U18CE306
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Topic : Proportioning of Concrete
(UNIT 3 - Chapter 2)
by
Dr. M. Srikanth
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
[email protected],
9030031603
INTRODUCTION
To obtain concrete with certain desired performance characteristics,
the selection of component materials is the first step.
The next step is a process called mixture proportioning, which means
achieving the right combination of components.
Although there are sound technical principles governing mixture
proportioning procedures, for several reasons the process is not
entirely in the realm of science.
Nevertheless, because concrete composition greatly influences the
cost and the properties of the product, it is important that engineers
responsible for developing or approving mixture proportions should
be familiar with the underlying principles and the commonly used
procedures.
One of the ultimate aims of studying the various properties of the
materials of concrete, plastic concrete and hardened concrete, is to
enable a concrete technologist to design a concrete mix for a
particular strength and durability.
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
One of the ultimate aims of studying the various properties of the materials of
concrete, plastic concrete and hardened concrete, is to enable a concrete
technologist to design a concrete mix for a particular strength and durability.
The conditions that prevail at the site of work, in particular the exposure
condition, and the conditions that are demanded for a particular work for which
the mix is designed.
Mix design- Definition
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of
concrete and determining their relative proportions with the objective of
producing concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible.
The relationships between aggregate and paste which are the two essential
ingredients of concrete.
Workability of the mass is provided by the lubricating effect of the paste and is
influenced by the amount and dilution of paste.
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MIX
PROPORTIONS
Grade Designation: The grade designation gives characteristics compressive
strength requirements of the concrete.
As per IS 456-2000, the characteristic compressive strength is defined as that
value below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall.
It is the major factor influencing the mix design.
It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other
desirable properties of the hardened concrete.
The mean compressive strength required at a specific age, i.e. 28 days,
determines the nominal water-cement ratio of the mix.
Depending on the degree of control available at the site, the concrete mix has to
be designed for a target mean compressive strength which higher than the
characteristic strength.
Type and grade of cement
Maximum nominal size of aggregates, Grading of combined aggregates, Water –
cement ratio, Workability, Durability and Quality control.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MIX
PROPORTIONS
Maximum nominal size of aggregates: The maximum nominal size of
aggregate is determined by the sieve analysis and is designated by the sieve
higher than the largest size on which 15% or more of the aggregate is retained.
The maximum nominal size of aggregate to be used in concrete depends by the
size of section and the spacing of reinforcement.
According to IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 the maximum nominal size of the
aggregate should not be more than one fourth of the minimum thickness of the
member, and it should be restricted to 5mm less than the minimum clear
distance between the main bars or 5mm less than the minimum layer cover to
the reinforcement.
In general, larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement
requirement for a particular water-cement ratio, because the workability of
concrete increases with increase in maximum size of the aggregate.
However, the compressive strength tends to increase with the decrease in size of
aggregate. IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 recommend that the nominal size of
the aggregate should be as large as possible. 10-20mm size of aggregate is
preferable.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MIX
PROPORTIONS
Grading of combined aggregates: The relative proportions of the fine and
coarse aggregates in a concrete mix are one of the important factors affecting
the workability and strength of concrete.
For dense concrete it is essential that the coarse and fine aggregates be well
graded, giving the maximum packing density.
The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a specified
workability and water-cement ratio.
Coarser the grading, leaner will be mix as coarser grading contributes less
surface area thus lower cement consumption.
Water – cement ratio: The compressive strength of concrete at a given age
under normal temperature depend primarily on the water-cement ratio, lower
the w/c ratio greater is the compressive strength and vice versa.
A number of relationships between compressive strength and water cement
ratio are available. In so far as the selection of the w/c ratio for the target
compressive strength at 28 days is concerned.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MIX
PROPORTIONS
Workability: The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and
compaction is controlled by the size and shape of the section to be concreted, the
quality and spacing of reinforcement, and the methods to be employed for
transportation, placing and compaction of concrete.
The aim should be to have the minimum possible workability consistent with
satisfactory placing and compaction of concrete.
It should be kept in mind that insufficient workability resulting in incomplete
compaction may severely affect the strength, durability and surface finish of
concrete the degree of workability required depends on three factors.
