INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

1. Definition of a Computer
A computer is an electronic device that receives
data (input), processes it according to a set of
instructions (program), stores the data for
future use, and produces information (output).
It works under the control of software programs
to perform various tasks quickly and accurately.
2. Characteristics of a Computer
i. Speed – Can process millions or billions of
instructions per second.
ii. Accuracy – Provides results with high
precision when programmed correctly.
iii. Automation – Once programmed, it
operates without human intervention.
iv. Storage – Can store large amounts of data
for future retrieval.
 v. Versatility – Can perform different types of
tasks (word processing, calculations,
graphics, etc.).
vi. Connectivity – Can connect to other devices
and networks.
vii. Multitasking – Can perform several
operations at once.

Basic Parts of a Computer and Their

Functions
A computer system is divided into four main
components:
a) Input Devices
These allow the user to enter data and
commands into the computer.
Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner,
Microphone, Webcam.
Functions: Convert human-readable data into a
form the computer can process (binary form).

b) Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain
of the computer. It has:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – Performs
mathematical and logical operations.
Control Unit (CU) – Directs and controls all
activities of the computer.
Registers – High-speed memory inside the CPU
for temporary storage.
c) Storage Devices
Primary Storage (Memory) – Temporary
storage used while the computer is running
(RAM, Cache).
Secondary Storage – Permanent storage for
data and programs (Hard drives, SSDs, CDs,
USBs).
d) Output Devices
These present processed data to the user.
Examples: Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Projector.
Functions: Convert binary data into human-
understandable form (text, images, sound).

4. TYPES OF COMPUTER
a) Supercomputers
Definition: The most powerful computers in
terms of processing speed and data handling
capacity.
Uses: Scientific simulations, climate research,
nuclear energy research, space exploration.
Example: Fugaku (Japan), Summit (USA).
Features:
Extremely fast (measured in petaflops or
exaflops)
Very large and expensive
Requires special cooling systems
b) Mainframe Computers
Definition: Large, powerful computers used by
organizations for bulk data processing and
critical applications.
Uses: Banking systems, airline reservations,
large government databases.
Example: IBM Z Series.
Features:
Can handle thousands of users at the same
time
High reliability and security
Very expensive and large in size
c) Minicomputers
Definition: Mid-range computers, smaller than
mainframes but more powerful than
microcomputers.
Uses: Small and medium businesses for
process control, data management.
Example: PDP-11, VAX series.
Features:
Support multiple users at once
Medium storage and processing power
d) Microcomputers (Personal Computers)
Definition: The smallest type of computers
designed for individual use.
Uses: Word processing, internet browsing,
gaming, education.
Examples: Desktop PCs, Laptops, Tablets,
Smartphones.
Features:
Affordable and portable (depending on type)
Easy to use
Designed for a single user
5. Functions of a Computer
Input – Accepting data from input devices.
Processing – Manipulating the data according
to instructions.
Storage – Saving data and instructions for
immediate or future use.
 Output – Presenting the processed data in a
useful format.
6. Advantages of Computers
Fast and accurate processing
Large data storage
Connectivity and communication
Reduces human workload
Facilitates automation
7. Limitations of Computers
Cannot think or make decisions on their own
Dependent on human programming
Prone to viruses and hacking
Require electricity to operate
Connecting Peripherals to a Microcomputer
1. Introduction
A microcomputer (like a desktop PC, laptop, or
small embedded computer) is designed to work
with different peripheral devices that perform
specific functions not built into the main unit.
Peripherals are external to the microcomputer
but connected in a way that allows
communication between the device and the
computer's CPU, memory, and storage systems.
These devices help the microcomputer:
Accept input from the user or environment.
Produce output for the user or another system.
Store or transfer data.
Connect to other systems or networks.
Key Point: Without peripherals, most
microcomputers would be limited in function
and unable to perform many practical tasks.
2. Classification of Peripherals
A. Input Devices
(Send data/signals to the computer)
Function: Convert physical actions or signals
into a format the computer understands (digital
data).
Examples:
Keyboard – Text entry, commands.
Mouse – Pointing, selecting.
Scanner – Converts documents/images into
digital format.
Microphone – Audio input for voice
commands, recording.
B. Output Devices
(Receive data from the computer and present it
to the user)
Function: Transform processed data into
human-readable or usable form.
Examples:
 Monitor / Display – Shows images, text, and
video.
 Printer – Produces physical copies of
documents/images.
 Speakers – Output audio.
 Projector – Displays images or video on large
surfaces.
Common Ports: HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, Audio
Jack, USB.
C. Storage Devices
(Store or transfer data)
Function: Hold data permanently or temporarily,
and allow transfer between computers.
Examples:
1. External Hard Drives – Backup and large
storage.
2. USB Flash Drives – Portable storage.
3. Memory Card Readers – For SD/microSD
cards.
4. Optical Drives (CD/DVD/Blu-ray) –
Reading/writing discs.
Common Ports: USB, Thunderbolt, eSATA.
D. Communication/Networking Devices
Function: Enable microcomputers to connect to
networks or other devices.
Examples:
 Network Interface Cards (NIC) – For wired
Ethernet connections.
Wi-Fi Adapters – Wireless network
connectivity.
 Bluetooth Dongles – Connect to Bluetooth
devices.
Common Ports: USB, Ethernet RJ45, PCIe.
Multifunction Devices (I/O Combined)

