DoE Online Classes

February 23,2021
CLASS : XI
CH-7 : System of Particles
and Rotational Motion
Lecture : 4
BY : YESH VIR SINGH
Lect. Physics
RPVV SEC-XI Rohini
 PHYSICS FACULTY FOR ONLINE CLASSES

Dr. ARVIND KUMAR Mr. PRABHA KANT SHARMA

(Coordinator) Lecturer Physics
Lecturer Physics RPVV Kishan Ganj
Core Academic Unit

Ms. SARITA SAXENA Mr. GAUTAM PRASAD

Lecturer Physics Lecturer Physics
RPVV IP Extn. SOE Dwarka. Mr. AKASH
Mr. MANOJ SHARMA
Lecturer Physics Lecturer Physics
RPVV Sec-10 Dwarka SOE
Madan Pur Khadar

Mr. JOGINDER
Mr. YESH VIR SINGH Lecturer
Lecturer Physics RPVV ,
RPVV Sec-11 ROHINI NARELAPhysics
 Anti pollution campaign in the national
capital
⮚The campaign is started
from October 21,2020.
⮚nearly 15-20%
vehicular pollution can
be controlled
 Acknowledgement

In preparing the presentation, the following resources have

been used only for educational and learning purpose.

1. NCERT books
2. Reference books
3. Images on INTERNET

We acknowledge and thanks all holders for their right.

Main Topics:
1. Kinetic Energy in Rotational Motion
2. Moment of Inertia
3. Radius of Gyration
4. Relation of Moment of Inertia with Angular
Momentum and Torque
5.Values of Moment of Inertia for Simple
Geometrical Objects
 Kinetic Energy in Rotational Motion:
Consider a body of n-particles with masses 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 , …, 𝒎𝒏 . If it rotates
with angular velocity 𝝎 about the axis of rotation and particles are at
𝒓𝟏 , 𝒓𝟐 ,…, 𝒓𝒏 distances respectively from the axis of rotation.
The linear velocities of particles are : 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 𝝎, 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 𝝎,………, 𝒗𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 𝝎

Then rotational kinetic energy of the body is given as :

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑲𝒓 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 +……………………………………+ 𝒎𝒏 𝒗𝒏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒎𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝝎 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝝎 +……………………….+ 𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏 𝟐 𝝎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
= ( 𝒎𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 +…………………………….+ 𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏 𝟐 )𝝎𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
= ( σ𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊 𝟐 )𝝎𝟐
𝟐
 We define a new parameter characterizing the rigid body, called
the moment of inertia 𝑰 , given by σ𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊 𝟐 = 𝑰.
With this definition,
𝟏
𝑲𝒓 = 𝑰 𝝎𝟐 …(i)
𝟐

Compare Eq. (i) for the kinetic energy of a rotating body with the expression for
𝟏
the kinetic energy of a body in linear (translational) motion, K = 𝑴 𝑽𝟐 .
𝟐

It is then evident that the parameter, moment of inertia 𝑰 , is the desired

rotational analogue of mass in linear motion.

Physical Significance of Moment of Inertia :

In rotation (about a fixed axis), the moment of inertia plays a similar
role as mass does in linear motion.
 MOMENT OF INERTIA :
The moment of inertia of a rigid body about a fixed axis is defined as
the sum of the products of the masses of the particles constituting
the body and the squares of their respective distances from the axis
of rotation.
Consider a body of n-particles with masses 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 , …, 𝒎𝒏 . Let it rotates about the axis of
rotation and particles are at 𝒓𝟏 , 𝒓𝟐 ,…, 𝒓𝒏 distances respectively from the axis of rotation.

Then , the moment of inertia of the body is given by,

𝑰 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 +……….+ 𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏 𝟐

= σ𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊 𝟐 …(i)
Unit and Dimensions of Moment of Inertia :
Unit of 𝑰 = unit of m × unit of 𝒓𝟐
= kg- 𝒎𝟐
Dimension formula of 𝑰 = [M L2 ]
Factors on which Moment of Inertia Depends:
1. Mass of the body

2. Size of the body

3. Shape of the body

4. Distribution of mass about the axis of rotation
5. Position of axis of rotation
6. Orientation of the axis of rotation
 Angular Momentum and Moment of Inertia:
Consider a body of n-particles with masses 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 , …, 𝒎𝒏 . Let it
rotates with angular velocity 𝝎 about the axis of rotation and particles
are at 𝒓𝟏 , 𝒓𝟐 ,…, 𝒓𝒏 distances respectively from the axis of rotation.
The linear velocities of particles are : 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 𝝎, 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 𝝎,………, 𝒗𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 𝝎
Then the angular momentum(L) of the body is given as :
L = 𝒓𝟏 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 +……………+ 𝒓𝒏 𝒎𝒏 𝒗𝒏
= 𝒓𝟏 𝒎𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝝎 + 𝒓𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝝎 +……………+ 𝒓𝒏 𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏 𝝎
= ( 𝒎𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 +……………..+ 𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏 𝟐 ) 𝝎
= ( σ𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊 𝟐 ) 𝝎

