HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

1. INTRODUCTION
A pavement structure is a layer structure which supports the vehicle load on its surface and

transfers the load to the sub grade without exceeding either the strength of the sub grade

or the internal strength of the pavement itself.

The basic idea in building a pavement for all weather use by vehicles is to prepare a suitable

sub grade, provide necessary drainage and construct a pavement that will:

Have sufficient total thickness and internal strength to carry expected traffic loads

and distribute them over the sub grade soil without overstressing.

Have adequate properties to prevent or minimize the penetration or internal

accumulation of moisture.

Have a surface that is reasonably smooth and skid resistant to wear, distortion and

deterioration by vehicle loads and weather.

A flexible pavement is one which has low flexural strength and the load is largely

transmitted to the sub grade soil through the lateral distribution of stresses with increasing

depth. Therefore the pavement thickness is designed such that the stresses on the sub

grade soil are kept within its bearing capacity and the sub grade is prevented from excessive

deformation.

2. THE DESIGN PROCESS

There are three main steps to be followed in designing a new road pavement. These are:

I. Estimating the amount of traffic and the cumulative number of equivalent standard

axles that will use the road over the selected design life. As the road from Modjo to

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Hawassa is a Trunck Road its is recommended in ERA Manual Design that Trunck Roads

shall be designed for 20 years design period.

II. Assessing the strength of the sub grade soil over which the road is to be built.

III. Selecting the most economical combination of pavement materials and layer

thicknesses that will provide satisfactory service over the design life of the pavement.

3. AVERAGE ANNUAL DAILY TRAFFIC (AADT)

AADT is an average annual daily traffic which is the total annual traffic in both directions

divided by 365 days. AADTs of several years are used in determining traffic growth rate over

the design period.

4. GROWTH RATE

Growth rate is calculated from AADT’s conducted over 10 successive years as follows:

5. LEAN DISTRIBUTION FACTOR (P)

For two lane highways, the lane in each direction is the design lane, so the lane distribution

factor (P) for our road is 100%.

6. DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION FACTOR (D)

In the road from Modjo to Hawassa, the directional variation in total traffic volume is not

significant. Therefore directional distribution factor (D) selected is 50%.

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

7. DESIGN PERIOD SELECTION

The design period is selected to be 20 years. This is because our road is a trunk road and

recommended design period for such a road is 20 years according to ERA Design Manual.

8. CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OF TRAFFIC IN ONE DIRECTION OVER

DESIGN PERIOD

Car = 365 P D AADT1

Bus = 365 P D AADT1

Truck = 365 P D AADT1

Truck = 365 P D AADT1

Truck Trailer = 365 P D AADT1

9. TRUCK FACTORS (TF)

Truck factors for the samples of vehicles counted and axle load survey conducted are given.

The given TF from Modjo to Hawassa and back from Hawassa to Modjo are not the same

for each vehicle class. Average of the given TF from Modjo to Hawassa and from Hawassa

to Modjo is taken as TF for each vehicle class as follows.

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

VEHICLE TRACK FACTOR

LEAN SECTION
MODLE (TF)

Car 0.045

Bus 1.353
Modjo - Meki
Truck 0.308

Truck trailer 9.516

Car 0.50

Bus 0.81
Meki - Ziway
Truck 0.986

Truck trailer 2.969

Modjo - Hawassa
Car 0.039

Bus 1.641
Ziway - Shashemene
Truck 1.582

Truck trailer 15.933

Car 0.0271

Bus 1.289
Shashemene- Hawassa
Truck 1.176

Truck trailer 12.385

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

VEHICLE TRACK FACTOR

LEAN SECTION
MODLE (TF)

Car 0.0308

Bus 0.918
Hawassa - Shashemene
Truck 0.680

Truck trailer 2.240

Car 0.385

Bus 0.950
Shashemene - Ziway
Truck 1.007

Truck trailer 3.397

Hawassa - Modjo
Car 0.036

Ziway - Meki Bus 0.422

Truck 1.866

Truck trailer 7.230

Car 0.024

Meki - Modjo Bus 1.190

Truck 0.411

Truck trailer 7.955

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

10. SUB GRADE CBR

Subgrade
Chainage Subgrade Strength
Road section CBR percentile Design CBR
class
(Km) %
3 7 100
8 30 75
12 33 50
Modjo - Meki 15 34 25 16.2 S5
20 14 100
25 27 66.67
30 55 33.33 17.9 S5
34 7 100
38.1 31 66.67
44 34 33.33 14.2 S4
49 24 100
55.5 25 75
Meki - Ziway 57.78 45 50
63.5 51 25 24.4 S5
70.5 8 100
75 17 66.67
78 52 33.33 10.7 S4
85 7 100
88 17 66.67
95 32 33.33 10 S4
100 45 100
107 47 66.67
126 51 33.33 45.6 S6
Ziway - Shashemene 133 29 100
140 34 75
147 45 50
154 69 25 31 S6
161 28 100
168 45 66.67
175 47 33.33 33.1 S6
182 11 100
Shashemene- Hawassa 189 33 66.67
196 35 33.33 17.6 S5

