CS 31:
Introduction To Computer Science I
Howard A. Stahl
Agenda
• Revisiting Output and Input
• Type Compatibility and Conversion
• Expressions and Precedence Rules
• Selective Control
• Repetition
Revisiting C++ Output
• cout is connected to the terminal screen
– cout << expr1 << ... << exprn ;
• << referred to as the insertion operator
• expressions are normally variables or
literals
• the identifier endl can be used to send a
new-line-character and flush the buffer
Revisiting C++ Output
• Examples:
– cout << "Hello, World\n";
– cout << "Hello" << "," << " "
<< "World" << endl;
– cout << "1" << endl;
– cout << 1 << endl;
– cout << 5*3 << endl;
– cout << 1 << 1 << endl;
Escape Sequences
• Characters Following A Backslash Have A
Different Meaning From The Character
Themselves
Escape Sequences
Escape Sequences
“Magic Formula”
• Use The Following To Output 2 Digits
After The Decimal Point When Working
With cout
– cout.setf( ios::fixed );
– cout.setf( ios::showpoint );
– cout.precision( 2 );
Revisiting C++ Input
• cout is connected to the terminal screen
– cin >> var1 >> ... >> varn ;
• >> referred to as the extraction operator
• variables are assigned values from standard
input
• values read are separated by whitespace
– spaces, tabs, CR
– cin is greedy
Revisiting C++ Input
• Examples:
– cin >> fahrenheit;
– cin >> x_coord >> y_coord;
• Always better to issue prompt for input
– cout << “Enter temperature: “;
– cin >> fahrenheit;
– char symbol1, symbol2;
– cout << "Enter your initials:";
– cin >> symbol1 >> symbol2;
Revisiting Character Data
• Character Literals use single quote
– ‘A’ ‘5’ ‘?’ ‘\n’
• Character variables can be assigned character
literal values
– char first;
– char last;
– first = ‘P’;
– last = ‘ ‘;
Revisiting String Data
• String Literals use double quotes
– “Hello World”
– “Thank You, Maam”
Revisiting String Data
• C++ has a data type of “string” to store
sequences of characters
– Not a primitive data type - A distinction that
will become much more important later on…
– Must say: #include <string>
– Operator + when working on strings will
concatenate two strings together
– cin >> aString reads only up to the first
whitespace character (tab, space, newline)
I/O Example
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I/O Example
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Important String Handling Detail
• cin >> eats leading whitespace but
breaks on whitespace
• getline( cin , aString ) reads a
texual line ending with newline, consuming
the newline character itself
Important String Handling Detail
• cin >> eats leading whitespace but
breaks on whitespace
• getline( cin , aString ) reads a
texual line ending with newline, consuming
the newline character itself
• cin.ignore( 1000, ‘\n’) discards up
to and including the next \n character or
1000 characters, which ever comes first
Important String Handling Detail
• cin >> actualAge;
• cin.ignore( INT_MAX, ‘\n’ );
• getline( cin, dogName );
• getline( cin, dogBreed )
Constants
• It’s a good idea to name values to prevent
“magic” values showing up in your code
• Use const declaration to state that value
cannot change after assignment
• Examples:
const double PI = 3.14159;
const int LIMIT = 15;
Type Compatibility
• Generally, you should not try storing values
of one type in a variable of a different type
– Type Mismatch Error
• Storing a double in int leads to truncation
• Storing an int in a double is OK
– best to convert
Type Compatibility
• You can coerce types from one to another
by saying:
double value( 12.510104 );
int i=static_cast<int>( value );
Type Compatibility
• Need to be careful if you mix types and
values on assignment statements or
arithmetic expressions
• When working with
A operand B
where operand may be +, -, *, /, or %
– if A or B is double, the result will be double
Type Compatibility
• Examples:
– 3 + 4.4 =
– 2.2 * 3 =
– 2.2 * 3.0 =
– 2*3=
– 4.5 * 2 =
– 9*2=
Division
• When working with
A / B
• If either operand is real, then the other will
be converted to a real and the result will be
real
• If both are int, then integer division occurs
and the result will be an int
– modulus operator % yeilds the remainder
• Our Initial Programs Won't Require Much
Analysis or Design
Division
• Examples:
– 9/4=
– 9.0 / 4 =
– 9%4=
– 11 / 4 =
– 11 % 4 =
– -11 % 4 =
– TRICK QUESTION: var_a * (1 / 4) =
Precedence Rules
• Operators in an expression are evaluated
according to precedence rules
– ()
– *, /, %
– +, -
– =, +=, *=, /=, -=, %=
• Precedence described in Appendix 2, page
917
Precedence Rules
Precedence Rules
Precedence Rules
Precedence Rules
“Shorthand” Operators
• Calculate And Assign
Flow of Control
• Like a cook following recipe instructions,
computers execute statements one after
another
• Certain statements alter this flow of control
– if
– if-else
– while
– do-while
Selective Control Flow in C++
• Programs often choose between different
instructions in a variety of situations
– sometimes, code must be skipped because it
does not apply in the current situation
– other times, one of several code blocks must be
chosen to be executed based on the current
situtation
The if Statement
• Guarded Action
if ( x < y )
{
cout<<“x < y”;
}
The if Statement
• Guarded Action
if ( x < y )
{
cout<<“x < y”;
}
The if Statement
• Guarded Action
if ( x < y )
{
cout<<“x < y”; Logical Test
}
The if Statement
• Guarded Action
if ( x < y )
{ false true
cout<<“x < y”; Logical Test
}
The if Statement
• Guarded Action
if ( x < y )
{ false true Any Block
cout<<“x < y”; Logical Test Of C++
} Statements
The if Statement
• Guarded Action
if ( x < y )
{ false true Any Block
cout<<“x < y”; Logical Test Of C++
} Statements
Comparison Operators
• Testing Ordering Testing Equality
– <, <=, >, >= == , !=
Common Mistake
• Assignment (=) is different from Equality
(==)
if (salary = 100000)
{
cout << "You’re fired!";
}
• Equality is always dangerous when working
with real operands
More Complex Expressions
• Examples:
if (rate * balance > 1000)
if (a * b != c + d * e)
if (a / b > c)
• Never Hurts To Add Parenthesis To Make
Your Intentions Clear
• Arithmetic Operators Have Higher
Precendence Than Relational Operators
– 24.00000001 != 24
Logical Operators
• &&means AND, ||means OR, ! means NOT
• Examples:
– true and false =
– false and true =
– true or false =
– false or true =
– not true =
– not false =
Logical Operators
Logical Operators
• Logical Operators connect expressions
• Examples:
if ((0 <= x) && (x > 3))
if ((y != 1) && (x/y > 4))
• C++ uses short-circuit evaluation
– The evaluation of condition stops because the
condition turns false (in case of &&) or true (in
case of ||)
Precedence Rules
• Parentheses
• Unary Operators: +, -, !