L= 𝑰𝝎 …(i)
Where, (σ𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊 𝟐 = 𝑰, Moment of inertia body about rotation axis.)
It is corresponding to the equation in linear motion i.e., linear
momentum , P = MV.
 Radius of gyration:
The radius of gyration of a body about an axis may be defined as the
distance from the axis of a mass point whose mass is equal to the
mass of the whole body and whose moment of inertia is equal to the
moment of inertia of the body about the axis.
Consider a body of n-particles with masses 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 , …, 𝒎𝒏 . Let it
rotates about the axis of rotation and particles are at 𝒓𝟏 , 𝒓𝟐 ,…, 𝒓𝒏
distances respectively from the axis of rotation.
Then , the moment of inertia of the body is given by,
𝑰 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 +……….+ 𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏 𝟐 …(a)

If radius of gyration about the axis be K. Then moment of inertia

of the body is also given by,
𝑰 = M 𝑲𝟐 …(b)

Where , M = 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 +……….+ 𝒎𝒏 , is the total mass of the body.

From equation (a) and (b),

𝒎𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 +……….+ 𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏 𝟐
K= ( ) …(i)
𝑴

If , 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 =…………= 𝒎𝒏 = m (say), then

𝒎(𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 +……….+ 𝒓𝒏 𝟐 )
K=
𝒏𝒎

(𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 +……….+ 𝒓𝒏 𝟐 )
=
𝒏
=Root-mean-square distance of the particles from the axis
of rotation
 Moments of inertia of some regular
shaped bodies about specific axes:
S.N. Body Axis Figure I Rad. of gyration
(1) Thin circular Perpendicular to
ring, radius R plane, at centre M𝑹𝟐 K=R

(2) Thin circular Diameter 𝟏 𝑹

M𝑹𝟐 K=
√𝟐
ring, radius R 𝟐

(3) Thin rod, Perpendicular to 𝟏

M𝑳𝟐 𝑳
𝟏𝟐 K=
length L rod, at mid point √(𝟏𝟐)

(4) Circular disc, Perpendicular to 𝟏 𝑹

radius R disc at centre M𝑹𝟐 K=
√𝟐
𝟐

𝟏 𝑹
(5) Circular disc, Diameter M𝑹𝟐 K=
𝟒 𝟐
radius R
S.N. Body Axis Figure I Rad. of gyration

(6) Hollow cylinder, Axis of cylinder M𝑹𝟐 K=R

radius R

(7) Solid cylinder, Axis of cylinder 𝟏 𝑹

M𝑹𝟐 K=
√𝟐
radius R 𝟐

(8) Hollow sphere, Diameter 𝟐 𝟐

radius M𝑹𝟐 K = R√( )
𝟑 𝟑

(9) Solid sphere, Diameter 𝟐 𝟐

M𝑹𝟐 K = R√( )
radius 𝟓 𝟓
 ROLLING MOTION :
We know that rolling motion is a combination of rotation
and translation.
The rolling motion (without slipping) of a disc of radius R on
a level surface is shown in fig.
Let 𝑽𝒄𝒎 be the velocity of the centre of mass ( C ) and therefore
the translational velocity of the disc. The rotational motion of the
disc is about its symmetry axis, which passes through C.
The resultant velocity of any point of the disc, like 𝑷𝒐 , 𝑷𝟏 or 𝑷𝟐 , fig.
V = 𝑽𝒄𝒎 + 𝑽𝒓 (Translational velocity 𝑽𝒄𝒎 and the linear velocity 𝑽𝒓 on
account of rotation and is directed perpendicular to the
radius vector of the given point with respect to C.)
For rolling without slipping , the point of contact 𝑷𝒐 of the body with the surface , is at
rest at any instant w. r. t. the C.M.
i.e., 𝑽𝒄𝒎 = 𝝎 R (Where , 𝝎 is the angular velocity of the body)

The velocity of point 𝑷𝟏 , V = 𝑽𝒄𝒎 + 𝝎 R = 2 𝑽𝒄𝒎 .

 Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion:
kinetic energy of a rolling body
= kinetic energy of translation+ kinetic energy of rotation.