Distance in km
Ziway- Shashemene-
Mdojo-Meki Meki-Ziway
Shashemene Hawassa
30 55 86 25

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

11. GROWTH RATE (𝒓𝒏 ) 11.2 SHASHEMENE - HAWASSA

𝒙 100% = - 6.14%
1146 − 1221
𝑟1 = 1221
11.1 MODJO- SHASHEMENE
𝒙 100% = - 4.62%
1093 −1146
𝑟2 =
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 1146
𝑟𝑛 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝒙 100% = 16.56%
1274 − 1093
𝑟3 =
1093
𝒙 100% = 13.85%
1208 − 1061
𝑟1 = 1061
𝒙 100% = - 1.88%
1250 − 1274
𝑟4 = 1274
𝒙 100% = - 4.3%
1156 −1208
𝑟2 = 1208
𝒙 100% = 5.12%
1314 − 1250
𝑟5 = 1250
𝒙 100% = 18.17%
1366 − 1156
𝑟3 = 1156
𝒙 100% = - 1.07%
1300 − 1314
𝑟6 = 1314
𝒙 100% = 7.25%
1465 − 1366
𝑟4 =
1366
𝒙 100% = 27.69%
1660 − 1300
𝑟7 = 1300
𝒙 100% = 4.30%
1528 − 1465
𝑟5 = 1465
𝒙 100% = - 0.78%
1647 − 1660
𝑟8 = 1660
𝒙 100% = 21.73%
1860 − 1528
𝑟6 = 1528
𝒙 100% = 34.18%
2210 − 1647
𝑟9 = 1647
𝒙 100% = - 4.95%
1768 − 1860
𝑟7 = 1860
= 7.67%
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 + 𝑟4 + 𝑟5 + 𝑟6 + 𝑟7 + 𝑟8 + 𝑟9
r= 9
𝒙 100% = 13.18%
2001 − 1768
𝑟8 = 1768

𝒙 100% = 12.09%
2243 − 2001
𝑟9 = 2001

= 9.04%
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 + 𝑟4 + 𝑟5 + 𝑟6 + 𝑟7 + 𝑟8 + 𝑟9
r= 9

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Summary of AADT from Consultant’s traffic count October 2008. Trucks =

1625
+ 28.50 = 841
2
VEHICLE
ZEWAY- SHASHAMENE 1625
MODJO -MEKI MEKI-ZEWAY
SHASHAMENE -HAWASSA
Truck Trailers = + 28.50 = 841
2
CATHEGORY

12.2. MEKI – ZEWAY

163
Cars 956 781 1038 638 Distributions of others cars = = 40.75
4

Buses 1061 678 571 369

Cars = 781 + 40.75 = 822
Trucks & Trailers 1625 1442 977 653
Buses = 678 + 40.75 = 718
Others 114 163 222 487
1442
Total AADT 3756 3064 2808 2147
Trucks = + 40.75 = 762
2

1442
Truck Trailers = + 40.75 = 762
2
Now, let us distribute vehicle category ‘others’ to the Cars, Buses,
12.3 ZEWAY – SHASHEMENE
Trucks and Truck Trailers.
222
Distributions of others cars = = 55.50
12. ROAD SECTION 4

12.1 MODJO – MEKI Cars = 1038 + 55.50 = 1094

Distributions of others cars =

114
= 28.50 Buses = 571 + 55.50 = 626
4
977
Cars = 956 + 28.50 = 984 Trucks = + 55.50 = 544
2

977
Buses = 1061 + 28.50 = 1090 Truck Trailers = + 55.50 = 544
2

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

12.4 SHASHEMENE – HAWASSA 13. DESIGN OF ROAD SECTION

487
Distributions of others cars = = 121.75 13.1 MODJO – MEKI
4

Cars = 638 + 121.75 = 760 Step 1:

SELECTION OF DESIGN PERIOD

Buses = 369 + 121.75 = 491
653
Design period, N = 20(Recommended by ERA Manual for Trunk
Trucks = + 121.75 = 448 Road)
2

653
Truck Trailers = + 121.75 = 448 Step 2:
2

Initial volume of 2008 AADTo TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT

VEHICLE It is given.
MEKI- ZEWAY- SHASHAMENE-
MODJO -MEKI
ZEWAY SHASHAMENE HAWASSA
CATHEGORY
VEHICLE CATEGORY 2008 AADTo
Cars 984 822 1094 760
Cars 984
Buses 1090 718 626 491
Buses 1090
Trucks 841 762 544 448
Trucks 841
Trucks Trailers 841 762 544 448
Truck Trailers 841
Total AADTo 3756 3064 2808 2147

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 3: ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC VOLUME IN 2012

TRAFFIC FORECASTING ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC

VEHICLE CATEGORY
VOLUME IN 2012
Traffic Growth Rate = 9.04% 1276
Cars = 638
2
AADTO and Ti are given.
1413
Buses = 707
Assume the road is scheduled for 2012. 2

1090
VEHICLE Trucks = 545
2008 AADTo AADT1 2
CLASSIFICATION
1090
Truck Trailers = 545
Cars 984 984[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1276 2

