TANGENTIAL GALVANOMETER

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
Mohammed Falah Miya

In partial fulfilment

for the award Of

SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

in
PHYSICS
SANA MODEL SCHOOL, CHENNAI 600 056

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION 2025-2026

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report TANGENT GALVANOMETER is

the Bonafide work of MOHAMMED FALAH MIYA of Grade XII ,
Register Number …………………. who carried out the project work
under my(our) guidance and supervision at Sana Model School,
Chennai.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Physics Teacher Principal
Sana Model School, Chennai Sana Model School, Chennai

Submitted for the Physics Practical examination held on …………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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In successfully completing this project, many people have helped me. I
would like to thank all those who are related to this project. Primarily, I
would thank God for guiding me to complete this project with success.

Then I will thank my Principal Mrs. Najia Tahmeen and Physics teacher Mr
Ajas Ahmed, under whose guidance I learned a lot about this project. His
suggestions and directions have helped in the completion of this project.

Finally, I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and support and have been very helpful in
various stages of project completion.

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 INDEX
Abstract: 5

Introduction: 6

Theory: 7

Materials Required: 9

Circuit Diagram: 10

Procedure: 11

Observations 13

Conclusion: 16

Precautions: 17

Facts: 17

Applications: 17

Bibliography: 18

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TANGENTIAL GALVANOMETER
Abstract:

This project aims to determine the horizontal component of the Earth's

magnetic field (Bh) using a tangential galvanometer. It's more than just an
experiment. It's about understanding how tangential galvanometers work in
real-life situations, showing the link between electrical currents and
magnetic fields. By doing this project, we can learn more about
electromagnetism and develop their curiosity and problem-solving skills.

The tangential galvanometer is a key tool in science, helping us understand

how electricity and magnetism interact. Through
careful experiments and calculations, we can
explore how magnetic fields behave, following
the rules of the tangent law of magnetism. By
watching how the galvanometer's needle moves in
response to the Earth's magnetic field, we can
make sense of it all and figure out Bh.

But this project isn't just for the lab. Tangential

galvanometers have many real-world
applications, from studying the Earth's magnetic
field in geophysics to designing electrical systems
in engineering. By unlocking the secrets of Bh,
we not only deepen our understanding of science
but also gain practical skills for the future.

In summary, this project is about discovery and learning. Through the simple
tool of the tangential galvanometer, we can uncover the mysteries of
electricity and magnetism, gaining insight into the natural world. As we
conduct experiments and analyse data, we grow in our appreciation for
science and prepare ourselves to tackle future challenges with confidence.

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Introduction:

The tangential galvanometer has a significant role in the history of scientific

tools, especially for measuring small electric currents. It's carefully made,
with a coil of insulated copper wire wound precisely around a non-magnetic
circular frame. Its function relies on magnetism principles, specifically
described by the tangent law as B = Bh tanθ. This project focuses on
exploring electromagnetism, with the tangential galvanometer as the main
tool.

At the core of the tangential galvanometer is the

tangent law, which explains the relationship
between the total magnetic field (B), the Earth's
horizontal magnetic field (Bh), and the angle of
deflection (θ) of the galvanometer's magnetic
needle. Using this law, we aim to understand the
mysteries of the Earth's horizontal magnetic field,
also known as the geomagnetic field.

Through studying the tangential galvanometer,

we dive into the complex interplay of electricity
and magnetism, uncovering the subtle details
that govern their relationship. Our goal is not
only to grasp the theoretical aspects of
electromagnetism but also to understand its
practical applications in real-world situations.
By utilizing the capabilities of the tangential
galvanometer, we hope to shed light on the
mysterious forces that shape our understanding
of nature.

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Theory:

The tangential galvanometer operates on the principle of electromagnetism

to measure the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. Its core
functionality lies in its ability to detect and quantify the influence of this
magnetic field on a current-carrying coil. When an electric current flows
through the circular coil of the galvanometer, it generates a magnetic field
around the coil. According to the right-hand rule, this magnetic field
(denoted as B) forms concentric circles around the coil, with its direction
perpendicular to the plane of the coil. This means that the magnetic field
lines pass through the centre of the coil in a direction perpendicular to its
surface.

In the setup of the tangential galvanometer, the coil is positioned such

that its plane aligns with the horizontal
component of the Earth's magnetic field
(Bh). This ensures that Bh acts parallel to
the plane of the coil. Consequently, the
magnetic field lines produced by the electric
current in the coil and the Earth's magnetic
field Bh are mutually perpendicular to each
other.

The magnetic needle within the

galvanometer is free to rotate in response to these magnetic fields. When the
coil experiences the combined effect of the Earth's magnetic field Bh and the
magnetic field B produced by the electric current, the magnetic needle
deflects from its initial position. This deflection angle (θ) is directly
proportional to the tangent of the angle between Bh and the coil's plane, as
per the tangent law of magnetism. By measuring the deflection angle θ of the
magnetic needle, we can determine the tangent of this angle, which in turn
provides us with the ratio of Bh to the magnetic field B produced by the
electric current. This relationship is expressed by the tangent law of
magnetism, where B = Bh tanθ.

