Faculty Name: Dr.

SAKSHI SHARMA
Subject Code:ES-301
Subject Name:EEE
 Why we study
EEE
(Energy & Environmental Engineering)
as a subject
 Syllabus
▪Module 1: Introduction to Energy Science
▪Module 2: Ecosystems
▪Module 3: Biodiversity and its conservation
▪Module 4: Environmental Pollution
▪Module 5: Social Issues and the Environment
 Module 1
Introduction to Energy Science
➢ Introduction to energy systems and resources
➢Overview of energy systems, transformations,
efficiency, and storage
➢ Fossil fuels - (coal, oil, oil-bearing shale and
sands, coal gasification)
➢ Remedies & alternatives for fossil fuels - biomass,
wind, solar, nuclear, wave, tidal and hydrogen
➢Sustainability and environmental trade-offs of
different energy systems
➢ possibilities for energy storage or regeneration
Energy

.
Energy is the capacity .
to do work and is
required for life
processes. An energy
resource is something
that can produce heat,
power life, move
objects, or produce
electricity.
Chemical
Sound Potential
Energy
Energy Energy

Electrical
Heat
Energy
Energy

Kinetic (Motion)
Energy

Light Energy

Energy are available in many from

Transformation of Energy
 Sustainability & The Environment

The definition of sustainability is the study

of how natural systems function, remain
diverse and produce everything it needs for
the ecology to remain in balance. The
Three Pillars of Sustainability.
1.Economic Development
2.Social Development
3.Environmental protection
 Primary Goals of Sustainability

• The end of poverty and hunger

• Better standards of education and healthcare
• To achieve gender equality
•Sustainable economic growth while promoting jobs
and stronger economies
•Under the effects of climate change, pollution and
other environmental factors that can harm people's
health, livelihoods and lives.
•Sustainability to include health of the land, air and
sea
 Classification of Energy

Energy
basis of uses and
basis of basis of
development
availability in commercial value
nature

Primary Secondary Renewable Non-

sources renewable
sources

Non
Commercial Commercial
 Classification based on availability in nature
❖ Primary Resources:
• These are resources embodied in nature prior to under going
any human made conversions or transformations.
• Examples: coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, hydro, uranium
etc.
• These resources are generally available in raw forms and
are processed to converted to a form as required by the
consumer.
❖ Secondary Resources:
•The form of energy which is finally supplied to a consumer
for utilization is known as secondary or usable energy.
•e.g., electrical energy ,thermal energy (in the form of
steam),chemical energy (in the form of fossil fuels), etc.
 Classification based on commercial value
❖Commercial Energy Resource:
• The secondary usable energy forms such as
electricity, petrol, diesel, gas etc., are essential for
commercial activities and are categorized as
commercial energy resources.

❖ Non-commercial Energy :
•The energy derived from nature and used directly
without passing through a commercial outlet is
called a non-commercial resource e.g., wood,
animal dung cake, crop residue.
Classification based on uses and development

❖Conventional Energy resources:

• These are being traditionally used for many decades .
• These are also called non-renewable sources of energy (or)
conventional energy.
• Example: fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro.

❖ Non-conventional Energy resources :

•These are being produced continuously in nature and are in
exhaustible .
•These are also called renewable sources of energy (or) non-
conventional energy .
•e.g., solar, wind biomass, biogas, wave, tidal, ocean thermal
etc.
 World energy scenario
CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL GOBAL
PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY BY
FUEL TYPE IN YEAR 2010
BIOMASS BIOMASS 12.1
8.3%
OIL OIL 31.5
27.2% 20.9% COAL COAL 27.2
NATURAL GAS 20.9
NATURAL GAS NUCLEAR 5.5
31.5%
NUCLEAR HYDRO 2.4
12.1
HYDRO REST 1.4
CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL GLOBAL
PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY BY FUEL
TYPE IN THE YEAR 2050
9.30%

16% BIOMASS
4% HYDRO
20.30% NUCLEAR
11.30% NUCLEAR GAS
COAL
15.20% OIL
23.90% REST
 INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO
• India ranks sixth in the world in total
energy consumption
• Accounts for 3.4% of global energy consumption.
• India is rich in coal and renewable energy sources
(solar, wind, hydro and bio-energy sources) but it
has very less hydrocarbon reserve ( 0.4% of
world’s reserve)
• The economic reform and liberalization, in post
90s, has opened the doors for private sector
participation in coal, oil, gas and electricity sectors.
 CONCLUSION
• Finally we can conclude that we are on peak of
using our energy resources. and this is very much
clear that our non- renewable resources are on
peak of their use and one day ultimately they will
vanish of their existence from world.