Durability: The durability of concrete can be defined as the resistance to
deterioration due to aggressive environment.
The requirements of durability are achieved by restricting the minimum grade
of concrete, minimum cement content and the maximum water cement ratio.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MIX
PROPORTIONS
In the situations when the high strength is not necessary but the conditions of
exposure are such that high durability is vital, the durability requirement will
determine the water-cement ratio to be used, type of cement, inclusion of
chemical and mineral admixture in a concrete mix.
Quality control: The strength of concrete varies from batch to batch over a
period of time.
The variability in the strength of concrete may be considered due to variation
in the quality of the constituent materials – particle size and grading,
variations in moisture content of aggregates, variations in the quality of
batching and mixing equipment available, and the quality of workmanship.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MIX
PROPORTIONS
The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of
concrete.
The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength
of concrete.
Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as
possible within the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.
The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to
the size and shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and
technique used for transportation, placing and compaction.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
One of the ultimate aims of studying the various
properties of the materials of concrete, plastic concrete
and hardened concrete, is to enable a concrete
technologist to design a concrete mix for a particular
strength and durability.
The conditions that prevail at the site of work, in
particular the exposure condition, and the conditions
that are demanded for a particular work for which the
mix is designed.
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable
ingredients of concrete and determining their relative proportions
with the object of producing concrete of certain minimum
strength and durability as economically as possible.
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
The strength of concrete is limited by the strength of paste, since mineral
aggregates with rare exceptions, are far stronger than the paste compound.
Essentially the permeability of concrete is governed by the quality and continuity
of the paste, since little water flows through aggregate either under pressure or
by capillarity..
Since the properties of concrete are governed to a considerable extent by the
quality of paste, it is helpful to consider more closely the structure of the paste.
With the given materials, the four variable factors to be considered in connection
with specifying a concrete mix are
(a ) Water-Cement ratio
(b ) Cement content or cement-aggregate ratio
(c ) Gradation of the aggregates
(d ) Consistency.
TYPES OF CONCRETE MIXES
Nominal Mixes
Standard Mixes
Design Mixes
NOMINAL MIXES
Traditional way of mix proportion specified in terms of fixed ratios of
Cement : fine aggregate : coarse aggregate (In general by volume)
These mixes are of fixed cement-aggregate ratio. Mixes of fixed proportions
which ensure adequate strength
These offer simplicity and under normal circumstances.
Have a margin of strength above that specified.
Useful for small works
Useful for routine concrete construction
Limited up to M20 grade
Requires high cement content
STANDARD MIXES
Types of Concrete Mixes
The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely
in strength and may result in under- or over-rich mixes.
For this reason, the minimum compressive strength has been included in
many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes.
IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as
M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40.
In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the
specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2 .
The mixes of grades M10 = 1:3:6 (Cement : Fine aggregate : Coarse
aggregate)
M15 = 1:2:4
M20 = 1:1.5:3
M25 = 1:1:2
DESIGNED MIXES
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the
mix proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the
minimum cement content can be laid down.
This is most rational approach to the selection of mix proportions with specific
materials in mind possessing more or less unique characteristics.
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
Various Methods of Proportioning
• Indian Standard Recommended Method by IS10262-2019 :
Concrete Mix Proportioning — Guidelines
• ACI Committee 211 method
• Arbitrary proportion
• Indian Road Congress, IRC 44 method
• High strength concrete mix design
• Mix design based on flexural strength
• Road note No. 4 (Grading Curve method)
• British Method DOE method
• Mix design for pumpable concrete
• SP-23-1982
DESIGNING CONCRETE MIXTURES
Indian standard Recommended
method IS 10262 - 2019
CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING –IS CODE
GUIDELINES
It is aimed at achieving the specified properties i.e.; workability of fresh
concrete, strength and durability requirements of hardened concrete at
specified age with maximum overall economy.
Requirements of IS 456-2000 are also satisfied in the mix design process.
This method is suitable for ordinary and standard grade mixes having
maximum 28 days compressive strength up to 55MPa and a workability
slump range of 25to 125mm.
