Chapter

-
1
Introduction To
Computer SystemVisit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma
PGT(CS) KV OEF Kanpur
Introduction to Computer
Computer isanadvanced electronic device that takes raw
data asinput from theuser and processes these data under
thecontrol ofsetofinstructions (called program) and gives
theresult (output) andsaves output forthefuture use.
Acomputer isacombination ofhardware and
software resources which integrate together and provides
various functionalities totheuser.Hardware arethephysical
components ofacomputer like the processor, memory
devices, monitor, keyboard etc.while software isthesetof
programs orinstructions that arerequired bythehardware
resources toperform various operations asper the
requirement ofusers .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
Kanpur
Introduction to ComputerVisit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
Kanpur
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING DEVICE
First Generation (1940 -56):
The first generation computers used vacuum tubes &
machine language was used forgiving the instructions .These
computers were large insize &their programming was difficult task.
The electricity consumption was very high.Some computers ofthis
generation areENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC &UNIVAC -1.
Inthis generation, mainly batch processing
operating system was used .Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic
tape was used asinput and output devices .The computers inthis
generation used machine code astheprogramming language .Visit python4csip.com for more
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Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
Kanpur
Second Generation (1956 -63):
In2ndgeneration computers, vacuum tubes were replaced by
transistors .They required only 1/10ofpower required by
tubes .This generation computers generated less heat &were
reliable .The first operating system developed inthis
generation .IBM 1620 ,IBM 7094 ,CDC 1604 aretheexamples
ofthisgenerations computers .
In2ndgeneration, magnetic cores were used
astheprimary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks
assecondary storage devices .
Inthis generation, assembly language and high -level
programming languages likeFORTRAN, COBOL were used .The
computers used batch processing and multiprogramming
operating system .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
Kanpur
Third Generation (1964 -71):
The 3rdgeneration computers replaced transistors with
Integrated circuit known aschip.From Small scale integrated
circuits which had 10 transistors per chip, technology
developed toMSI circuits with 100 transistors perchip.These
computers were smaller, faster &more reliable .High level
languages invented inthisgeneration .
The ICwas invented by Jack Kilby .This
development made computers smaller insize, reliable, and
efficient .Inthis generation remote processing, time -sharing,
multiprogramming operating system were used .High -level
languages (FORTRAN -IITOIV,COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,BASIC,
ALGOL -68etc.)were used during this generation .IBM-360
series, Honeywell -6000 aresome examples ofcomputers in3rd
generation ..Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
Kanpur
Fourth Generation (1972 -1980 ):
LSI &VLSI were used inthis generation .Asaresult
microprocessors came into existence .Thecomputers using this
technology known tobeMicro Computer .High capacity hard
disk were invented .There isgreat development indata
communication .
Fourth generation computers became
more powerful, compact, reliable, andaffordable .Asaresult, it
gave rise toPersonal Computer (PC) revolution .Inthis
generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed
operating system were used .Allthehigh -level languages like
C,C++, DBASE etc.,were used inthisgeneration .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
Kanpur
Fifth Generation (1980 -Present &Beyond) :
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence, arestill indevelopment, though there aresome
applications, such asvoice recognition, that arebeing used
today .The useofparallel processing and superconductors is
helping tomake artificial intelligence areality .Quantum
computation and molecular and nanotechnology willradically
change theface ofcomputers inyears tocome .
Some computer types of this generation are −
Desktop
Laptop
Note Book
Ultra BookVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER SYSTEMVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
Inthe above diagram, both control (control unit or
CU) and arithmetic &logic unit (ALU) combinely called
asCentral Processing Unit (CPU) .
Let's describe about allthe parts asincluded inthe above
diagram onebyone.
TheProcessor Unit (CPU)
Itisthebrain ofthecomputer system .Allmajor calculation
and comparisons are made inside the CPU and itisalso
responsible foractivation and controlling the operation of
other unit.
This unit consists oftwo major components, that arearithmetic
logic unit (ALU) andcontrol unit (CU) .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Arithmetic logic unit performs allarithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division .Italso uses
logic operation forcomparison like comparison ordecision
making (>,<,<=,>=,=etc.).
Control Unit (CU)
Thecontrol unit ofaCPU controls theentire operation ofthe
computer .Italso controls alldevices such asmemory,
input/output devices connected totheCPU.
CUfetches instructions from memory, decodes theinstruction,
interprets the instruction toknow what the task aretobe
performed and sends suitable control signals tothe other
components toperform forthenecessary steps toexecute the
instruction .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
Input/Output Unit
The input/output unit consists ofdevices used totransmit
information between the external world and computer
memory .
