exhaust ports.
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• This process of driving out the burnt gases from the cylinder with the help of fresh charge is
known as scavenging.
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Scavenging
• The process of pushing out the burnt gases from the combustion chamber of an engine cylinder by the
fresh charge (mixture of air and fuel or only air) before the next cycle begins is called scavenging.
• Unlike the 4 stroke engine, a two-stroke diesel engine does not use the piston to push out the exhaust
gas, instead, air enters the cylinder around the bottom dead centre and sweeps or scavenges the
exhaust gas from the cylinder.
Types of Scavenging in Engine
The three primary types of scavenging employed in two-stroke engines are as follows:
1. Uniflow Scavenging:
In this method, the fresh charge enters at one end (usually the bottom, through ports in the cylinder wall)
and the exhaust gases exit at the other end (typically through a valve in the cylinder head). Offers minimal
air loss and lower fuel consumption, resulting in improved engine efficiency, suitable for both low and
high engine speeds. Commonly used in larger two-stroke engines found in large marine vessels.
Design: Often uses a poppet valve or exhaust ports at the top.
Advantages:
Most efficient scavenging process.
Minimal mixing of fresh charge and exhaust.
Disadvantages:
More complex design.
Higher cost.
2. Cross-Flow Scavenging:
In this method, the fresh charge enters from one side of the cylinder and pushes the exhaust gases out
through a port located on the opposite side.
Effective scavenging at low engine speeds but less efficient at high speeds or full throttle.
Design: A deflector is often used on top of the piston to direct the air upward and improve the flow
path.
Advantages:
Simple construction.
Disadvantages:
Poor scavenging efficiency.
Mixing of fresh charge with exhaust gases is high.
3. Loop or Reverse Scavenging:
•The fresh charge enters from a port on the same side as the exhaust but is directed upward in
a looping pattern, pushing exhaust gases out through the exhaust port. Highly effective at high
engine speeds or during full-throttle operation, less efficient at low speeds.
Design: No deflector piston is needed; ports are shaped to guide air effectively.
Advantages:
Better than cross-flow.
Improved mixing and reduced short-circuiting.
Disadvantages:
More complex port design.
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Comparison of Four-stroke and Two-stroke Engines
Four-stroke Cycle Engine Two-stroke Cycle Engine
The thermodynamic cycle is completed in four strokes The thermodynamic cycle is completed in two strokes
of the piston or in two revolutions of the crankshaft. of the piston or in one revolution of the crankshaft.
Only one power stroke is there in every two revolutions One power stroke in each revolution of the crankshaft.
of the crankshaft. Because of which, The turning Because of which, turning moment is more uniform
moment is not so uniform and hence a heavier and hence a lighter flywheel can be used
flywheel is needed.
Again, because of Because of one power stroke for every revolution,
one power power produced for same size of engine is more
stroke for two (theoretically twice; actually about 1.3 times), or for
revolutions, power the same power, the engine is lighter and more
produced for same compact.
size of engine is
less, or for the
same power the
engine is heavier
and bulkier.
Lesser cooling and lubrication is required due to one Because of one power stroke in one revolution, greater
power stroke in two revolutions. Lower rate of wear cooling and lubrication is required. Higher rate of wear
and tear and tear.
The four-stroke engine contains valves and valve Two-stroke engines have only ports but no valves.
actuating mechanisms to open and close the valves.
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Four-stroke Cycle Engine Two-stroke Cycle Engine
Initial cost of the engine is more because of the heavy Initial cost of the engine is less because of light weight
weight and complicated valve mechanism. and simplicity due to the absence of valve mechanism.
Volumetric Volumetric efficiency is low due to lesser time for
efficiency is more induction. Therefore, more cc per kW of power output.
due to more time
for induction.
Therefore, less cc
per kW of power
output.
Thermal efficiency is higher, part load efficiency is Thermal efficiency is lower, part load efficiency is poor
better than two-stroke cycle engine. compared to a four-stroke cycle engine.
Used where efficiency is important, viz., in cars, buses, Used where low cost, compactness and light weight
trucks, tractors, industrial engines, aero planes, power are important, viz., in mopeds, scooters, motorcycles,
generation etc. hand sprayers etc.
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