CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Sheep breeding is a long-standing method of improving animals. In recent years, Nigeria has

not had any formalized programs for animal improvement or breeding. In contrast to their

non-Nigerian counterparts and other livestock species, there have been fewer research

conducted recently on Nigerian small and big ruminant animals (Hrinka, 2013).

Sheep are classified as ruminant animals because of their ability to digest fibrous materials

effectively because to their four chambered stomach. Sheep farming is an important source of

income and a vital component of food security for the majority of rural communities,

particularly in developing nations (Birteeb et al., 2012). Sheep are the second most significant

animal species in Nigeria, accounting for 25% of the country's total meat production. In rural

areas, where market prices for sheep meat frequently exceed those for beef, there is a

particularly high demand for sheep meat (Odeyinka, 2000). According to Ahmed et al.

(2019), small ruminants are essential in bridging the large gap in the supply of animal protein

for human consumption.

Sheep have always been an important source of meat, milk, and wool for populations all

around the world (Amane et al., 2023). Because of their exceptional twinning rate, simplicity

of care and feeding, effective utilization of low-yield, low-quality pasture areas, controllable

flock size, and short intergenerational period, these animals are important to agricultural

economies and global food security (Tüfekci and Sejian, 2023).

Seasonal malnutrition is an issue for ruminant farmers, which causes loss of income and

variable productivity (Aruwayo and Razaq, 2019). To address this issue, however, the use of

browsing plants and unconventional feed sources, such as crop residues, has been

1
recommended. Additionally, studies are being conducted to assess the potential health effects

of feeding these unconventional feeds (Oloche et al., 2018). Included in these efforts is

research on the potential alternate application of Moringa oleifera Leaf meal (MOLM) as a

supplement to sheep diet.

Feed additives are crucial parts of a feed's nutritional quality improvement, which is

influenced by a variety of factors including pH stabilization, digestibility, hygienic practices,

and nutrient content (Yirga, 2015). These supplements include exogenous enzymes,

probiotics, and antibiotics. Probiotics are live bacteria that help the host when given in

sufficient quantities. Additionally, it has been observed that they affect the digestibility,

growth rate, pH, and efficiency of animals raised for cattle (Rahman et al., 2013; Mookiah et

al., 2014).

The most common and well-known species in the Moringaceae family is moringa (Moringa

oleifera Lam.). Moringa trees grow best in well-drained, slightly alkaline, sandy or loamy

soil, though they can be planted in a variety of soil types. Asia, Africa, Pakistan, and India are

the native habitats of moringa trees (Kristin, 2000, Luqman et al., 2012). According to

Ahemen et al. (2013), Moringa oleifera may be a reasonably priced source of protein. It has

minerals including iron, beta-carotene, methionine, cysteine, and ascorbic acid that are

generally absent from other feedstuffs. Due to the presence of several functional bioactive

phytochemical components, including flavonoids and saponins, the plant also possesses

medical qualities, as demonstrated by its therapeutic use (Bamishaiye et al., 2011; Saini et al.,

2016)

High-quality animal feed can be obtained from the highly nutritious Moringa oleifera plant.

Being a rich source of nutrition, it includes various important vitamins, such as vitamins A, B

complex (B1, B3, B6, and B7), C, D, E, and K. It has been used for a variety of medical

2
purposes, including treating intestinal worms, diarrhea, and high blood pressure, as well as

acting as a skin antiseptic (Saka et al., 2019).

1.2 Statement of research problem

For grazing livestock, supplementation is essential because it bridges nutritional gaps in their

diet in cases where pasture quality is deficient. By supplying vital vitamins, minerals, and

energy, it promotes healthy growth, reproduction, and general health. Appropriate

supplementation can also improve animal productivity and performance, which will

eventually increase the farmer's profit margin.

Moringa oleifera Leaves is known to have rich nutritional content most especially as a good

protein source and potential health benefits, making it a promising feed ingredient for

livestock. However, there is limited information on the use of Moringa oleifera Leaves meal

as a feed supplement for mixed breed of sheep. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the

cumulative body weight and blood hematological parameters of mixed breed of sheep

supplemented diets containing varying levels of Moringa oleifera Leaf meal.