Devices that both send and receive data.

Examples:
Touchscreen Monitor – Acts as both input and
output.
External Webcams with Microphone – Video
and audio input.
Common Ports: USB, HDMI (for display),
Wireless.
3. Connection Interfaces and Ports
A. Wired Interfaces

 USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Most common modern interface for
peripherals.
Versions:
 USB 2.0: 480 Mbps
USB 3.0: 5 Gbps (blue color port)
USB 3.1/3.2 & USB-C: Up to 20 Gbps.

 HDMI
High-quality video + audio transfer.
Used for monitors, TVs, projectors.
 VGA
Older analog video connection for
monitors.
 Ethernet (RJ45)
For wired network connection.

B. Wireless Interfaces

 Bluetooth :Short-range wireless connection

for keyboards, mice, headsets, printers.
Wi-Fi :Wireless networking, supports
connecting to printers, storage, IoT devices.
Infrared (IR) :Used in some remotes and older
laptops.
 RF (Radio Frequency) :Wireless keyboards,
mice, game controllers.
Step-by-Step Peripheral Connection
Process
Identify the Device Type
Input, output, storage, or communication.
 Select the Right Interface
Match cable/connector type to the
microcomputer port.
Connect the Device
Wired: Plug in firmly but carefully.
Wireless: Enable pairing mode and connect
through OS settings. Install Necessary Drivers
Drivers allow OS to communicate with the
peripheral.
Many install automatically, others need
manual setup.
Configure Device Settings
Example: Printer paper size, monitor resolution,
speaker volume.
Test Functionality
Perform an action to check if the device is
working.
5. Safety Precautions When Connecting
Peripherals
Turn off the computer before connecting older
devices (especially PS/2 and parallel port
devices).
Avoid bending or twisting cables.
Keep connectors free from dust and moisture.
For hot-swappable devices like USB, use the
OS “Eject” function before removing.
6. Troubleshooting Peripheral Connections

Problem Possible Solution

Cause
Device not Loose cable, Check
detected port damage, connection, try
driver missing another port,
reinstall driver

Slow Old interface Use faster

performance type interface (e.g.,
USB 3.0
instead of 2.0)

Wireless Bluetooth/Wi- Enable

device not Fi off, connection,
pairing interference reduce
distance, re-
pair

Output not Wrong input Select correct

displaying source on source in
monitor/projec settings
tor
 7. Advantages of Using Peripherals
 Increases versatility and capability of
the computer.
 Supports specialized work (e.g.,
graphics tablets for designers).
 Allows easy upgrades without replacing
the entire computer.
8. Disadvantages
Additional cost.
Can cause clutter.
Require updates, drivers, and sometimes
maintenance.

9. Real-Life Example Scenarios

Scenario 1: Connecting a Printer
Use USB cable or Wi-Fi.
Install drivers.
Set printer as default.
Test with sample print.

Scenario 2: Adding a Second Monitor

Use HDMI or Display Port.
Configure display settings (extend/duplicate
screen).

Scenario 3: Wireless Mouse Setup

Insert USB receiver or use Bluetooth.
Pair device.
Test cursor movement.
Creating a Document
1. Introduction
A document is a digital file containing
organized information in text, images, tables, or
multimedia format.
Created using word processing software such
as:
Microsoft Word (most common in offices)
Google Docs (cloud-based, real-time
collaboration)
LibreOffice Writer / OpenOffice Writer (open-
source)
WPS Office Writer (lightweight and mobile-
friendly)

Purpose:
To communicate ideas, record information,
present reports, or share data.
Can be formal (letters, contracts, reports) or
informal (notes, drafts, personal writing).

2. Importance of Document Creation

 Record Keeping – Official documents
preserve information for reference.
 Communication – Letters, memos, and
reports convey messages clearly.
 Presentation – Professionally formatted
documents improve credibility.
  Collaboration – Digital documents can be
shared and edited by multiple people.