Buses 1090 1090[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1413

Trucks 841 841[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1090 Step 4:

841[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1090
CUMMULATIVE TRAFFIC VOLUME ( Ti )
Truck Trailers 841

(1+𝑟𝑖 )𝑁 − 1
T𝐢 = 365 𝒙 P 𝒙 D 𝒙 AADTi[ ]
𝑟𝑖

N = Design period P = 100% D = 50%

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

VEHICLE CUMMULATIVE OF VEHICLES IN

CLASSIFICATION ONE DIRECTION OVER 20 YEARS
13.2 MEKI – MODJO
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Cars 365𝑥1𝒙638 [ ] = 11,967,271
0.0904
Step 1:
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Buses 365𝑥1𝒙707 [ ] = 13,261,537
0.0904 SELECTION OF DESIGN PERIOD
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Trucks 365𝑥1𝒙545 [ ] = 10,222,826 Design period, N = 20(Recommended by ERA Manual for Trunk
0.0904

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Road)
Truck Trailers 365𝑥1𝒙545 [ ] = 10,222,826
0.0904

Step 2:
Step 5:
TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT
CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OVER THE DESIGN PERIOD
(ESAS) It is given.

VEHICLE CUMULATIVE EQUIVALEN

106 ESAS
VEHICLE CATEGORY 2008 AADTo
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF VEHICLES T FACTOR

Cars 11,967,271 0.045 0.54

Cars 984

Buses 13,261,537 1.353 17.94 Buses 1090

Trucks 10,222,826 0.308 3.15 Trucks 841

Truck Trailers 10,222,826 9.516 97.28
Truck Trailers 841
CESAL 118.90
Step 3:

TRAFFIC FORECASTING
According to the ERA manual because the CESAL is greater 30, we
will take T8 for our design Traffic Growth Rate = 9.04%

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

AADTO and Ti are given. Step 4:

Assume the road is scheduled for 2012. CUMMULATIVE TRAFFIC VOLUME ( Ti )

VEHICLE (1+𝑟𝑖 )𝑁 − 1
2008 AADTo AADT1 T𝐢 = 365 𝒙 P 𝒙 D 𝒙 AADTi[ ]
CLASSIFICATION
𝑟𝑖
Cars 984 984[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1276
N = Design period P = 100% D = 50%
Buses 1090 1090[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1413
VEHICLE CUMMULATIVE OF VEHICLES IN
Trucks 841 841[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1090 CLASSIFICATION ONE DIRECTION OVER 20 YEARS

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Truck Trailers 841 841[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1090 Cars 365𝑥1𝒙638 [ ] = 11,967,271
0.0904

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Buses 365𝑥1𝒙707 [ ] = 13,261,537
0.0904

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC VOLUME IN 2012 (1+0.0904)20 − 1

Trucks 365𝑥1𝒙545 [ ] = 10,222,826
0.0904

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC

VEHICLE CATEGORY Truck Trailers 365𝑥1𝒙545 [
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
] = 10,222,826
VOLUME IN 2012 0.0904

1276
Cars = 638
2

1413
Buses = 707
2

1090
Trucks = 545
2

1090
Truck Trailers = 545
2

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 5: Step 2:

CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OVER THE DESIGN PERIOD TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT

(ESAS)
It is given.
VEHICLE CUMULATIVE EQUIVALEN
106 ESAS
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF VEHICLES T FACTOR VEHICLE CATEGORY 2008 AADTo
Cars 11,967,271 0.024 2.87
Cars 822
Buses 13,261,537 1.190 15.78
Buses 718
Trucks 10,222,826 0.411 4.20
Trucks 762
Truck Trailers 10,222,826 7.953 81.30

CESAL 104.15 Truck Trailers 762

According to the ERA manual because the CESAL is greater 30, we Step 3:
will take T8 for our design
TRAFFIC FORECASTING
13.3 MEKI – ZEWAY
Traffic Growth Rate = 9.04%
Step 1:
AADTO and Ti are given.
SELECTION OF DESIGN PERIOD
Assume the road is scheduled for 2012.
Design period, N = 20(Recommended by ERA Manual for Trunk
Road)

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

VEHICLE
2008 AADTo AADT1
Step 4:
CLASSIFICATION
CUMMULATIVE TRAFFIC VOLUME ( Ti )
Cars 822 822[1 + 0.0904]3 =1066

(1+𝑟𝑖 )𝑁 − 1
Buses 718 718[1 + 0.0904]3 = 931 T𝐢 = 365 𝒙 P 𝒙 D 𝒙 AADTi[ ]
𝑟𝑖
Trucks 762 762[1 + 0.0904]3 = 988
N = Design period P = 100% D = 50%
Truck Trailers 762 762[1 + 0.0904]3 = 988

VEHICLE CUMMULATIVE OF VEHICLES IN

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC VOLUME IN 2012 CLASSIFICATION ONE DIRECTION OVER 20 YEARS

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC Cars 365𝑥1𝒙533 [

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
] = 9,997,736
VEHICLE CATEGORY 0.0904
VOLUME IN 2012
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
1066 Buses 365𝑥1𝒙466 [ ] = 8,740,985
Cars = 533 0.0904
2
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Trucks 365𝑥1𝒙494 [ ] = 9,266,194
931 0.0904
Buses = 466
2
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Truck Trailers 365𝑥1𝒙494 [ ] = 9,266,194
0.0904
988
Trucks = 494
2