1.3 Justification of the Study

The study's importance stems from its multifaceted effects on sheep production. The quality

of animal products is now just as significant as their quantity in today's world. Thus, it is

crucial to comprehend how different concentrate meals and forages impact sheep's body

condition score and cost benefit analysis. This research is particularly pertinent and relevant

since farmers' goals of producing economically viable, healthy cattle are always changing.

Furthermore, by supporting robust growth and wellbeing in compliance with global norms for

animal welfare, this research advances moral animal breeding techniques. It lays the

groundwork for future studies on livestock production systems with a specific focus on sheep

production. From a scientific perspective, it advances our understanding of the intricate

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relationships between diet, body condition score and cost benefit analysis of mixed breed of

sheep.

1.4 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of supplementary diet containing varying

levels of Moringa oleifera leaves meal on the body condition score and cost benefit analysis

of mixed breed of sheep.

Objectives:

1. To determine the effect of supplementary diet containing varying levels of Moringa

oleifera leaves meal on the body condition score of mixed breed of sheep.

2. To evaluate the cost benefit analysis of supplementary diet containing varying levels of

Moringa oleifera leaves meal.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Origin of sheep

The sheep, following the dog, cow, and pig, is the fourth oldest domestic animal. In the

SubFamily Bovidae. While domesticated sheep are members of the species Ovis aries, all

sheep belong to the genus Ovis. As per Wamagi et al. (2013), the Arlo Caspian steppes,

which encompass the region currently inhabited by Iran and Iraq, appear to have been their

initial center of domestication. Sheep population in Nigeria at 33.9 million, or 3.1% of the

global population, as of right now (FAOSTAT, 2011). In Nigeria, the drier agro-climatic

zones, such as the Sahel region in the north, account for 80% of the country's sheep

population. These areas have low annual rainfall, typically ranging from three to four months,

and are characterized by the presence of abundant but low-quality grasses, such as those

found in the Sudan Savannah. As a result, the sheep in these regions have adapted to thrive in

semi-arid and arid conditions.

Furthermore, water supplies and the quality of water suitable for cattle are limited to a few

dispersed water sites throughout the area. This scarcity of water presents a significant

challenge for livestock management and contributes to the need for strategic water resource

management in these regions. (Osinowo, 1992).

2.2 Nutritional Requirement of sheep

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A sufficient supply of feed is necessary for the successful production of animals. Sheep's

dietary needs can be divided into five categories: water, energy, protein, minerals, and

vitamins. The amount of nutrients thought to be required for upkeep, production, and the

avoidance of any deficiency symptoms is known as the nutritional needs. The nutrient sheep's

needs therefore differ at different physiological states and levels of creation. Making sure

there are adequate nutrients is crucial for optimal production. A high part of this diet of sheep

is made up of fodder and pasture grass, which they graze selectively. superior roughages,

particularly legume hay or for optimal results in crop wastes that have been chemically

treated and silage, lambs being fattened. Sheep and goats are ruminants that make good use

of rangelands, pasture, and crop residues. They can also turn agro-industrial waste into milk,

meat, and fiber (Pond et al., 1995).

2.2.1 Protein requirement of sheep

For mature sheep, high-quality grass and fodder typically offer enough protein. Sheep,

however, do not absorb low-quality protein as well as cattle do, thus in some cases—

especially during the dry season—a protein supplement should be offered together with

mature grass and hay (NRC, 2001; Rayburn, 2013). Consequently, most sheep require a

minimum of 7% of their diet in the form of crude protein for upkeep. The amount of protein

needed depends on the stage of development (growth, gestation, breastfeeding, etc.) as well

as the existence of certain illnesses (dental disease, internal nematode infections, etc.).

Protein supplements, such as oil-seed meals (cotton-seed, groundnut, and soybean meals) or

commercially blended supplements, should be administered to meet nutrient requirements if

available forage is unable to supply an acceptable amount of dietary crude protein (NRC,

2001).

2.2.2 Energy requirement of sheep

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The energy demand of sheep is mostly met by the ingestion and digestion of roughage,

pasture and hay. Sheep's rumen is home to beneficial microbes that effectively transform

roughage into energy sources. Sheep require an estimated 2 MJ ME/10 kg BW0.75 of energy

for growth and maintenance and 2.7 - 4.5 MJ ME for 150 gm gain/per day (Chesworth,

1992). NRC (1981) states that the daily energy needed for maintenance in 20kg sheep is 1.17

MCal. For an animal's growth and fattening, the requirements rise in comparison to animals

that are adults.