• So we need to develop our renewable energy

resources more and more if we want to enjoy a
peaceful and satisfactory life in today’s energy
hungry world….
➢ Fossil fuels are the non-renewable energy sources.
➢Fossil fuels are formed of organic material which
include plants and animal remains.
➢ Formed by the anaerobic decomposition of dead
organic matter below ground or in bottom of water
bodies.
➢ The immense pressure of water changes these
organic matter into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon.
➢ This process is known as catagenesis.
➢The fuel type obtain by this process is known as
fossil fuel.
➢ There are three main type of fossil fuels.
❑ Coal.

❑ Oil.

❑ Natural Gas.
➢Coal is a kind of solid fossil fuel.
➢Coal found in sedimentary strata.
➢Coal appear as chunk of black rock.
➢formed by slow compression and decomposition of forest
that existed on earth 300 million years ago.
➢Decomposition material from plant was transformed first by
bacterial action.
➢Later by heat and biochemical reaction converted to various
forms of coal.
➢Coal is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Sulphur
and nitrogen.
➢Peat.
➢Lignite
➢Sub-bituminous.
➢Bituminous.
➢Anthracite.
➢Amount of oxygen, nitrogen and moisture content decreases
with time while the proportion of carbon increases.

➢The quantity of carbon don’t increases, only its proportion

increases due to loss of other elements.

➢Capacity of coal to give energy depend upon the percentage

or carbon content.

➢Older the coal, much more is its carbon content.

➢Percentage of carbon in coal depend upon the duration and

intensity of heat and pressure on wood.

➢ Carbon content also depends on depth of formation

➢Coal formed millions of years ago when the earth was
covered with huge swampy forests where plants – giant ferns,
reeds and mosses-grew.
➢ As the plants grew, some died and fell into swamp waters.
➢New plant grew up to take their places and when these died
still more grew.
➢In this time there was thick layer of dead plant rotting in
swamp.
➢The surface of earth changed and water and dirt washed in,
stopping the decaying process.
➢More plant grew up, but they too died and fell, forming
separate layer.
➢After millions of years many layers had formed, one on top
of other.
➢Weight of top layers and water and dirt packed down lower
layers of plant matter.
➢Heat and pressure produced chemical and physical changes
in the plants layers which forced out oxygen and left rich
carbon deposit.
➢In time material that had been plants became coal.
➢Peat is the first step of coal formation. Peat is composed of
over 60% organic matter, typically, ferns and vegetation
found in swamps or bogs.
➢As result of high water content of environment, peat contain
lot of water which limits its heat content or amount of energy
it contains.
➢It’s very soft brown coal.
➢Eventually over time, with increasing pressure and
temperature, peat is “cooked” into coal next stage, lignite.
➢Lignite is soft brown coal that still contain high amount of
water.
➢Lignite has higher heat content than peat but is still not
most desired form of coal.
➢However, lignite makes up almost half of our known coal
reserves.
➢Lignite often referred to be brown coal.

➢It is soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock formed

from naturally compressed peat.

➢It is considered the lowest rank coal due to its relatively low
heat content around 60-70 percent.

➢It is mined all around the world, is used almost exclusively

as fuel for steam electric power generation.

➢This coal is most harmful to health.

➢Bituminous coal formed as more pressure is applied to
lignite coal.

➢The greater the pressure applied, the more water is expelled,

which increases the amount of pure carbon present and
increases the heat content of coal.

➢Bituminous coal often classified as sub bituminous or

bituminous.

➢The difference is that sub bituminous is transition stage

from lignite to bituminous coal.

➢Bituminous coal is widely used in the US and across

Europe.
➢Anthracite coal is metamorphic rock and is considered the
highest grade coal.

➢Its hard and dark black in color.

➢It has very light weight when compared to other form of

coal.

➢There is very little water present in anthracite.

➢As result anthracite has highest heat content.