3. Types of Documents and Their Uses

Letters – For official correspondence.
 Reports – Detailed accounts of projects,
research, or events.
Resumes/CVs – Showcase professional
qualifications.
Memos – Short internal notices.
Newsletters – Updates for a group or
organization.
 Manuals/Guides – Instructions for using
products or services.
Contracts/Agreements – Legal commitments.

4. Key Features of Word Processors

Text Editing – Insert, delete, and rearrange text.
Formatting Tools – Fonts, colors, alignment,
spacing.
Insert Functions – Tables, images, charts,
hyperlinks.
Page Layout Control – Margins, orientation,
page size.
Review Tools – Spell check, grammar check,
track changes.
File Management – Save, export, and share in
multiple formats.
5. Understanding Toolbars and Ribbons

A. Common Toolbar Sections

Home Tab – Font, paragraph formatting,
styles.
Insert Tab – Images, tables, shapes,
headers/footers, page numbers.
Layout Tab – Margins, orientation, columns.
References Tab – Table of contents, citations,
bibliography.
Review Tab – Spelling, grammar, comments,
track changes.
 View Tab – Zoom, reading mode, ruler.

6. Steps in Creating a Document

Step 1 – Launch the Word Processor

Open the application from Start Menu,
Applications folder, or mobile app.
Step 2 – Create a New File
Select Blank Document or choose from
templates (resume, report, letter).
Step 3 – Set Up Page Layout
 Paper Size: A4 (21cm x 29.7cm) or Letter
(8.5 x 11 inches).
 Orientation: Portrait (vertical) or
Landscape (horizontal).
 Margins: Usually 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all
sides.
 Columns: Single or multiple columns for
newsletters.
Step 4 – Enter Content
 Type the required text.
 Use Enter to start a new paragraph.
 Keep sentences concise and clear.
Step 5 – Format the Text
 Font type (Arial, Times New Roman,
Calibri).
  Font size (10–14pt for body text, larger
for headings).
 Font styles (Bold, Italic, Underline).
 Paragraph alignment (Left, Center, Right,
Justify).
 Line spacing (Single, 1.5, Double).
 Bullets and numbering for lists.
Step 6 – Insert Additional Elements
Images – From file, internet, or clip art.
Tables – For structured data.
Charts – For data visualization.
Shapes & SmartArt – For diagrams.
Hyperlinks – To link websites or email
addresses.
Step 7 – Apply Styles
Use heading styles (Heading 1, Heading 2) for
structure.
Apply consistent formatting throughout.
Step 8 – Proofread and Review
Use Spelling and Grammar Check.
Read aloud or have another person review.
Ensure headings, fonts, and spacing are
consistent.
Step 9 – Save the Document
Save regularly to avoid data loss.
Save in .docx for editing and .pdf for
sharing/printing.

Step 10 – Print or Share

Use File > Print or shortcut Ctrl+P.
Share via email or cloud storage.

7. Advanced Formatting Features

Headers and Footers – Page titles, dates, or
author name.
Page Numbers – Automatic numbering in
footer or header.
Table of Contents – Auto-generated from
headings.
Watermarks – Faint background text or
images.
Section Breaks – Divide document into
sections with different layouts.

8. Best Practices for Document Creation

 Plan before writing – Outline sections.

  Be consistent – Same fonts, colors, and
margins.
 Use white space – Avoid crowding the
page.
 Keep backups – Save copies on cloud or
external storage.
 Follow formatting guidelines – For
academic, legal, or corporate standards.
9. Common Mistakes to Avoid
 Using too many fonts or colors.
 Forgetting to proofread.
 Not saving frequently.
 Poor alignment and spacing.
 Ignoring document naming rules (e.g.,
"Report_Final_2025.docx").
10. Keyboard Shortcuts for Faster Work (MS
Word)

Action Shortcut

New Document Ctrl + N

Open Document Ctrl + O
Save Ctrl + S
Save As F12
Bold Ctrl + B
Italic Ctrl + I
Underline Ctrl + U
Undo. Ctrl + Z
Redo Ctrl + Y
Print Ctrl + P
Copy Ctrl + C
Paste. Ctrl + V
Cut Ctrl + X
Find Ctrl + F
Replace Ctrl + H

11. Real-Life Examples

Academic – Research reports, assignments.
Business – Proposals, meeting agendas,
contracts.
Government – Policy documents, forms.
Creative – Short stories, poems, magazines.
12. Workflow Example: Writing a Student
Report
 Open Microsoft Word.
 Create a new document from the "Report"
template.
 Set margins to 1 inch, font to Times New
Roman size 12.
 Add title in bold, centered.
 Insert headings and subheadings using
Heading Styles.
 Add data table for results section.
 Insert relevant images.
 Check spelling/grammar.
 Save as both .docx and .pdf.
 Print final copy.