2.2.3 Mineral requirement of sheep

Sheep require essential minerals such as salt, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,

sulfur, potassium, and trace elements like cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese,

molybdenum, zinc, and selenium (NRC, 2001; Rayburn, 2013). Trace mineralized salt is a

cost-effective solution to prevent deficits in sodium, chlorine, iodine, manganese, cobalt,

copper, iron, and zinc. Selenium should be added to feeds, mineral mixes, and supplements in

poor areas. Sheep diets typically provide adequate potassium, iron, magnesium, sulfur, and

manganese (NRC, 2001). Ewes' iodine, cobalt, and copper levels can be best determined

through liver biopsy tissue examination. Zinc adequacy can be tested by carefully collecting

non-hemolyzed blood in trace element-free collection tubes. Status of selenium

is simply evaluated by drawing entire blood—ideally heparinized. Typically, range operators

provide 225–350g of salt per ewe each month. As little as 0.2–0.5% of the dry matter in food

includes salt. The diet for ewes in pregnancy should include at least 0.18% and, more than or

equivalent to 0.27% in the case of nursing ewes. A calcium level of 0.2–0.4% is regarded as

sufficient, provided that the ratio stays within the range of 1:1 to 2:1 (NRC, 2001; Rayburn,

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2013). Generally, diets with iodine of 0.2–0.8% ppm are adequate, depending on the animal's

level of production (growth/maintenance, nursing, etc.).

2.2.4 Vitamins requirement of sheep

Sheep diets often have high levels of provitamin A (vitamin A), D, and E. However, there are

situations in which supplements might be required. Under normal circumstances,

supplements are not required because the rumen microbes manufacture vitamin K and the B

vitamins. When sheep eat high-quality pasture or green hays that are high in carotene, their

livers may store a significant amount of vitamin A, frequently enough to last up to six months

(NRC, 2001).

Sun-cured grass provides vitamin D2, whereas skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation provides

vitamin D3. When exposure of the skin to sunshine is decreased by lengthy gloomy weather

or confined rearing, and when the vitamin D2 content of the diet is low, the amount supplied

may be inadequate (NRC, 2001; Rayburn, 2013). When the diet contains low levels of

calcium or phosphorus, or when the ratio between the two is large, the body's need for

vitamin D is elevated. But since vitamin D intoxication is a serious condition, such dietary

changes should be made with caution. Lambs who grow quickly and are housed in sheds

away from the sun or fed green feeds with high carotene content throughout the winter (low

irradiation) may exhibit symptoms of vitamin D deficiency, including poor bone formation.

Sheep in pasture typically don't require extra vitamin D (NRC, 2001). Green feeds and seed

germs are the main sources of vitamin E in sheep's natural diet. Vitamin E must be consumed

every day because the body does not store it well. Supplemental vitamin E administration

may improve colostrum quality, lamb weaning weights, and productivity in ewes given

subpar hay or pasture. If selenium consumption is poor, vitamin E insufficiency in young

lambs may contribute to nutritional muscular dystrophy (NRC, 2001).

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2.2.5 Water requirement of sheep

The most vital "nutrient" and a participant in almost all bodily processes, water is also

frequently overlooked while feeding sheep. A sheep's daily water intake can range from 0.75

to 4 gallons, contingent upon its physiological status and surrounding circumstances.

Generally, two or three times the amount of dry matter consumed, voluntary water intake

rises with high-protein and high-salt diets. Reduced water consumption may cause ewes to

produce less milk and lambs to grow more slowly. According to the NRC (2001), animals

that drink enough water experience fewer digestive disturbances and a decreased risk of

urinary calculi. There should always be a ready supply of fresh, pure water that is also easily

accessible. The standard requirements in tropical conditions are 2 gallons (8L) of water per

day for ewes on dry feed during the winter, 3 gallons per day for ewes nursing lambs, and 1

gallon per day for finishing lambs (NRC, 2001; Rayburn, 2013). This is the minimal

requirement. Sheep, meanwhile, only need half as much in moderate climates as they do in

tropical ones. Water is often the limiting nutrient in range regions; even in cases when it is

present, it may not be potable due to high mineral content or dirt. Every sheep should have

daily access to water, regardless of the weather, for optimal productivity. Watering range

sheep every other day is frequently cost-effective, but, due to the expense of water supplies.