➢Anthracite is formed when bituminous coal is subjected to

great pressure, such as those associated with folding of rock
during the creation of mountain ranges
➢Oil is liquid form of fossil fuel.
➢It is complex mixture of heavier hydrocarbons.
➢ Million year ago, the plants and animals died (marine
species),sank to bottom of sea and got buried in layers of mud
and sand.
➢ As ages passed, the earth crust put intense pressure and heat on
it.
➢ As million of years passed, these deposit transformed into
chemicals.
➢ This chemicals are also known as hydrocarbons.
➢ This hydrocarbon are light and migrated upward through the
rock but eventually become trapped impermeable rock structure
in earth crust.
➢ Hence oil and natural gas are obtained from deep underground
in tiny holes in rock.
➢Natural Gas is gaseous form of fossil fuel.
➢ It is mixture of light hydrocarbon including methane, ethane,
propane, butane and pentane.
➢This gas is lighter than air and are highly inflammable .
➢This gas mainly contain methane
witch is made up of carbon and
hydrogen atom.
➢Natural Gas is the cleanest
burning fossil fuel comparative to
other.
Lets go through the included video for more better
understanding of the fossil fuels.
➢ Shale oil is unconventional oil produced from oil shale
rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal
dissolution.

➢ These processes convert the organic matter within the rock

(kerogen) into synthetic oil and gas.

➢ which contains C= 80.5%, H, = 10.3%, N, = 2.4%, S= 1%

and O,= 5.8%.
➢ There are some drawbacks associated with the successful
large scale use of oil shale, such as-

(a) The composition of oil from oil shale is very much different
from that of petroleum, thus it cannot be used as direct
substitute of petroleum.

(b)Oil obtained from oil shale contains less carbon and

hydrogen and more nitrogen, oxygen and Sulphur than
petroleum.
Hydrogen need to be added to the oil, while nitrogen and
Sulphur need to be removed to avoid formation of SO, and NO,
during combustion of oil.
➢ Renewable energy resources are inexhaustible.

➢ Which can be replaced as we use them.

➢ Used to produce electricity again and again.

 ➢The most popular renewable energy sources
currently are:
• Solar Energy. • Wind Energy.

• Biomass Energy.

• Hydro Energy.
• Tidal Energy.
➢ Solar energy obtained from sun in the form of radiation.

➢Originates with the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen

reaction occurring in the sun.
➢The emitted energy travels in the form of packets called
photons.
➢The surface receives about 47% of total solar energy
that reaches the earth.
➢Some of the major application of solar energy are as
follows:
▪ Solar water heating.
▪ Solar electric power generation.
▪ Solar Pond.
▪ Solar space heater.
▪ Solar air conditioner.
➢Electricity can be produced directly from solar energy
by means of photovoltaic or solar cells.
➢ Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar
energy that contain various amounts of energy
corresponding to different wavelength of solar spectrum.
➢Electron present in valence band absorb energy and,
being excited, jump to the conduction band and become
free.
➢These highly excited electrons are accelerated into
different material by a built-in potential.
➢ This generates an electromotive force, and thus some
of light energy is converted into electric energy.
➢ Renewable energy--
The energy can be used both to generate electricity and heat in
the house.
➢ Economic-friendly energy --
solar cells provide a great opportunity to create saving on our
electric bill.
➢ Environment friendly energy --
with solar cells occurs almost no pollution.
➢ High investment --

the installation cost of the solar panels are relatively high. However
one must bear in mind that producing energy then, is free.

➢ Seasonal energy --

compared to other types of renewable energy, the solar power plant

is highly seasonal
Lets go through the included video for more better
understanding of the photovoltaic cell.
➢ It convert sunlight into heat for water heating using a
solar collector.
➢ The collector absorb solar radiation and heats working
fluid that passes into storage system
➢ Solar Collector