988
Truck Trailers = 494
2

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 5: Step 2:

CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OVER THE DESIGN PERIOD TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT

(ESAS)
It is given.
VEHICLE CUMULATIVE EQUIVALEN
106 ESAS
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF VEHICLES T FACTOR VEHICLE CATEGORY 2008 AADTo
Cars 9,997,736 0.50 4.999
Cars 822
Buses 8,740,985 0.821 7.176
Buses 718
Trucks 9,266,194 0.986 9.136
Trucks 762
Truck Trailers 9,266,194 2.969 27.511

CESAL 48.822 Truck Trailers 762

According to the ERA manual because the CESAL is greater 30, we Step 3:
will take T8 for our design
TRAFFIC FORECASTING

Traffic Growth Rate = 9.04%

13.4 ZEWAY – MEKI
AADTO and Ti are given.
Step 1:
Assume the road is scheduled for 2012.
SELECTION OF DESIGN PERIOD

Design period, N = 20(Recommended by ERA Manual for Trunk

Road)

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

VEHICLE
2008 AADTo AADT1
Step 4:
CLASSIFICATION
CUMMULATIVE TRAFFIC VOLUME ( Ti )
Cars 822 822[1 + 0.0904]3 =1066

(1+𝑟𝑖 )𝑁 − 1
Buses 718 718[1 + 0.0904]3 = 931 T𝐢 = 365 𝒙 P 𝒙 D 𝒙 AADTi[ ]
𝑟𝑖
Trucks 762 762[1 + 0.0904]3 = 988
N = Design period P = 100% D = 50%
Truck Trailers 762 762[1 + 0.0904]3 = 988
VEHICLE CUMMULATIVE OF VEHICLES IN
CLASSIFICATION ONE DIRECTION OVER 20 YEARS

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC VOLUME IN 2012 Cars 365𝑥1𝒙533 [ ] = 9,997,736
0.0904

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC Buses

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
] = 8,740,985
VEHICLE CATEGORY 365𝑥1𝒙466 [
VOLUME IN 2012 0.0904

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
1066 Trucks 365𝑥1𝒙494 [ ] = 9,266,194
Cars = 533 0.0904
2
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Truck Trailers 365𝑥1𝒙494 [ ] = 9,266,194
931 0.0904
Buses = 466
2

988
Trucks = 494
2

988
Truck Trailers = 494
2

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 5: Step 2:

CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OVER THE DESIGN PERIOD TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT

(ESAS)
It is given.
VEHICLE CUMULATIVE EQUIVALEN
106 ESAS
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF VEHICLES T FACTOR VEHICLE CATEGORY 2008 AADTo
Cars 9,997,736 0.036 0.360
Cars 1094
Buses 8,740,985 0.422 3.689
Buses 626
Trucks 9,266,194 1.866 17.291
Trucks 544
Truck Trailers 9,266,194 7.230 66.995

CESAL 88.335 Truck Trailers 544

According to the ERA manual because the CESAL is greater 30, we Step 3:
will take T8 for our design
TRAFFIC FORECASTING
13.5 ZEWAY – SHASHEMENE
Traffic Growth Rate = 9.04%
Step 1:
AADTO and Ti are given.
SELECTION OF DESIGN PERIOD
Assume the road is scheduled for 2012.
Design period, N = 20(Recommended by ERA Manual for Trunk
Road)

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

VEHICLE
2008 AADTo AADT1
Step 4:
CLASSIFICATION
CUMMULATIVE TRAFFIC VOLUME ( Ti )
Cars 1094 1094[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1418

(1+𝑟𝑖 )𝑁 − 1
Buses 626 626[1 + 0.0904]3 = 812 T𝐢 = 365 𝒙 P 𝒙 D 𝒙 AADTi[ ]
𝑟𝑖
Trucks 544 544[1 + 0.0904]3 = 706
N = Design period P = 100% D = 50%
Truck Trailers 544 544[1 + 0.0904]3 = 706

VEHICLE CUMMULATIVE OF VEHICLES IN

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC VOLUME IN 2012 CLASSIFICATION ONE DIRECTION OVER 20 YEARS

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC Cars 365𝑥1𝒙709 [

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
] = 13,299,052
VEHICLE CATEGORY 0.0904
VOLUME IN 2012
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
1418 Buses 365𝑥1𝒙406 [ ] = 7,615,536
Cars = 709 0.0904
2
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Trucks 365𝑥1𝒙353 [ ] = 6,621,390
812 0.0904
Buses = 406
2
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Truck Trailers 365𝑥1𝒙353 [ ] = 6,621,390
0.0904
706
Trucks = 353
2

706
Truck Trailers = 353
2

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 5: Step 2:

CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OVER THE DESIGN PERIOD TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT

(ESAS)
It is given.
VEHICLE CUMULATIVE EQUIVALEN
106 ESAS
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF VEHICLES T FACTOR VEHICLE CATEGORY 2008 AADTo
Cars 13,299,052 0.039 1.00
Cars 1094
Buses 7,615,536 1.641 13.00
Buses 626
Trucks 6,621,390 1.582 4.00
Trucks 544
Truck Trailers 6,621,390 15.933 105.00

CESAL 123.00 Truck Trailers 544

According to the ERA manual because the CESAL is greater 30, we Step 3:
will take T8 for our design
TRAFFIC FORECASTING
13.6 SHASHEMENE – ZEWAY
Traffic Growth Rate = 9.04%
Step 1:
AADTO and Ti are given.
SELECTION OF DESIGN PERIOD
Assume the road is scheduled for 2012.
Design period, N = 20(Recommended by ERA Manual for Trunk
Road)

19
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

VEHICLE
2008 AADTo AADT1
Step 4:
CLASSIFICATION
CUMMULATIVE TRAFFIC VOLUME ( Ti )
Cars 1094 1094[1 + 0.0904]3 = 1418

(1+𝑟𝑖 )𝑁 − 1
Buses 626 626[1 + 0.0904]3 = 812 T𝐢 = 365 𝒙 P 𝒙 D 𝒙 AADTi[ ]
𝑟𝑖
Trucks 544 544[1 + 0.0904]3 = 706
N = Design period P = 100% D = 50%
Truck Trailers 544 544[1 + 0.0904]3 = 706
VEHICLE CUMMULATIVE OF VEHICLES IN
CLASSIFICATION ONE DIRECTION OVER 20 YEARS

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC VOLUME IN 2012 (1+0.0904)20 − 1

Cars 365𝑥1𝒙709 [ ] = 13,299,052
0.0904

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC (1+0.0904)20 − 1

VEHICLE CATEGORY Buses 365𝑥1𝒙406 [ ] = 7,615,536
VOLUME IN 2012 0.0904

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
1418 Trucks 365𝑥1𝒙353 [ ] = 6,621,390
Cars = 709 0.0904
2
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
812
Truck Trailers 365𝑥1𝒙353 [ ] = 6,621,390
0.0904
Buses = 406
2

706
Trucks = 353
2

706
Truck Trailers = 353
2

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 5: Step 2:

CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OVER THE DESIGN PERIOD TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT

(ESAS)
It is given.
VEHICLE CUMULATIVE EQUIVALEN
106 ESAS
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF VEHICLES T FACTOR VEHICLE CATEGORY 2008 AADTo
Cars 13,299,052 0.385 5.00
Cars 760
Buses 7,615,536 0.950 7.00
Buses 491
Trucks 6,621,390 1.007 6.70
Trucks 448
Truck Trailers 6,621,390 3.397 22.50

CESAL 41.20 Truck Trailers 448

According to the ERA manual because the CESAL is greater 30, we Step 3:
will take T8 for our design
TRAFFIC FORECASTING
13.7 SHASHEMENE – HAWASSA
Traffic Growth Rate = 7.67%
Step 1:
AADTO and Ti are given.
SELECTION OF DESIGN PERIOD
Assume the road is scheduled for 2012.
Design period, N = 20(Recommended by ERA Manual for Trunk
Road)

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

VEHICLE
2008 AADTo AADT1
Step 4:
CLASSIFICATION
CUMMULATIVE TRAFFIC VOLUME ( Ti )
Cars 760 760[1 + 0.0767]3 = 948

(1+𝑟𝑖 )𝑁 − 1
Buses 491 491[1 + 0.0767]3 = 613 T𝐢 = 365 𝒙 P 𝒙 D 𝒙 AADTi[ ]
𝑟𝑖
Trucks 448 448[1 + 0.0767]3 = 559
N = Design period P = 100% D = 50%
Truck Trailers 448 448[1 + 0.0767]3 = 559
VEHICLE CUMMULATIVE OF VEHICLES IN
CLASSIFICATION ONE DIRECTION OVER 20 YEARS

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC VOLUME IN 2012 Cars 365𝑥1𝒙474 [ ] = 7,633,732
0.0904

ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC Buses

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
] = 4,944,205
VEHICLE CATEGORY 365𝑥1𝒙307 [
VOLUME IN 2012 0.0904

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
948 Trucks 365𝑥1𝒙280 [ ] = 4,509,378
Cars = 474 0.0904
2
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Truck Trailers 365𝑥1𝒙280 [ ] = 4,509,378
613 0.0904
Buses = 303
2

559
Trucks = 280
2

559
Truck Trailers = 280
2

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 5: 13.8 HAWASSA – SHASHEMENE

CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OVER THE DESIGN PERIOD Step 1:

(ESAS)
SELECTION OF DESIGN PERIOD
VEHICLE CUMULATIVE EQUIVALEN
106 ESAS Design period, N = 20(Recommended by ERA Manual for Trunk
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF VEHICLES T FACTOR
Road)
Cars 7,633,732 0.0271 0.20

Buses 4,944,205 1.289 6.40 Step 2:

Trucks 4,509,378 1.176 5.30 TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT

Truck Trailers 4,509,378 12.385 55.80 It is given.