Range sheep do not require extra water when soft snow is present, unless they are fed dry

feeds like pellets and alfalfa hay. If there is an ice crust on the snow, it needs to be broken to

provide access. However, whenever feasible, sheep have to have unrestricted access to clean,

fresh water (NRC, 2001).

2.3 Application of Moringa oleifera in Animal Nutrition

The potential of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as a good feed additive has been

demonstrated by considerable research conducted on a variety of animal species. When it

9
comes to improving development, performance, and general health, Moringa oleifera's high

nutritional content and bioactive qualities make it a desirable supplement to animal diets.

POULTRY: Studies have shown that adding MOLM to chicken diets can improve growth

performance, feed efficiency, and health indices significantly. Research indicates that as

compared to chickens fed standard diets, those fed MOLM show better feed conversion ratios

and higher body weight gains (Ayssiwede et al., 2011). These beneficial effects are a result of

MOLM's high protein content, vital amino acids, and bioactive substances like antioxidants

and antibacterial agents. These components support improved nutritional absorption in

chickens, lower oxidative stress, and strengthen the immune system.

SWINE: Similar advantages in swine diet have been noted. It has been discovered that

MOLM helps pigs grow more quickly and efficiently on their feed. Moringa oleifera's high

protein content aids in the growth and development of muscles, and its vitamin and mineral

content supports a number of metabolic functions. According to Olubemi et al. (2010), the

antioxidants and phytochemicals in MOLM also support better intestinal health and

decreased inflammation, all of which are essential for preserving the general wellbeing and

productivity of pigs.

RUMINANTS: MOLM has demonstrated potential in improving nutrient digestibility and

general health in ruminant feeding. Improved feed conversion ratios, weight gain, and higher

milk production have all been linked to feeding goats and cattle MOLM. While the

antioxidants in Moringa oleifera assist to mitigate oxidative stress, the plant's high levels of

calcium and iron boost bone formation and metabolic processes. Better reproductive

outcomes and increased total output are the results of these advantages for ruminant animals.

2.4 Nutritional components of Moringa oleifera Leaves

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It is well known that moringa leaves are an excellent dietary source because they are high in

proteins and readily digested (Fahey, 2005). Moringa leaves are rich in valuable elements,

including protein, vitamin C, calcium, iron, ascorbic acid, and antioxidants (phenol,

carotenoids, and flavonoids), according to Sultana and Anwar (2008). Numerous minerals

and vitamins have been shown by Busani et al. to enhance immunity against a range of

illnesses (Busani et al., 2011). Additionally, moringa leaves have a variety of amino acids.

However, environmental, geographic, and climatic factors frequently induce variations in

nutrients (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016).

2.4.1 Protein Component of Moringa oleifera Leaves

Numerous phytochemicals, including sterols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and

terpenoids, are found in moringa leaves (Berkovich et al., 2013). A peptide bond connects

long chain essential and nonessential amino acids, which together make up protein (Wu,

2016). While the body may create the nonessential amino acids, the essential amino acids

must come from outside sources, such as food. In that scenario, powdered moringa leaf,

particularly for key amino acids, might be an excellent substitute for protein.

With 19 amino acids, the dried leaves of Moringa had a CP content of 30.3%. With a value of

3.033%, alanine had the highest amino acid content, while cysteine had the lowest, at 0.01%

(Busani et al., 2011). Every amino acid serves a distinct purpose in the body of an animal.

Amino acids are generally needed for the synthesis of hormones, immunoglobins, enzymes,

growth, tissue repair, and the formation of red blood cells (Brisibe et al., 2009).

2.4.2 Vitamins component of Moringa oleifera Leaves

The animal body needs a variety of micronutrients in addition to macronutrients (proteins,

fats, and carbohydrates) to survive. These micronutrients, which serve as carriers of

macronutrients or aid in their breakdown, are vital to the organism. Vitamins are vital and
11
have a significant impact on how the animal body processes energy. Vitamin deficiencies are

the cause of many common disorders, such as rickets, scurvy, and beriberi. Moringa oleifera

contains vitamins, including vitamin A (beta-carotene), vitamin B (folic acid, pyridoxine, and

nicotinic acid), vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E (Mbikay, 2012). Consequently,

processed foods made from moringa or powdered leaves of the moringa plant may be a rich

source of vitamins.