K.E. = 𝑲𝑻 + 𝑲𝑹
𝟏 𝟏
= M 𝑽𝟐𝒄𝒎 + 𝑰 𝝎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 ( K is the radius of gyration of the body about the axis of
= M 𝑽𝟐𝒄𝒎 + 𝐌 𝑲𝟐 𝝎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 rotation)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝑽𝒄𝒎 𝟐
= M 𝑽𝒄𝒎 + 𝐌 𝑲 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝑹

𝟏 𝟐 𝑲𝟐
K.E.= M 𝑽𝒄𝒎 (1+ 𝟐 ) …(i)
𝟐 𝑹
 Ex. Three bodies, a ring, a solid cylinder and a solid sphere roll down
the same inclined plane without slipping. They start from rest. The radii
of the bodies are identical. Which of the bodies reaches the ground
with maximum velocity?
Solution: Potential energy lost by the body
= kinetic energy gained
𝟏 𝟐 𝑲𝟐
Mgh = M 𝑽𝒄𝒎 (1+ 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝑹
…(i) (Note that it is independent of
𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝑽𝟐𝒄𝒎 = 𝑲𝟐
(1+ ) the mass of the rolling body)
𝑹𝟐
𝟐𝒈𝒉
For a ring, 𝑲𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 , 𝑽𝟐𝒄𝒎 = = gh
(1+1)
𝟐𝒈𝒉 𝟐𝒈𝒉 𝟒 Fig.
For a solid cylinder, 𝑲𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 /2, 𝑽𝟐𝒄𝒎 = 𝑲𝟐
= 𝟏 = gh
(1+ 𝑹𝟐
) (1+ )𝟐
𝟑

𝟐𝒈𝒉 𝟐𝒈𝒉 𝟏𝟎
For a solid sphere, 𝑲𝟐 = 2 𝑹𝟐 /5, 𝑽𝟐𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐 = 𝟐 = gh
(1+ 𝑲𝑹𝟐 ) (1+ 𝟓 ) 𝟕

It is clear that the sphere has the greatest and the ring has the least
velocity of the centre of mass at the bottom of the inclined plane.
 Torque and Moment of Inertia:
We know that,
L = 𝑰𝝎
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. , we get
𝒅𝑳 𝒅
= (𝑰𝝎)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝝎
=𝑰
𝒅𝒕

Or, 𝝉𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝑰 𝜶 …(i) (As, 𝝉𝒆𝒙𝒕 =

𝒅𝑳
and
𝒅𝝎
= 𝜶)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

It is known as the fundamental equation of rotation or law of rotation.It

is corresponding to the equation in linear motion i.e., 𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝒎 𝒂 , which
is fundamental equation of linear motion.
 Work done by a torque :
As shown in fig. suppose a body can rotate about a point O . It
undergoes an angular displacement d𝜽 under the action of a force 𝑭.
Then work done on the body from A to B ,
dW = 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓
= 𝑭𝑻 ×dr
= 𝑭𝑻 × 𝐫 d𝜽 (as, d𝜃 = dr/r )

=( r 𝑭𝑻 ) × d𝜽
= 𝝉 d𝜽 (as, 𝜏 = r 𝐹𝑇 )

dW= 𝝉 . d𝜽 …(i)
i.e., Work done by torque = torque × Angular displacement in the direction of torque
In case ,the torque applied is not constant, then
W = ‫ 𝝉 ׬‬. d𝜽
 Power Delivered by a Torque:
We know that, work done by a torque,
dW= 𝝉 . d𝜽
𝒅𝑾 𝒅𝜽
Then , =𝝉.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
i.e., P=𝝉.𝝎
i.e., P=𝝉𝝎 (𝝉 and 𝝎 are in same direction)

i.e., Power = Torque × angular velocity

 Application of Conservation of Angular Momentum:
𝒅𝑳
We know that , if 𝝉𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 0 , then =0,
𝒅𝒕
L = Constant
𝑰 𝛚 = Constant Or, 𝑰 ∝ 𝟏/𝝎
1. If a person is sitting on a rotating chair or table (can have
with some weights in hands). If friction in the rotational
mechanism is neglected, there is no external torque about
the axis of rotation of the chair and hence 𝑰ω is constant.
Stretching the arms increases 𝑰 about the axis of rotation,
resulting in decreasing the angular speed ω. Bringing the
arms closer to the body has the opposite effect.
Also, skaters and classical, Indian or western, dancers
performing a spinning on the toes of one foot display
‘mastery’ over this principle. By decreasing 𝑰 she is
increasing ω .
2. A diver jumping from springboard sometimes
exhibits somersaults in air before reaching the
water surface, because the diver curls his body
to decrease the moment of inertia(𝑰) and
increase angular velocity (𝝎).

When he is about to reach the water surface, he

again outstretches his limbs. This again
increases moment of inertia (𝑰) and decreases
the angular velocity (𝝎). Hence, the diver enters
the water surface with a gentle speed.
Summary:
 Today’s Test and pdf notes :

Click on the links given in description box.

THANK YOU