IT PROJECT FILE
CLASS – XI
NAME – NITIN
CLASS - XI TH
STUDENT ID – 20220292950
ROLL NO. - 31
Information Technology (Class XI)
Project file
1. State Different Network Devices (with diagram)
MODEM
A modem (modulator–demodulator) converts digital
signals from a computer into analog signals that can
travel over telephone or cable lines, and converts them
back to digital on the receiving end. It enables Internet
access over ISP lines and may include error correction
and basic security.
REPEATER
A repeater regenerates and amplifies weak or distorted
signals in a network so that data can travel longer
distances without loss. It operates at the Physical layer
and does not inspect frames or addresses.
HUB
A hub is a basic multiport repeater that broadcasts
incoming frames to all ports. It works at the Physical
layer, has no traffic filtering, and can cause collisions in
older half‑duplex Ethernet.
SWITCH
A switch connects multiple devices within a LAN and
forwards frames only to the destination port using MAC
address tables. It reduces collisions, supports full‑duplex
links, and often provides VLANs and port security.
BRIDGE
A bridge connects and filters traffic between two LAN
segments by learning MAC addresses. It reduces
unnecessary traffic and can extend a network across
segments.
ROUTER
A router interconnects different networks (e.g., a LAN
and the Internet) and forwards packets based on IP
addresses. It chooses best paths, performs Network
Address Translation (NAT), and can enforce access
control lists.
GATEWAY
A gateway connects networks that use different protocols
or architectures (e.g., TCP/IP to legacy systems). It
performs protocol translation and application‑level
mediation.
2. Different Types of Topology :-
BUS TOPOLOGY
All devices connect to a single central cable (the bus).
Simple and low cost but a bus failure can stop the entire
network. Performance degrades as more devices share
the bus.
STAR TOPOLOGY
All nodes connect to a central hub/switch. Easy to install
and manage; a node failure does not affect others, but
the central device is a single point of failure.
RING TOPOLOGY
Each node is connected to two neighbors forming a
circle. Data travels in one direction (or both in
dual‑ring). Predictable performance but failure in a
single link can impact the ring.
MESH TOPOLOGY
Each node connects to many or all other nodes. Offers
high reliability and multiple paths but has higher cabling
cost and complexity.
TREE TOPOLOGY
A hierarchical combination of star and bus segments.
Scalable and structured; a problem near the root can
affect lower branches.
3 Describe Different Types of Networks
LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small area such as a room, lab, building or campus;
high speed; typically owned and managed by a single organization.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Spans a city or large campus; interconnects multiple
LANs using high‑speed links.
WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographical areas across cities/countries (e.g.,
the Internet). Uses leased lines, fiber, satellites; lower speed than LANs.
PAN (Personal Area Network): Very small range around a person (e.g., Bluetooth, USB
tethering). Connects phones, wearables, and peripherals.
VAN (Value Added Network): Privately managed network services offering messaging, EDI,
and other enhanced functions for
4. Draw
the Block Diagram of a Computer and their types
BLOCK DIAGRAM (INPUT → CPU → OUTPUT +
STORAGE)
A computer processes input data to produce output.
The CPU contains the Control Unit (CU) that directs
operations, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that
performs calculations and logic, and Main Memory
for current instructions/data. Secondary storage
holds data/programs permanently.
Types of Computers :-
● Analog Computers – Work with continuous physical quantities; used in specialized
control and measurement.
● Digital Computers – Process discrete/binary data; general‑purpose systems used in
offices, schools, and homes.
● Hybrid Computers – Combine analog front‑end measurement with digital processing for
speed and accuracy.
5. Five Input Devices and Five Output Devices :-
KEYBOARD
Primary text input device with keys for
letters, numbers, and functions. Used for
entering commands and data accurately.
MOUSE
Pointing device to control on‑screen pointer. Supports
click, double‑click, drag‑and‑drop, and scrolling.
SCANNER
Captures images/text from paper documents and
converts them into digital format (JPEG, PDF) for
storage/editing.
MICROPHONE
Converts sound into digital signals for voice input, calls, and
speech recognition.
WEBCAM
Captures live video/images for video conferencing,
streaming, and face authentication.
Output Devices
MONITOR
Displays visual output from the computer. Common
types include LCD/LED with resolutions like Full HD and
4K.
PRINTER
Produces hard copies. Types include inkjet and laser;
supports color/monochrome and different page sizes.
SPEAKER
Converts digital audio into sound for music, videos,
alerts, and accessibility.
PROJECTOR
Projects the computer screen onto a larger surface for
presentations and classrooms.
PLOTTER
Produces high‑precision large drawings/graphics,
commonly used in CAD and engineering.