DATA REQUIRED FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
The following data required for Concrete Mix Design as per IS Code of particular
grade of concrete.
Grade designation;
Type of cement, and grade of cement (if applicable);
Maximum nominal size of aggregate;
Minimum cement/cementitious materials content and maximum water
cement/cementitious materials ratio to be adopted;
or
Exposure conditions as per Table 3 and Table 5 of IS 456;
Workability required at the time of placement;
Transportation time;
DATA REQUIRED FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
Method of placing;
Degree of site control (good/fair) or value of established standard deviation, if any;
Type of coarse aggregate (angular/sub-angular/ gravel with some crushed
particles/rounded gravel/manufactured coarse aggregate);
Type of fine aggregate (natural sand/ crushed stone or gravel sand/manufactured
sand/ mixed sand);
Maximum cement content;
Whether a chemical admixture shall or shall not be used and the type of chemical
admixture and the extent of use;
Whether a mineral admixture shall or shall not be used and the type of mineral
admixture and the extent of use; and
Any other specific requirement like early age strength requirements.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Steps
Step 1: Calculate Target Mean Strength of Concrete:
Step 2: Selection of Water-Cement Ration:
Step 3: Estimation of Air Content:
Step 4: Selections of Water Content and Admixture Content:
Step 5: Estimation of Cement Content:
Step 6: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Proportion:
Step 7: Mix Calculation for 1 m³:
Step 8: Weight of Materials for 1 Bag ( 50 kg) Bag of Cement:
Concrete Mix Design Calculation as per IS
Code for M20 Grade of Concrete
Step-1: Calculate Target Mean Strength of Concrete:
In order that not more than the specified proportion of test results are likely to fall below
the characteristic strength, the concrete mix has to be proportioned for higher target
mean compressive strength f ’ck.
The Target mean characteristic strength is given by the following relation:
f’ck = fck + 1.65 S Or f’ck = fck + X whichever is higher.
where,
f’ck = Target mean strength (compressive) at end of 28 days, in N/mm2;
fck = characteristic strength (compressive) at end of 28 days, in N/mm2;
S = standard deviation, in N/mm2 (see 4.2.1); and
X = Factor as per Grade of Concrete, as per Table 1.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Designing Concrete Mixtures
For M -20 Grade of Concrete,
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Target Mean Compressive Strength (f’ck) = fck + 1.65 S
= 20 + 1.65 x 4 (S = 4.0 for M – 20)
= 26.6 N/mm²
Target Mean Strength ( f’ck) = fck+ X
= 20 + 5.5
= 25.5 N/mm² Always select higher value.
Therefore, for M-20 grade of concrete we will try to achieve 26.6 N/mm² strength.
Step- 2 Selection of Water-Cement Ration
It is stated for concrete mix design as per is code that in general different types of
cement, aggregates of various maximum size and supplementary cementitious
materials, grading, surface texture, shape and other characteristics may produce
concrete of different compressive strength for the same free water-cement ratio.
Therefore, Proper relationship between water-cement ratio and strength of
concrete should preferably be established for the materials actually to be used.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
In case such data not available, related water-cement ratio (by mass) (w/c)
corresponding to the compressive strength at 28 days may be selected from the
relationship shown in Fig.1, for the expected 28 days strength of cement.
So, for M – 20 Grade of concrete,
we have target mean strength
26.66 N/mm² and we have OPC –
53 grade of cement.
As per our cement grade OPC - 53,
we have to follow Curve 3.
From graph, for 26.66 N/mm²
concrete strength at 28 days
bisect the curve 3 at 0.62 free
water-cement ratio.
Curve 1 = 33 grade cement
Curve 2 = 43 grade cement
Curve 3 = 53 grade cement
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Where supplementary cementitious
materials are used, that is, mineral
admixtures, the water cementitious
materials ratio (w/cm) shall be
calculated, in accordance
with Table 5 of IS 456 and this w/c
shall be as per Table 3 and Table 5
of IS 456 or as specified.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Designing Concrete Mixtures
So, we select water cement ratio for
M- 20 grade of concrete is 0.55.
So, suggestion is to select a higher water-
cement ratio for your concrete grade.