2.4.3 Minerals components of Moringa oleifera Leaves

Minerals, which are necessary for physiological growth and development, are abundant in

Moringa oleifera. One of the most vital elements is calcium, and dried Moringa powder is an

excellent supplier of this element. It has 17 times the calcium content of milk

(Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016). Without that, it has 25.5–31.03 mg/kg of zinc and 2 mg/100 g

of iron (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016). It is sufficient to meet the body's daily needs of zinc

through diet (Barminas et al., 1998).

2.5 Body condition score: The techniques

Body condition scoring is a practical and easily learned technique making it an ideal

management tool. It has an advantage over live weight measurement in that it requires no

specialised equipment. Furthermore, BCS, in comparison with live weight, circumvents the

issues of skeletal size between and within breeds and physiological state (i.e. pregnancy) and

is not influenced by gut fill or the length and wetness of the fleece (Jefferies 1961;

Adalsteinsson 1979; Russel 1984a, b; Gonzalez et al.1997; Esmailizadeh et al. 2009). The

BCS of an animal is assessed by the palpation of the lumbar region, specifically on and

12
around the backbone (spinous and transverse processes) in the loin area, immediately behind

the last rib and above the kidneys to examine the degree of sharpness or roundness (Jefferies

1961; Russel et al. 1969; Russel 1984a, b). In simple terms, it is a means of subjectively

assessing the degree of fatness or condition of a live animal (Russel 1984b). The technique

was first published by Jefferies (1961) and was based on a 0 to 5 scale, including only whole

units (Table 1). Later, Russel et al. (1969) introduced the concept of 0.5 and 0.25 units. The

original purpose of the BCS technique proposed by Jefferies (1961) was to: (1) control the

condition/nutrition of sheep, so that available food supplies were utilized more efficiently; (2)

detect small differences in body condition not noticeable by outside appearance; (3) allow

farmers to be immediately aware of major losses in body condition; (4) follow trends in

nutrition and body weight. A body condition score estimates condition of muscling and fat

development. Scoring is based on feeling the level of muscling and fat deposition over and

around the vertebrae in the loin region. In addition to the central spinal column, loin vertebrae

have a vertical bone protrusion (spinous process) and a short horizontal protrusion on each

side (transverse process). Both of these protrusions are felt and used to assess an individual

body condition score.

The system used most widely in the United States is based on a scale of 1 to 5. The five

scores:

Condition 1 (Emaciated): Spinous processes are sharp and prominent. Loin eye muscle is

shallow with no fat cover. Transverse processes are sharp; one can pass fingers under ends. It

is possible to feel between each process.

Condition 2 (Thin): Spinous processes are sharp and prominent. Loin eye muscle has little

fat cover but is full. Transverse processes are smooth and slightly rounded. It is possible to

pass fingers under the ends of the transverse processes with a little pressure.

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Condition 3 (Average): Spinous processes are smooth and rounded and one can feel

individual processes only with pressure. Transverse processes are smooth and well covered,

and firm pressure is needed to feel over the ends. Loin eye muscle is full with some fat cover.

Condition 4 (Fat): Spinous processes can be detected only with pressure as a hard line.

Transverse processes cannot be felt. Loin eye muscle is full with a thick fat cover.

Condition 5 (Obese): Spinous processes cannot be detected. There is a depression between

fat where spine would normally be felt. Transverse processes cannot be detected. Loin eye

muscle is very full with a very thick fat cover. The system contains everything from

emaciated sheep to those that are grossly obese due to overfeeding or being nonproductive. In

most typical sheep flocks, over 90percent of the sheep should have a body condition score of

2, 3, or 4. It is recommended that half scores be used between 2 and 4, giving the following

scores: 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 5.

2.6 Relationship between BCS and physical attributes

Body Condition Score and live weight: The live weight of an ewe is a combination of both

body size and condition, and therefore live weight per se may not necessarily be a good

indicator of an animal’s body condition (Ducker & Boyd 1977). A particular live weight

could be a large-framed animal in poor condition or a smaller-framed animal in very good

condition. Despite that potential confounding, there are well-established positive

relationships between BCS and live weight. Although the increase in live weight required to

raise ewe BCS by 1.0 unit varies, the majority of studies suggest a linear relationship exists

between live weight and BCS.