The information fed through the input unit isstored in
computer's memory forprocessing and thefinal result stored
inmemory canberecorded ordisplay ontheoutput medium .
Memory unit
Itisanessential component ofadigital computer .Itiswhere
alldata intermediate and find results arestored .Thedata read
from the main storage oraninput unit aretransferred to
the computer's memory where they are available for
processing .This memory unit isused tohold theinstructions
tobeexecuted anddata tobeprocesses .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
Primary Memory :
Primary memory has direct link with input unit and output
unit.Itstores theinput data, intermediate calculation ,result .
Secondary Memory :
The primary storage isnotable tostore data permanently for
future use.Sosome other types ofstorage technology is
required tostore the data permanently forlong time, itis
called secondary orauxiliary memory .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
KanpurInput & Output Device
Input Device :
Input devices arethose devices which help toenter data into
computer system .E.g.Keyboad ,Mouse, Touchscreen, Barcode
Reader, Scanner, MICR, OMR etc.
BarCode Reader MICR used inBank OMR
KEYBOARD :Thisisthemost c ommon input device which u s e san
arrangement ofbuttons orkeys.Inakeyboard each press ofakey
typically corresponds toasingle written symbol .However some symbols
require pressing andholding several keyssimultaneously orinsequence .
While most keyboard keysproduce letters, numbers orcharacters, other
keys orsimultaneous keypresses can produce actions orcomputer
commands .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
KanpurMouse :
Acomputer mouse (plural mice ormouses )isahand -
held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion
relative toasurface .This motion istypically translated into the
motion ofapointer onadisplay, which allows asmooth
control ofthegraphical user interface ofacomputer .
Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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KanpurScanner :
Scanner isadevice thatoptically s c a n s
images ,printed text, handwriting, oran
object ,andconverts ittodigital image .
JOYSTICK :
Ajoystick isaninput device consisting ofastick
thatpivots onabaseandreports itsangle or
direction tothedevice itiscontrolling .
Many people u s ejoysticks oncomputer games involving flight s u c has
flight simulator .
Joysticks areoften usedtocontrol video games, andusually have one
ormore push-buttons whose state canalsoberead bythecomputer
Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
KanpurOutput Device :
Output devices are those devices which help to display the
processed information. Eg. Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Projector
etc.
PRINTER:
Printer produces result on the paper.
T h e r e are various types of printers available in the market :
DOT MATRIX PRINTER:
Uses ribbon and hammer technology.
Its quality is not very good. It prints by making the object using
small dots.Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
INKJET PRINTER:
It creates a digital image by propelling
droplets of ink onto the paper.
LASERJET PRINTER :
They
uses
laser
technology
to
print
documents
.
It
produce
high
quality
printing
at
very
high
speed
.Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
MONITOR
➢Itistheprimary output device where we
seetheoutput .Itlooks likeTV.
➢Itisalso known asVDU(Visual Display Unit) .
➢Itsdisplay may beintheform ofCRT
LED, LCD.
1.CRT(CATHODE RAY TUBE)
2.LCD(LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
3.LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
MEMORY UNITS: Memory is used to store the data for later
reference. The smallest unit is bit, which mean either 0 or 1.
❑1 bit = 0 or 1
❑1 Byte = 8 bits
❑1 Nibble = 4 bits
❑1 Kilo Byte = 1024 Byte= 210Byte
❑1 Mega Byte = 1024 KB= 210KB
❑1 Giga Byte = 1024 MB= 210MB
❑1 Tera Byte = 1024 GB= 210GB
❑1 Peta Byte =1024 TB= 210TB
❑1 ExaByte =1024 PB= 210PB
❑1 Zetta Byte = 1024 EB= 210EB
❑1 Yotta Byte = 1024 ZB= 210ZBVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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PRIMARY MEMORYVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
SECONDARY MEMORY
The primary storage isnotable tostore data permanently for
future use.Sosome other types ofstorage technology is
required tostore the data permanently forlong time, itis
called secondary orauxiliary storage .
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY STORAGEVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
DATA DELETION AND ITS RECOVERY ,
SECURITY CONCERN
You canconveniently delete personal data stored incomputer
system, survey responses, tickets, and contacts, nomatter
where thedata originated .
Examples ofreasons fordeleting thedata are:
❑Freeing thedisk space
❑Removing duplicate orunnecessary data toavoid confusion
❑Making sensitive information unavailable toothers
❑Removing anoperating system orblanking ahard driveVisit python4csip.com for more
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Kanpur
DATA RECOVERY
❑incomputing, data recovery isaprocess ofsalvaging
(retrieving) inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged or
formatted data from secondary storage and removable
media orfiles, when the data stored inthem cannot be
accessed inanormal way.