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Magnetic field passing through current carrying coil of radius r with n turns
is:

B = μ0NI/(2r)

Hence, we get:

Bh tanθ = μ0NI/(2r)

So: Bh = μ0NI/2r tanθ

= μ0n/2r. I/ tanθ

Now, the term I/ tanθ = K, is known as the reduction factor of the

galvanometer and is a constant for any galvanometer.

Hence, we have:

Bh = μ˚Nk/2r

This is how one can measure the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic
field.

Therefore, by carefully measuring the deflection angle θ and knowing the

properties of the coil and the current passing through it, we can calculate the
horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field Bh. This process allows
us to gauge the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field,
providing valuable insights into the dynamics of electromagnetism.

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 Materials Required:

1. Tangent Galvanometer 2. Battery Eliminator

Used for measuring the current and

Provides power to the circuit
can also be used to measure the
replacing the Batteries
horizontal intensity of earth’s
Magnetic field.

3. Commutator 4. Plug Key

A rotatory electrical switch in Acts as a switch. It can be an

electric motors and generators open switch or a closed switch.
which helps in reversing the 9 It has a base in which wires are
direction of current. connected.
 Used to control current by Used to measure electric
5. varying
Rheostat
resistance. 6. Ammeter
current in Amperes.
6.

Circuit Diagram

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Procedure:

1. Make the circuit connections in accordance with the circuit diagram.

2. Using spirit level, level the base and the compass needle in compass
box of tangent galvanometer by adjusting the levelling screw.

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3. Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer about its vertical axis, its
image in the plane mirror fixed at the base of the compass box and the
coil, I.e., all. These three lies in the same vertical plane. In this setting,
The ends of the aluminium pointer should read zero-zero. If this is not
so, rotate the box without disturbing the position of the coil till at least
one of the ends of the pointer stands at the zero marks.

4. By closing the key K, the current flow in the galvanometer. Read the
both ends of the pointer. Now reverse the direction of current by using
the reversing key. When the mean values of both deflections shown
by the pointer in the two cases(i.e., before and after reversing the
current) differ by more than 10, then turn slightly the vertical coil until
the two values agree. This will set the plane of the coil exactly in the
magnetic meridian.

5. By adjusting the rheostat, bring the deflection in galvanometer around

450. The deflection should not be outside the range(300-600).

6. Record the readings of the ammeter and the deflection of the compass
needle in the box shown by two ends of pointer on the scale.

7. Reverse the current in the coil of galvanometer and again record the
current and deflection of needle. By changing the value of current,
take four or more set of readings and plot the graph between I and
tanθ. The graph will be a straight line. Measure the inner and the outer
diameter of the coil with a half meter scale at least three times.

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 OBSERVATIONS

TABLE 1. FOR VARIATION OF θ WITH I

N=2

Value of deflection θ
(degree)
S.no Mean Tanθ Ammeter reading (A) Value of K
For direct For reverse
(K=I/Tan θ)
current current
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 Observed

Calculation:

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 Value of deflection θ
(degree)
S.no Mean Tanθ Ammeter reading (A) Value of K
For direct For reverse
current current (K=I/Tan θ)
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 Observed

N=50

Calculation:

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 GRAPH

tanθ

Slope of straignt line=BC/AC

Bh =

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Conclusion:

The experimental use of a tangential galvanometer offers a unique

perspective into the behaviour of magnetic fields and the workings of the
galvanometer itself. By observing the deflection of the galvanometer needle
in response to an applied current passing through a coil, one can derive
valuable information about the magnetic field in which the experiment is
conducted.

Central to this experiment is the concept of the reduction factor of the

galvanometer. This reduction factor represents the relationship between the
actual current passing through the coil and the tangent of the angle of
deflection (θ) of the galvanometer needle. Understanding and quantifying
this reduction factor is crucial for accurate measurements using the
galvanometer.

Moreover, by employing the principles outlined in the equations

derived from the tangential galvanometer setup, we can extract information
about the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field. This is made
possible by measuring the horizontal intensity of the magnetic field (Bh)
using the galvanometer.

Thus, the experimental venture with the tangential galvanometer not

only provides valuable insights into the behaviour of magnetic fields but also
serves as a practical tool for investigating and quantifying the horizontal
intensity of Earth's magnetic field. Through careful experimentation and
analysis, researchers can uncover important information about the magnetic
environment in which we live.

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Precautions:

 Ensure a freshly changed battery is utilized.

 Align the coil's plane with the magnetic meridian.

 Vigilantly avoid parallax errors.

 Set the magnetic needle in alignment with the magnetic meridian.

 Limit readings to angles between 30 and 60 degrees.

Facts:

 The tangential galvanometer represents a foundational measuring

instrument for electric currents.

 The SI unit of magnetic field strength is the Tesla.

 The magnitude of the magnetic field engendered by a circular coil

carrying current is directly proportional to the current.

 The value of the magnetic constant μ0 is 4π × 10-7 N A-2.

 The magnitude of the horizontal intensity of Earth's magnetic field is

3.5 × 10-5.

Applications:

 Determining the magnitude of the horizontal component of Earth's

magnetic field.

 Facilitating comparisons of galvanometer constants.

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  Enabling precise measurements of electric current.

Bibliography:

NCERT Class 12 Textbook

Comprehensive Practical Physics

www.topperlearning.com

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