2.7 Cost Benefit Analysis

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Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in animal production is a systematic approach to evaluate the

economic viability of livestock farming practices, projects, or technologies. It involves

comparing the total expected costs against the total expected benefits, helping stakeholders

make informed decisions.

2.7.1 Key Components of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Animal Production

Identification of Costs and Benefits: Costs include direct expenses (feed, veterinary care,

labor) and indirect costs (environmental impact, opportunity costs). Benefits encompass both

tangible (meat, milk, eggs) and intangible (animal welfare, ecosystem services) returns.

Data Collection: Accurate data collection is crucial. This includes historical production data,

market prices, and operational costs (Dijkhuizen et al., 1995).

Economic Metrics: Common metrics used in CBA include Net Present Value (NPV), Internal

Rate of Return (IRR), and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) (Petersen et al., 2010). These help in

assessing the profitability and sustainability of animal production systems.

2.7.2 Applications in Animal Production

Sustainable Practices: CBA can evaluate the financial impacts of adopting sustainable

practices, such as organic farming or integrated pest management, which may have higher

upfront costs but yield long-term benefits (Hodge, 2009).

Technological Adoption: The introduction of technology, such as precision livestock farming,

can be assessed through CBA to weigh the costs of investment against expected

improvements in efficiency and productivity (Rodenburg et al., 2016).

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Policy Evaluation: Governments can use CBA to evaluate subsidies or regulations aimed at

animal welfare or environmental sustainability, ensuring that public funds are used

effectively (Norton, 2005).

2.7.3 Challenges in Cost-Benefit Analysis

Uncertainty and Risk: The unpredictability of market prices and animal health can complicate

the analysis (Cohen et al., 2004).

Valuation of Intangibles: Quantifying non-monetary benefits, such as improved animal

welfare, can be challenging and often requires subjective estimates (Kumar et al., 2017).

CHAPTER 3

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Experimental Location

This Experiment was carried out at the Ruminants Unit of Teaching and Research Farm of the

Department of Animal Production School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology,

Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State. Minna is located between latitude 90 0

37′ North and longitude 6° 33′ East of the equator. Minna has a mean annual rainfall of 1,200

mm, with an average highest temperature in the month of March and lowest temperature in

the month of August. The mean annual temperature is between 22 to 40oC.

3.2 Source of Feed Ingredient

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The concentrate diet used for this research comprised of maize, soyabean, maize offal, rice

offal, fish meal, bone meal, salt, methionine, lysine, and premix. These ingredients were

purchased from Kure Ultra-modern Market Minna Niger State. The leaves of Moringa

oleifera used was bought at Kure market, Minna, Niger State. Leaves were air-dried under

shade for 10-12 days until they are crispy to touch while retaining their green coloration. The

leaves were then milled to obtain a product herein referred to as Moringa oleifera leaf meal

(MOLM).

3.3 Experimental Animal

Sixteen (16) sheep of mixed breeds with an average live weight of 26.88kg were obtained

from the Ruminants Unit of Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Animal

Production School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of

Technology, Minna, Niger State.

3.4 Experimental Design

The sixteen (16) mixed breed of sheep were allocated to four (4) treatment (T) groups and

four (4) replicates, with four sheep per treatment and one (1) animal per replicate. The

animals in treatment (T1) were fed concentrate and forage with no MOLM given, T 2 were fed

concentrate and forage with 2.0% MOLM, T 3 were fed concentrate and forage with 2.5%

MOLM and T4 were fed concentrate and forage with 3.0% MOLM. All treatment were fed

ad-libitum in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

3.5 Management of Experimental Animals

The animals were moved to a separate pen where they were housed individually and were

provided with a floor space of 1m2 /sheep in the covered shed with zinc roof. The animals
,,,,,

were acclimatized to the new environment for one week. The experimental animals were

17
tagged for proper recording of data. The animals were managed under semi-intensive system

of management(They were allowed eight hours of grazing every day begining from 10 am to

6 pm). During the period, the animals were supplemented with a diet containing varying level

of MOLM in the morning between 8am – 10am before being released to go for grazing and

then taken back to their individual pen in the evening between 6pm – 7pm. The pens were

cleaned every morning and clean water provided in the morning and after they returned from

grazing. All animal husbandry practices were carefully observed to ensure proper hygiene.