❑The most common data recovery scenario involves an
operating system failure, malfunction ofastorage device,
logical failure ofstorage devices, accidental damage or
deletion, etc.(typically, onasingle -drive, single -partition,
single -OSsystem), inwhich case theultimate goal issimply
tocopy allimportant files from the damaged media to
another new drive .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
Kanpur
COMPUTER SECURITY
❑Itisalso known as ITsecurity, isthe protection of
information systems from theft ordamage tothehardware,
thesoftware, and totheinformation onthem, aswell as
from disruption ormisdirection oftheservices they provide .
❑Itincludes controlling physical access tothehardware, as
well asprotecting against harm that may come vianetwork
access, data and code injection, and due tomalpractice by
operators, whether intentional, accidental, ordue tothem
being tricked into deviating from secure procedures .Visit python4csip.com for more
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Kanpur
CONCERNS OF COMPUTER SECURITY
Computer Security is concerned with four main areas:
1. Confidentiality: -Only authorized users can access the data resources
and information.
2. Integrity: -Only authorized users should be able to modify the data
when needed.
3. Availability: -Data should be available to users when needed.
4. Authentication: -are you really communicating with whom you think
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Kanpur
SOFTWARE AND ITS TYPE
SOFTWARE :Software ,simply arethecomputer programs .The
instructions given tothecomputer intheform ofaprogram is
called Software .Software isthesetofprograms, which are
used fordifferent purposes .Alltheprograms used incomputer
toperform specific task iscalled Software .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr . Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF
Kanpur
TYPES OF SOFTWAREVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The system software isacollection ofprograms designed to
operate, control, and extend theprocessing capabilities ofthe
computer itself .
These software products comprise ofprograms
written inlow-level languages, which interact with the
hardware atavery basic level .System software serves asthe
interface between thehardware andtheendusers .
Some examples ofsystem software areOperating
System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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OPERATING SYSTEMVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
SINGLE USER OS:Asthe name implies, this operating
system isdesigned tomanage thecomputer sothat oneuser can
effectively doonething atatime .
MULTI USER OS:Amulti -user operating system (OS) isa
computer system that allows multiple users that areondifferent
computers to access asingle system's OS resources
simultaneously .
MULTI TASKING OS:Multitasking, isanoperating system,
that allows auser to perform more than one
computer task (such asthemultiple operation ofanapplication
program) atatime .The operating system isable tokeep track
ofwhere you areinthese tasks and gofrom one totheother
without losing information .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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KanpurMULTI PROCESSING OS:Multiprocessing is
sometimes used to refer to the execution
ofmultiple concurrent processes inasystem .Aprogram in
execution iscalled process .
EMBEDDED OS:Embedded Operating System isan
Embedded System’s Operating System .Embedded Systems
areaspecially designed computer system that essentially
contains software and hardware for performing specific
tasks .Mobile Phones, Laptops, Cameras, Washing Machines,
ATMS, and Hair Straightener etcareexamples ofembedded
operating sytem .
REAL TIME OS:Itisused tocontrol machinery, industrial
systems, scientific instruments ,tasks where time deadlines may
beforced toexecute atask.Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
LANGUAGE PROCESSOR
We generally write acomputer program using ahigh -level
language .Ahigh -level language isone that isunderstandable
byus,humans .This iscalled source code .
However, acomputer does not understand
high -level language .Itonly understands theprogram written
in0'sand1'sinbinary, called themachine code .
Toconvert source code into machine code, weuse either
acompiler oraninterpreter .Compiler, Interpreter areknown
aslanguage processor .Both compilers and interpreters are
used toconvert aprogram written inahigh -level language
into machine code understood bycomputers .However, there
aredifferences between how aninterpreter and acompiler
works .Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPILER AND INTERPRETERVisit python4csip.com for more
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software products are designed tosatisfy a
particular need ofaparticular environment .Allsoftware
prepared inthecomputer labmay come under thecategory of
Application software .
Examples ofApplication software arethefollowing −
❑Payroll Software
❑Student Record Software
❑Inventory Management Software
❑Income TaxSoftware
❑Railways Reservation Software
❑Microsoft Office Suite Software
❑Microsoft Word, Microsoft ExcelVisit python4csip.com for more updates
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Kanpur
UTILITY SOFTWARE
Utility software isdesigned toaidinanalyzing, optimizing,
configuring and maintaining acomputer system .Itsupports
thecomputer infrastructure .This software focuses onhow an
OSfunctions and then accordingly itdecides itstrajectory to
smoothen the functioning ofthe system .Software’s like
antiviruses, disk cleanup &management tools, compression
tools, defragmenters, etcareallutility tools .Some examples of
utility tools are:
K7Antivirus, WinRAR, WinZip etc.Visit python4csip.com for more updates
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