CESAL 67.70
VEHICLE CATEGORY 2008 AADTo

Cars 760
According to the ERA manual because the CESAL is greater 30, we
Buses 491
will take T8 for our design
Trucks 448

Truck Trailers 448

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 3: ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC VOLUME IN 2012

TRAFFIC FORECASTING ONE DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC

VEHICLE CATEGORY
VOLUME IN 2012
Traffic Growth Rate = 7.67% 948
Cars = 474
2
AADTO and Ti are given.
613
Buses = 303
Assume the road is scheduled for 2012. 2

559
VEHICLE Trucks = 280
2008 AADTo AADT1 2
CLASSIFICATION
559
Truck Trailers = 280
Cars 760 760[1 + 0.0767]3 = 948 2

Buses 491 491[1 + 0.0767]3 = 613

Trucks 448 448[1 + 0.0767]3 = 559

Truck Trailers 448 448[1 + 0.0767]3 = 559

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Step 4: Step 5:

CUMMULATIVE TRAFFIC VOLUME ( Ti ) CUMMULATIVE NUMBER OVER THE DESIGN PERIOD

(ESAS)
(1+𝑟𝑖 )𝑁 − 1
T𝐢 = 365 𝒙 P 𝒙 D 𝒙 AADTi[ ] VEHICLE CUMULATIVE EQUIVALEN
𝑟𝑖 106 ESAS
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF VEHICLES T FACTOR

N = Design period P = 100% D = 50%

Cars 7,633,732 0.0308 0.20

Buses 4,944,205 0.918 4.50

VEHICLE CUMMULATIVE OF VEHICLES IN Trucks 4,509,378 0.680 3.10

CLASSIFICATION ONE DIRECTION OVER 20 YEARS
Truck Trailers 4,509,378 2.240 10.10
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Cars 365𝑥1𝒙474 [ ] = 7,633,732
0.0904 CESAL 17.90
(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Buses 365𝑥1𝒙307 [ ] = 4,944,205
0.0904

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Trucks 365𝑥1𝒙280 [ ] = 4,509,378 Total CESAL will take as T8 for our design.
0.0904

(1+0.0904)20 − 1
Truck Trailers 365𝑥1𝒙280 [ ] = 4,509,378
0.0904

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

14. DESIGN OF PAVEMENTS

14.1 DETREMINATION OF THICKNESS OF ROAD

ONE LEAN FOR MODJO- HAWASSA

SUB GRADE
DESIGN
ROAD SECTION No STATION STRENGTH CESAL
CBR
CLASS

1 01 + 000 - 15 + 000 16.20 𝑆5 30 𝒙 106ESAL

Modjo - Meki
2 15 + 000 - 30 + 000 17.90 𝑆5 30 𝒙 106ESAL

3 30 + 000 - 44 + 000 14.20 𝑆4 30 𝒙 106ESAL

4 44 + 000 - 63.5 + 000 24.40 𝑆5 30 𝒙 106ESAL

Meki - Zeway
5 63.5 + 000 - 78 + 000 10.70 𝑆4 30 𝒙 106ESAL

6 78 + 000 - 95 + 000 10.00 𝑆4 30 𝒙 106ESAL

7 95 + 000 - 126 + 000 45.60 𝑆6 30 𝒙 106ESAL

Zeway - Shasameme 8 126 + 000 - 154 + 000 31 𝑆6 30 𝒙 106ESAL

9 154 + 000 - 175 + 000 33 𝑆6 30 𝒙 106ESAL

Shasmene - Hawassa 10 175 + 000 - 196 + 000 17.60 𝑆5 30 𝒙 106ESAL

While designing the road from Modio to Hawassa the value of CESAL is become greater
then 30 𝒙 106ESAL, we will take T8 for all section of the road (According to the ERA Manual).

Assuming 7m for the road width, Lane one = 3.50m.

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

14.2 STRUCTURAL CATALOGUE

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

14.3 MATERIALS COST

No MATERIAL DEFINITION COST/m3

2 1,050

3 940

4 1,045

5 250

6 560

8 860

9 810

10

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

14.4 MODJO – MEKI SECTION

L = 15,000m

From structural catalogue for T8 and S5, the options are:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

=15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 2,756,250 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

=15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 4,410,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

=15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 860

= 5,643,750 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

=15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 810

= 5,315,625 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Total Cost Option of 1 = 2,756,250 + 4,410,000 + 5,643,750 + 5,315,625 = 18,125,625 birr

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

=15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 7,402,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 7,350,000 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.10 𝒙 250

= 1,312,500 birr

Total Cost Option of 2 = 7,402,500 + 7,350,000 + 1,312,500 = 16,065,000 birr

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 7,402,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 4,410,000 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 6,378,750 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 7,402,500 + 4,410,000 + 6,378,750 = 18,191,250 birr

OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 2,756,250 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 10,972,500 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 250

= 1,640,625 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 2,756,250 + 10,972,500 + 1,640,625 = 15,369,375 birr

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

14.5 MEKI - ZEWAY SECTION

L = 14,000m

From structural catalogue for T8 and S4, the options are:

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 2,572, 500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 4,116,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 860

= 6,321, 000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 5,953,500 birr

Total Cost Option of 1 = 2,572, 500 + 4,116,000 + 6,321, 000 + 5,953,500 = 18,963,000 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 6,909,000 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 6,860,000 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.175 𝒙 250

= 2,143,750 birr

Total Cost Option of 2 = 6,909,000 + 6,860,000 + 2,143,750 = 15,912,750 birr

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 6,909,000 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 4,116,000 birr

33
 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.225 𝒙 810

= 8,930,250 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 6,909,000 + 4,116,000 + 8,930,250 = 19,955,250 birr

OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 2,572,500 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 10,241,000 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.2 𝒙 250

= 2,450,000 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 2,572,500 + 10,241,000 + 2,450,000 = 15,263,500 birr

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

14.6 ZEWAY - SHASEMENE SECTION

L = 31,000m

From structural catalogue for T8 and S6, the options are:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 5,696, 250 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 9,114,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 860

= 13,996,500 birr

Total Cost Option of 1 = 5,696, 250 + 9,114,000 + 13,996,500 = 28,806,750 birr

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 15,298,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 15,190,000 birr

Total Cost Option of 2 = 15,298,500 + 15,190,000 = 30,488,500 birr

35
 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 15,298,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.10 𝒙 560

= 6,076,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 13,076,750 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 15,298,500 + 6,076,000 + 13,076,750 = 34,557,250 birr

OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 5,696,250 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 31,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 22,676,500 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 5,696,250 + 22,676,500 = 28,372,750 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

14.7 SHASEMENE – HAWASSA SECTION

14.7.1 From structural catalogue for S5, T8 and length L = 19,500m:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 3,583,125 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 5,733,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 860

= 7,336,875 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 810

= 6,910,312.50 birr

Total Cost Option of 1 = 3,583,125 + 5,733,000 + 7,336,875 + 6,910,312.50 =23,563,312.50 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 9,623,250 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 9,555,000 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.10 𝒙 250

= 1,706,250 birr

Total Cost Option of 2 = 9,623,250 + 9,555,000 + 1,706,250 = 20,884,500 birr

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 9,623,250 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 5,733,000 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 8,282,375 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 9,623,250 + 5,733,000 + 8,282,375 = 23,648,625 birr

OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 3,583,125 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 14,264,250 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 19,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 250

= 2,132,812 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 3,583,125 + 14,264,250 + 2,132,812 = 19,980,187 birr

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

14.7.2 From structural catalogue for S4, T8 and length L = 14,500m:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 2,664,375 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 4,263,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 860

= 6,546, 750 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 6,166,125 birr

Total Cost Option of 1 = 2,664,375 + 4,263,000 + 6,546, 750 + 6,166,125 = 19,640,250 birr

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 7,155,750 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 7,105,000 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.175 𝒙 250

= 2,220,312.50 birr

Total Cost Option of 2 = 7,155,750 + 7,105,000 + 2,220,312.50 = 16,481,062.50 birr

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 7,155,750 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 4,263,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.225 𝒙 810

= 9,249,187.50 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 7,155,750 + 4,263,000 + 9,249,187.50 = 20,667,937.50 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 2,664,375 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 10,606,750 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 14,500 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.2 𝒙 250

= 2,537,500 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 2,664,375 + 10,606,750 + 2,537,500 = 15,808,635 birr

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

14.7.3 From structural catalogue for S4, T8 and length L = 17,000m:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 3,123, 750 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 4,998,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 860

= 7,767,500 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 7,229,250 birr

Total Cost Option of 1 = 3,123, 750 + 4,998,000 + 7,767,500 + 7,229,250 = 23,026,500 birr

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 8,389,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 8,330,000 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.175 𝒙 250

= 2,603,125 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Total Cost Option of 2 = 8,389,500 + 8,330,000 + 2,603,125 = 19,322,625 birr

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 8,389,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 4,998,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.225 𝒙 810

= 10,843,875 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 8,389,500 + 4,998,000 + 10,843,875 = 24,231,375 birr

OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 3,123,750 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 12,435,500 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 17,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.2 𝒙 250

= 2,975,000 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 3,123,750 + 12,435,500 + 2,975,000 = 18,534,250 birr

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

14.7.4 From structural catalogue for S6, T8 and length L = 28,000m:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 5,145, 000 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 8,232,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 860

= 12,642,000 birr

Total Cost Option of 1 = 5,145, 000 + 8,232,000 + 8,232,000 = 26,019,000 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 13,818,000 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 13,720,000 birr

Total Cost Option of 2 = 13,818,000 + 13,720,000 = 27,538,000 birr

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 13,818,000 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.10 𝒙 560

= 5,488,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 11,907,000 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 13,818,000 + 5,488,000 + 11,907,000 = 31,213,000 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 5,145,000 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 28,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 20,482,000 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 5,145,000 + 20,482,000 = 25,627,000 birr

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

14.7.5 From structural catalogue for S6, T8 and length L = 21,000m:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 3,858, 750 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 6,174,000 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 860