➢ Connecting Pipes

➢ Storage Tank
➢ Absorber plate:
Rapidly absorb heat from sun’s rays and quickly transfer that heat
➢ Tubes or fins:
For conduction or directing the heat transfer
fluid from the inlet header or duct to the
outlet.
➢ Glazing:
This may be one or more sheets of glass or a
diathermanous plastic film or sheet.
➢ Thermal insulation:
This minimizes downward heat loss from
the plate.
➢ Cover strip:
To hold the other components in position and
make it all water tight.
➢ Casing:
This surrounds the foregoing components and keeps them free from dust,
moisture, etc.
➢ Collection:
solar radiation is captured by solar collector.
➢ Transfer:
Circulating fluids transfer this energy to a storage tanks,
circulation can be natural or forced.
➢ Storage:
hot water is stored until it is needed at a later time in a
mechanical room, or on the roof in case of thermo siphon
system.
➢ Cost saving--
• The cost of two or three panels is cheaper than larger domestic
installations.
• You also save on fuel bills for supplying gas heating systems.
➢ Low maintenance--
little maintenance is required, and a solar water heater can run
for up to 20 years.
➢ High efficiency--
About 80 percent of the sun’s radiation is turned into the heat
energy needed to obtain hot water at home.
➢ Solar heaters require sufficient roof space to
accommodate them.
➢ The system does not function on cloudy, rainy, or
foggy days.
➢ Annual maintenance is recommended to check the
pump and antifreeze.
➢ Compared to photovoltaic panels, solar thermal
panels only heat water.
Lets go through the included video for more better
understanding of the solar water heater.
Biomass Energy
➢ Biomass is Renewable energy resources .
➢ Biomass energy is defined as Wood, waste and
by products that can be burned to produce heat
or electricity or as biofuel.
➢It refer to mass of organic matter that can be
used to produce energy.
➢It is carbon based mixture of organic molecules
containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small
quantities of alkali, alkaline and heavy metals.
➢Biomass energy conversion technologies/applications
include:

➢ Direct Combustion.

➢ Pyrolysis.

➢ Gasification .
➢Biomass can be burned directly in waste-to-energy
plants without any chemicals processing to produce steam
for making electricity.

➢Pyrolysis of biomass is thermal decomposition of the

organic matters in the absence of oxygen.
➢Pyrolysis is a relatively slow chemical reaction
occurring at low temperatures to convert biomass to a
more useful fuel such as hydrocarbon rich gas mixture
and a carbon rich solid residue.
➢Gasification is the thermo chemical conversion of
biomass into gaseous fuels by means of partial oxidation
of the biomass at high temperatures

➢combustion of biomass generally contain nitrogen,

water vapor, carbon dioxide and surplus of oxygen.
➢ It is kind of biofuel, which is produced by
decomposition of organic waste such as food scrap and
animal wastes in absence of oxygen and presence of
water.

➢The gas produced by this process is called biogas.

➢Biogas consists of methane and carbon dioxide.

➢ The component and working of biogas include:

• Mixing tank.
• Inlet chamber.
• Digester tank.
• Outlet chamber.
• Overflow tank.
➢ It is above the ground level.
➢ All the raw material are mixed with equal
quantity of water in mixing tank.
➢ And this mixture is called slurry.

➢ Mixing tank is connected to digester through

sloping inlet chamber.
➢ Slurry from mixing tank is fed into digester
through this inlet chamber.
➢ When digester is partially filled with slurry, the
plant is left unused for about two months.
➢ During these month the decomposition take
place in absence of oxygen by the anaerobic
bacteria.
➢ As a result biogas start forming and get
collected into dome of digester.

➢ As biogas increase the pressure in digester also

increase and thus slurry start pushing into outlet
chamber.
➢ The slurry from overflow tank is manually
removed and used as manure for plant.
➢Biofuel (also called agro fuel) is a bioorganic fuel. It is obtained
by the fermentation of biomass.
➢ The process by which micro organisms break down complex
organic substances generally in the absence of oxygen to
produce alcohol and carbon di oxide is called fermentation.
➢Example :
➢ Ethanol

➢ methanol

➢gasohol
• It’s a renewable source of energy. • High initial investment.
• It’s a comparatively lesser • Required large space.
pollution generating energy. • Harmful to environment.
• Use of biomass, causeless
dependency of fossil fuel .
• Biomass energy is very clean
source of energy.
Hydro Energy
➢ Hydropower transforms the potential energy of a mass of water
flowing in a river or stream with a certain vertical fall.

➢Steps involve in hydro power generation are:

➢Energy from flowing water

➢Dam stores water and potential energy is converted to
kinetic energy with help of turbine
➢ Electricity is transmitted to sub stations.
➢ The main component of hydro-electric power plant:

➢ Dam.
➢ Intake.
➢ Penstock.
➢ Turbine.
➢Generator.
➢ Transformer.
➢ Powerline.
➢Outflow.
➢It is built on a large river that has abundant quantity of water
throughout the year.