• Arithmetic Operators: *, / then +, -, then %
• Comparison Operators: <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=
then && then ||
• See Appendix 2 for full set of rules
Time For Our Next Demo!
• Selection.cpp
Summarizing Our Second Demo!
• Proper Indentation Helps Express Your
Intentions
– But Remember, The Computer Cares Little For
Whitespace....
The if-else Statement
• Alternative Action
if ( x < y )
{
x++;
}
else
{
y++;
}
The if-else Statement
• Alternative Action
if ( x < y )
{
x++;
}
else
{
y++;
}
The if-else Statement
• Alternative Action
if ( x < y )
{
x++;
}
Logical Test
else
{
y++;
}
The if-else Statement
• Alternative Action
if ( x < y )
{
x++;
false true
}
Logical Test
else
{
y++;
}
The if-else Statement
• Alternative Action
if ( x < y )
{
x++; Any Block false true Any Block
} Of C++ Of C++
Logical Test
else Statements Statements
{
y++;
}
The if-else Statement
• Alternative Action
if ( x < y )
{
x++; Any Block false true Any Block
} Of C++ Of C++
Logical Test
else Statements Statements
{
y++;
}
Multiway if-else Statement
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Multiway if-else Statement
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Nested Conditional Statements
• Selection Statements can be used in
combination
• Just be sure that the else clause is not
dangling...
if (precipitating)
if (temperature < 32)
cout << "It’s snowing";
else // HMMM...
cout << "It’s raining";
Time For Our Next Demo!
• Nesting.cpp
(See Handout For Example 3)
Summarizing Our Third Demo!
• Nested Conditionals Make For Complex
Scenarios
• Use Parentheses To Prevent A Dangling else
• Remember Only One Guarded Action Or
Alternative Is Chosen
Repetitive Control Flow in C++
• Programs often must repeat different
instructions in a variety of situations
– sometimes, code must be repeated a
determinate number of times
– other times, code must be repeated an
indeterminate number of times
The while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
– Repeat While A Condition Is True
while ( logical-expression ) {
...block of statements...
}
The while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
while (x < y) {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
}
The while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
while (x < y) {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
}
The while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
while (x < y) {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
}
Logical Test
The while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
while (x < y) {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
} false true
Logical Test
The while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
while (x < y) {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
} false true Any Block
Logical Test Of C++
Statements
The while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
while (x < y) {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
} false true Any Block
Logical Test Of C++
Statements
The while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
while (x < y) {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
} false true Any Block
Logical Test Of C++
Statements
The while Statement
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The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
– Repeat While A Condition Is True
do {
...block of statements...
} while ( logical-expression );
The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
do {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
} while (x < y);
The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
do {
cout << “x<y\n”;
x++;
} while (x < y);
The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
do {
cout << “x<y\n”; Any Block
x++; Of C++
} while (x < y); Statements
The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
do {
cout << “x<y\n”; Any Block
x++; Of C++
} while (x < y); Statements
Logical Test
The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
do {
cout << “x<y\n”; Any Block
x++; Of C++
} while (x < y); Statements
false true
Logical Test
The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
do {
cout << “x<y\n”; Any Block
x++; Of C++
} while (x < y); Statements
false true
Logical Test
The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
do {
cout << “x<y\n”; Any Block
x++; Of C++
} while (x < y); Statements
false true
Logical Test
The do...while Statement
• Indeterminate Loop
do {
cout << “x<y\n”; Any Block
x++; Of C++
} while (x < y); Statements
false true
Logical Test
The do...while Statement
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Time For Our Next Demo!
• Loops.cpp
(See Handout For Example 3)
Summarizing Our Third Demo!
• Typically, one of the loop forms fits your
problem better than the other
• However, any loop written in one form can
be re-written in the other
while versus do...while
• while loop may never execute
• do...while loop will always execute
atleast once
When To Use Loops
• Whenever you have a task to do repeatedly
– “As long as some condition is true, do some
action...”
– “Do some action until some condition is no
longer true...”
• Sometime, looping is harder to recognize
– For a given value in cents (0 to 99), calculate
how many quarters, dimes, nickels and pennies
are required to represent that value
How To Use Loops
• Identify the terminating condition
– how will the loop stop?
• Identify the initial condition
– what is true before the loop ever executes?
• How is progress made toward the
terminating condition
– something must guarantee progress toward the
terminating condition
– without progress, you will have an infinite loop
Summary
• Revisiting Output and Input
• Type Compatibility and Conversion
• Expressions and Precedence Rules
• Selective Control
• Repetition