(Higher means, for M -20 grade of
concrete IS code indicates 0.62, select less
that is 0.55)
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Step – 3 Estimation of Air Content:
The approximate volume of entrapped air content to be expected in normal (non-air-
entrained) concrete is given in Table 3.
We have nominal maximum size of aggregate 20 mm.
From above table approximate air content as percentage of volume of concrete 1 %.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Step – 4 Selections of Water Content and Admixture Content:
The water content in concrete is generally affected by various factors, such as
aggregate size, aggregate shape, aggregate texture, workability, water-
cement ratio, cement and other supplementary cementitious materials type
and content, chemical admixture and environmental conditions.
As aggregate maximum size increases, a reduction in water-cement ratio and
slump, and the use of rounded aggregate and water reducing admixture will
reduce the water demand.
On another side, if the cement content, slump, water-cement ratio, aggregate
angularity, temperature, and a decrease in the proportion of the coarse
aggregate to fine aggregate will increase water demand.
The amount of water content per unit volume of concrete may be determined
from Table 4.
The water content given in Table 4 is for angular coarse aggregate and for 50
mm slump.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
The water content given in Table 4 can be
reduced by approximately 10 kg for sub-
angular aggregates, 15 kg for gravel with
some crushed particles and 20 kg for
rounded gravel to produce same
workability.
So, if required more workability means
slump value more than 50 mm, the
required water content may be increased
or decreased by about 3 percent for
each increase or decrease of 25 mm
slump or may be established by trial.
We have nominal maximum size of
aggregate 20 mm.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
From above table the water content for nominal maximum size of
aggregate is 186 kg (Liter). (Slump 50 mm)
We want to increase slump up to 100 mm. so we have to increase it twice by 25
mm.
As per IS code we have increase water by about 3 percent for every additional 25
mm slump so here estimated water content for 100 mm slump.
For one 25 mm (3%) and second 25 mm (3%). Total increase in water
content is 6% Note: Increase Water Content as per for
= 186 + 186x(6/100) following.
Increase in Water
Slump Value
= 197.16 Liters in %
For 75 mm slump increase 3% 50 mm –
, for 100 mm increase 6% , 75 mm 3%
increase 9 % for 125 mm
100 mm 6%
slump, increase 12 % for 150
mm slump & increase 15 % 125 mm 9%
for 175 mm slump. 150 mm 12%
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Step – 5: Estimation of Cement Content:
We have water content and water-cement ration. So, from this data we can calculate
cement content for concrete,
Water-Cement Ratio = 0.55
Water / Cement = 0.55
197.16 / Cement = 0.55
Cement = 197.16/0.55
Cement = 358.48 Kg.
From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for ‘moderate’ exposure
conditions is 300 kg/m³ but taken 358.48 kg/m³ > 300 kg/m³ hence ok.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Step – 6: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Proportion:
It is essential to use the specified nominal maximum size, type and grading
will produce concrete of satisfactory workability when a given volume of
coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate is used.
Approximate values for this aggregate volume are given in Table 5 for a
water-cement / water cementitious materials ratio of 0.5, which may be
suitably adjusted for other ratios, the proportion of volume of coarse
aggregates to that of total aggregates is increased at the rate of 0.01 for
every decrease in water-cement/cementitious materials ratio by 0.05 and
decreased at the rate of 0.01 for each increase in water-cement ratio by
0.05.
Sometimes, it is required more workable concrete such when placement is
by pump or when the concrete is required to be worked around congested
reinforcing steel. In such a case, it is desirable to reduce estimated coarse
aggregate content determined using Table 5 up to 10 percent.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
We have maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm and which confirming the
zone – II.
As per Table 5 of IS 10262:2019 volume of coarse aggregate for 20 mm nominal
size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone II) for having water-cement ratio of 0.50 =
0.62 (Table 5)
Designing Concrete Mixtures
In the present case, the water-cement ratio is 0.55. Therefore, the volume of
coarse aggregate is required to be decreased to increased the fine aggregate
content.
As the water-cement ratio is higher by 0.05. the proportion of the volume of coarse
aggregate is decreased by 0.0055 (at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in
the water-cement ratio).