3.6 Data Collection

Feed intake, average daily feed intake, weight gain, average daily weight gain and feed

conversion ratio were recorded during the experiment. The data was processed and subjected

to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to Steel and torrie (1980) using version 20.0

of statistical package for social science (SPSS, 2011).

3.6.1 Body Scoring System

The animals were scored on a scale of 1 - 5

1: Extremely thin (emaciated)

2: Thin (poor condition)

3: Moderate (ideal condition)

4: Fat (overweight)

5: Obese

3.6.2 Physical Assessment

Visual Inspection: Look at overall shape and posture. Thin sheep have prominent bones,

while obese sheep have rounded bodies.

Palpation: Feel key areas to assess fat coverage:

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Back: Run your hands along the spine. In a score of 3, the bones should be felt but not

prominent.

Ribs: Check rib coverage; in a score of 3, ribs should not be easily visible.

Tailhead: Look for fat deposits; a score of 3 will have a slight covering of fat.

Pelvis: Assess the pelvic bones, which should feel rounded in a score of 3.

3.6.3 Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

i. Cost of feed purchased Cost of feed per kilogram (kg) was determined using the initial

market price.

ii. Cost of feed consumed per sheep: The data obtained on feed cost per kg and feed intake

(kg/sheep) was used to estimate the cost of feed consumed per sheep in naira (N)

iii. Cost of feed consumed per sheep (N): Cost of feed consumed per kg feed x Total feed

intake (kg/sheep)

iv. Cost of feed consumed per kg weight gain Cost of feed consumed per goat (N) and weight

gain (kg/sheep) was used to determine cost of feed consumed per kg weight gain (N)

v. Cost of feed consumed/kg weight gain (N) = Cost of feed consumed per sheep (N)Weight

gain (kg/sheep)

vi. Reduction in feed cost/kg weight gain

3.7 Experimental Diet Table

Table 1. Ingredient composition of experimental diet (kg)

Ingredients Control T2 (2% MOL) T3 (2.5% MOL) T4 (3% MOL)

T1

Maize 43.72 42.74 42.52 42.25

Soyabean 21.78 20.76 20.48 20.25

Rice Offal 20 20 20 20
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 Maize offal 10 10 10 10

Fishmeal 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Bone meal 2 2 2 2

MOL 0 2.0 2.5 3.0

Lysine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Methionine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Total 100 100 100 100

Calculated Values

Crude Protein 15.97 16.05 16.28 16.52

Crude Fibre 11.01 11.04 11.07 11.11

M.E. Kcal/Kg 3055.69 3041.73 3038.62 3034.75

3.8 Chemical Analysis

The proximate composition of concentrate and Forage samples of the diet was determined

using AOAC (2000) method. The parameters measured include; crude protein, crude fibre,

moisture content, fat, and ash content.

3.9 Statistical Analysis

Date collected were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance ANOVA using general linear

method GLM program of SPSS computer software 2006 appropriate for complete

20
randomized design and differences between groups (treatment) means were compared using

duncan’s multiple range tests.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Proximate Composition of Moringa Oleifera leaves.

Table 4.1 shows the proximate composition of Moringa oleifera leaf. The values ranges from

2.33 in Lipids to 56. 50 in carbohydrate. The moisture recorded 13.67 while the protein had

28. 50. The fiber and Nitrogen values are 3.00 and 4.56 respectively.

Table 4.1 Proximate composition of Moringa oleifera leaf

21
 Parameters Proximate Values (%)

Moisture 13.67

Ash 9.33

Lipid 2.33

Fiber 3.00

Nitrogen 4.56

Protein 28.50

Carbohydrate 56.50

According to (Salihu et al., 2024)

4.2 Proximate Composition of Experimental Diet

Table 4.2 shows the proximate composition of the experimental diets. Although the Crude

protein values of the diets are close, diet 3 recorded the highest values (14.00). The crude

fiber ranges from 9.31 in diet 3 to 10.89 in diet 1. The moisture content was lowest in diet 2

while the fat and ash contents were highest in diet 4.

Table 4.2 Proximate composition of the experimental diets.

Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4

Dry Matter 92.61 94.04 93.43 93.02

Crude Protein 12.35 13.65 14.00 13.65

Crude Fiber 10.89 9.41 9.31 9.80

Fat Content 0.81 0.92 0.98 1.98

22
 Ash 9.00 10.00 11.38 12.38

Moisture 7.39 5.96 6.57 6.98

NFE 58.56 59.06 56.76 55.21

NFE (Nitrogen Free Extract)

4.3. Body condition score of mixed breed of sheep supplemented diet containing

Moringa oleifera leaves meal.

Table 4.3 shows the body condition score of mixed breed of sheep supplemented diet

containing Moringa oleifera leaves meal. The results showed no significant (P>0.05)

difference across all the treatment groups.

Table 4.3: Body condition score of mixed breed of sheep supplemented diet containing
Moringa oleifera leaves meal.

Weeks T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM LSD

Week 1 4.75 ± 2.49 3.25 ± 0.25 2.75 ± 0.75 3.25 ± 0.25 3.50 NS

Week 2 2.25 ± 0.62 2.75 ± 0.63 2.50 ± 0.64 3.50 ± 0.28 2.70 NS

Week 3 2.50 ± 0.64 3.00 ± 0.41 3.50 ± 0.50 3.75 ± 0.25 3.19 NS

Week 4 2.75 ± 0.47 3.00 ± 0.40 3.25 ± 0.25 3.75 ± 0.25 3.18 NS

Mean on the same row with the same superscript are not significantly p≥0.05 different

KEY: 1 = Emaciated, 2 = Thin, 3 = Average, 4 = Fat.

23
KEY: T1 = Sheep fed with 0 % MOLM, T2 = Sheep fed with 2 % MOLM, T3 = Sheep
fed with 2.5 % MOLM and T4 = Sheep fed with 3.0 % MOLM

4.4. Cost benefit analysis of mixed breed of sheep supplemented diet containing

Moringa oleifera leaves meal.

Table 4.4 shows the cost benefit analysis of mixed breed of sheep supplemented diet

containing Moringa oleifera leaves meal. The results showed significant (P>0.05) difference

across all the treatment groups.

Table 4.4: Economy of feed conversion of mixed breed of sheep supplemented diet
containing varying levels of moringa oleifera leaves meal

Parameter(N T1 T2 T3 T4 P-
value
)

FC/kg ₦778.5 ₦857.18 ₦876.8 ₦896.5

C/FI ₦9,647.28± ₦11,054.62± ₦11,978.76± ₦12,425.49± 0.0004
532.22 196.66 338.51 164.70

C/kg FCR ₦3552.08± ₦6463.13±132.77 ₦6847.80± ₦7490.76± 0.3034

475.30 802.91 2522.14
Mean on the same row with the same superscript are not significantly p≥0.05 different

KEY: C (Cost), FC (Feed Cost), FI (Feed Intake), FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio)

24
KEY: T1 = Sheep fed with 0 % MOLM, T2 = Sheep fed with 2 % MOLM, T3 = Sheep
fed with 2.5 % MOLM and T4 = Sheep fed with 3.0 % MOLM

25
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSIONS

5.1 The proximate composition of Moringa oleifera leaf.

The high level of protein (28.50) shown in this result is in line with Fahey, (2005) who

reported that moringa leaves are an excellent dietary source because they are high in proteins

and readily digested. Busani et al., (2011) also reported that dried leaves of Moringa had a CP

content of 30.3%.

5.2. The body condition score of mixed breed of sheep supplemented diet containing

Moringa oleifera leaves meal.

The non-significant difference observed could mean that the inclusion of MOLM in a

supplementary diet of sheep does not have any negative effect on the body condition score of

sheep.

5.3 Cost benefit analysis of mixed breed of sheep supplemented diet containing

Moringa oleifera leaves meal.

The non-significant difference observed could mean that the inclusion of MOLM in a

supplementary diet of sheep does not have negative effect on the cost benefit analysis of

sheep diet.

26
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

Based on the result of this studies it can be concluded that up to 3.0 % of MOLM can be

included in the supplementary diet of mixed breed of sheep for optimum body condition.

It can be concluded that up to 3% of MOLM can be included in a supplementary diet of

mixed breed of sheep for cost effectiveness.

Recommendation

Based on the results of this studies up to 3.0 % MOLM is recommended in the supplementary

diet of mixed breed of sheep for optimum growth and healthy condition.

27
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