= 9,481,500 birr

Total Cost Option of 1 = 3,858, 750 + 6,174,000 + 9,481,500 = 19,514,250 birr

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 10,363,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 10,290,000 birr

Total Cost Option of 2 = 10,363,500 + 10,290,000 = 20,653,500 birr

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 10,363,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.10 𝒙 560

= 4,116,000 birr

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Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 8,930,250 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 10,363,500 + 4,116,000 + 8,930,250 = 23,409,750 birr

OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 3,858,750 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 15,361,500 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 3,858,750 + 15,361,500 = 19,220,250 birr

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

14.7.6 From structural catalogue for S5, T8 and length L = 21,000m:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4

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COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

OPTION 1

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 3,858,750 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 6,174,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 1, CB1 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 860

= 7,901,250 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 810

= 7,315441,875 birr

Total Cost Option of 1 = 3,858,750 + 6,174,000 + 7,901,250 + 7,315441,875 = 25,375,875 birr

OPTION 2

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 10,363,500 birr

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 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING –II GROUP PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING JUNE 2010

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.25 𝒙 560

= 10,290,000 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.10 𝒙 250

= 1,837,500 birr

Total Cost Option of 2 = 10,363,500 + 10,290,000 + 1,837,500 = 22,491,000 birr

OPTION 3

Cost of Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 940

= 10,363,500 birr

Cost of Granular Road Base GB1 – GB3 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 15,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 560

= 6,174,000 birr

Cost of Cement or Lime Stabilized Road Base 2, CB2 = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.15 𝒙 810

= 8,930,250 birr

Total Cost Option of 3 = 10,363,500 + 6,174,000 + 8,930,250 = 25,467,750 birr

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OPTION 4

Cost of Flexible Bituminous Surface = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.05 𝒙 1,050

= 3,858,750 birr

Cost of Bituminous Road Base, RB = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.20 𝒙 1,045

= 15,361,500 birr

Cost of Granular Sub Base Gs = Volume 𝒙 Price/m3

= 𝑙 𝒙 𝑤 𝒙 𝑑 𝒙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑚3

= 21,000 𝒙 3.50 𝒙 0.125 𝒙 250

= 2,296,875 birr

Total Cost Option of 4 = 3,858,750 + 15,361,500 + 2,296,875 = 21,517,125 birr

Option 4 is selected for design because it is economical.

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15. SUMMARY OF COST ANALYSIS FOR ECOMNOMICAL SECTIONS

UNIT TOTAL
LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH
SECTION CHART No DISCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT
(m) (m) (m)
(Birr) (Birr)

Flexible Bituminous Surface 15,000 3.50 0.050 1,050 2,756,250

Modjo - Meki Bituminous Road Base, RB 15,000 3.50 0.20 1,045 10,972,500

Granular Sub Base Gs 15,000 3.50 0.125 250 1,640,625

Total Summary 15,369,375

Flexible Bituminous Surface 14,000 3.50 0.05 1,050 2,572,500

Meki - Ziway Bituminous Road Base, RB 14,000 3.50 0.20 1,045 10,241,000

Granular Sub Base Gs 14,000 3.50 0.20 250 2,450,000

Total Summary 15,263,500

Flexible Bituminous Surface 31,000 3.50 0.05 1,050 5,696,250

Ziway - Shashemene
Bituminous Road Base, RB 31,000 3.50 0.20 1,045 22,676,500

Total Summary 28,372,750

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TOTAL
LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH UNIT PRICE
SECTION CHART DISCRIPTION AMOUNT
(m) (m) (m) (Birr)
(Birr)
Flexible Bituminous Surface 19,500 3.50 0.050 1,050 3,583,125
Bituminous Road Base, RB 19,500 3.50 0.20 1,045 14,264,250
Granular Sub Base Gs 19,500 3.50 0.125 250 2,132,812
Total Summary 19,980,187
Flexible Bituminous Surface 14,500 3.50 0.05 1,050 2,664,375
Bituminous Road Base, RB 14,500 3.50 0.20 1,045 10,606,750
Granular Sub Base Gs 14,500 3.50 0.20 250 2,537,500
Shashemene - Hawassa Total Summary 15,808,635
Flexible Bituminous Surface 17,000 3.50 0.05 1,050 3,123,750
Bituminous Road Base, RB 17,000 3.50 0.20 1,045 12,435,500
Granular Sub Base Gs 17,000 0.20 250 2,975,000
Total Summary 18,534,250

Flexible Bituminous Surface 28,000 3.50 0.05 1,050 5,145,000

Bituminous Road Base, RB 28,000 3.50 0.20 1,045 20,482,000

Total Summary 25,627,000
Flexible Bituminous Surface 21,000 3.50 0.05 1,050 3,858,750
Bituminous Road Base, RB 21,000 3.50 0.20 1,045 15,361,500
Total Summary 19,220,250
Flexible Bituminous Surface 21,000 3.50 0.050 1,050 3,858,750
Bituminous Road Base, RB 21,000 3.50 0.20 1,045 15,361,500
Granular Sub Base Gs 21,000 3.50 0.125 250 2,296,875
Total Summary 21,517,125
TOTAL COST 179,693,07

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