= 0.05/0.05 = 1 % decrease in coarse aggregate content = 0.62 – 0.01
= 0.62 – 0.01 = 0.61
Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water-
cement ratio of 0.55 = 0.61 or pumpable concrete these values should be reduced
up to 10%.
Therefore, Coarse aggregate Volume =0.61 x 0.9 =0.549
Fine Aggregate Volume = 1 – 0.549 = 0.451
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Step – 7 Mix Calculation for 1 m³:
Material quantity calculation for concrete mix design as per IS Code – 10262 :
2019,
A) Volume of concrete = 1 m³
B) Volume of Air Content wet concrete = 0.01m³
C) Volume of cement = [Mass of cement] / {[Specific Gravity of Cement] x 1000}
= 358.48/{3.15 x 1000} = 0.114 m³
D) Volume of water = [Mass of water] / {[Specific Gravity of water] x 1000}
= 197.15/{1 x 1000} = 0.197 m³
E) Volume of all in aggregate = [(A-B)-(C+D)]
= [(1-0.01)-(0.114+0.197)]= 0.99-0.311 = 0.679 m³
Designing Concrete Mixtures
F) Weight of coarse aggregate= E x Coarse Aggregate Volume x Specific Gravity of
coarse Aggregate x 1000
= 0.679 x 0.549 x 2.795 x 1000 = 1041.89 kg/m³
G) Weight of fine aggregate= E x Volume of Fine Aggregate x Specific Gravity of
Fine Aggregate x 1000
= 0.679 x 0.451 x 2.517 x 1000 = 770.77 kg/m³
MIX Proportion for 1 m3 of concrete:
Cement = 358.48 kg/m³
Water = 197.15 Liter/m³
Fine aggregate = 770.77 kg/m³
Coarse aggregate 20 mm = 1041.89 x 60 %= 625.13 kg/m³
Coarse aggregate 10 mm = 1041.89 x 40 %= 416.75 kg/m³
Water-cement ratio = 0.55
Ratio : Cement : FA : CA = 358.48:770.77:1041.89
Ratio = 1:2.15:2.90 with w/c ratio = 0.55
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Weight of Materials for 1 Bag ( 50 kg) Bag of Cement:
We know that volume of 50 kg bag of cement is 0.035 m³. so if we divide
weight of cement for by volume of 1 bag of cement we will get number of bags
of cement required for making 1 cubic meter of concrete.
Ratio = 1:2.15:2.90 with w/c ratio = 0.55
Cement = 50 kg
FA(sand) = 50 x 2.15 = 107.50 kg
CA = 50 x 2.90 = 145 kg
w/c ratio = 0.55, water = 0.55 x 50 = 27.5 liters
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Ratio = 1:2.15:2.90 with w/c ratio = 0.55
The ratio will be the first trial of testing.
With the above ration cast the cubes and test for compressive strength.
If the strength achieved is more or less than the target strength, then adopt
certain corrections in the ratio and then cast them or second trial
These corrections(trials) are made until the we achieve the strength near to the
target strength.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
American Concrete Institute
Method of Mix Design (ACI–211.1)
ACI PRC-211.1-91: Standard Practice
for Selecting Proportions for Normal,
Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Design procedure
Selection of slump
Selection of maximum aggregate size
Determination of Mixing water and air content
Computation of Target mean strength
Selection of w/c ratio
Determination of cement content
Determination of Coarse aggregate
Determination of Fine aggregate
Adjustments in field.
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Designing Concrete Mixtures
Sl. No Property Value
1 Mix M30
2 Specific gravity of CA 2.7
3 Specific gravity of FA 2.65
4 Density of CA 1600 kg/m3
5 Fineness modulus of FA 2.80
6 Cement OPC type1
7 Moisture for CA 1%
8 Moisture for FA 2%
9 Size of CA 20mm
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Designing Concrete Mixtures
Designing Concrete Mixtures
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Designing Concrete Mixtures
Ingradients Cement Fine Coarse Water Chemicals
aggregate aggregate
Quantity 394 784 992 185 Nil
(kg/m3)
Ratio 1 1.99 2.52 0.47 Nil
One bag of 50 99.5 126 23.5 Nil
cement
(50kg)
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