➢It is place behind the dam where water is stored.

➢The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest of dam
structure.
➢The high position of water, in the reservoir also enables it to
move downwards effortlessly.
➢The higher the height of water, the more its potential energy.
➢The gates built on the inside of the dam.
➢The water from reservoir is released and controlled through
these gates
➢These are called inlet gates because water enters the power
generation unit through these gates.
➢The control gate are opened the water flow due to gravity
through penstock and toward the turbine
➢ The Penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water
flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit,
comprised of the turbines and generator.

➢ When water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and
potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion
of the blades of the turbine.
➢ The rotating blades causes the shaft of the turbine to also
rotate..
➢ The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator.
➢ The shaft of the water turbine rotates in the generator, which
produces alternating current in the coils of the generator.
➢ the rotation of the shaft inside the generator that produces
magnetic field which is converted into electricity by
electromagnetic field induction.
➢ The shaft of the water turbine rotates in the generator, which
produces alternating current in the coils of the generator.
• It’s a renewable source of energy. • High initial investment.

• No waste or pollution created by it • Required large space.

compared to burning fuel or
nuclear energy. • construction of large dams can
• Water can be stored to deal with
cause flooding in fields upstream.
demands.

• Electricity can be generated 24

hours a day.
Lets go through the included video for more better
understanding of the hydro power plant.
 • Tidal Energy
• Tides are the rise and fall of sea
levels due to combined effect of the
Moon , the Sun and rotation of the HIGH
TIDE
Earth.
• Millions of gallons of water flow
onto shore during tidal flows and
away from shore during ebb (move
away from land) tide periods.
LOW
The larger the tidal influence, the TIDE
greater the displacement of water and
therefore the more potential energy
that can be harvested during power
generation.
• Tidal Energy
Characteristics of Tidal energy:

Tidal energy is one of many forms of hydropower

generation.
Tidal power has many advantages as compared to other
forms of renewable energy.
It is predictable.
Global climate change should only increase its generating
capacity due to higher ocean levels.
It is completely carbon neutral like windor hydro energy.
NUCLEAR ENERGY

• Utilizes energy of nucleus.

• Energy of bond is released.
• U-235 , neutron hits the uranium
atom, splits it releasing energy
and heat.
• More neutrons are released and leads
to another reaction hence chain
reaction.
• Utilizes to heat boiling water
to form super heated steam.
• Steam drives turbine and hence
electricity.
Nuclear fusion
• Nuclear fusion is a reaction
in which two or more atomic
nuclei are combined to form
one or more different atomic
nuclei and subatomic particles
(neutrons or protons).
• This difference in mass arises
due to the difference in atomic
"binding energy" between the
atomic nuclei before and after
the reaction
• To ignite and sustain required
100 million degree centigrade
Nuclear power plant
Working of Nuclear power plant
 Hydrogen Energy

•Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, or

power and heat.
•Hydrogen is most commonly used in petroleum refining and
fertilizer production.

•Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity by combining

hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
•The hydrogen reacts with oxygen across an electrochemical
cell similar to that of a battery to produce electricity, water, and
small amounts of heat.
List of Disadvantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

•It is expensive. While widely available, hydrogen is

expensive. ...
•It is difficult to store. Hydrogen is very hard to move
around. ...
•It is not easy to replace exiting infrastructure. ...
•It is highly flammable. ...
•It is dependent on fossil fuels.
Uses:
•commercial fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber
ammonia process.
•hydrogenation of fats and oils.
•methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydro cracking.
•rocket fuel.
•welding.
•production of hydrochloric acid.
•reduction of metallic ores.
Pros: No vehicle emissions other than water vapor. Fuel
economy equivalent to about twice that of gasoline
vehicles. Hydrogen is abundant, and can be made from
renewable energy.
Cons: This space-age technology is expensive.
 • Wind energy

Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the

atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the
earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe

the process by which the wind is used to generate
mechanical power or electricity
 Common Wind Turbine Construction

•Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft.

•Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades,
and wind speed (40 to 400 revolutions per minute typical speed
range).
•Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator.
Sizes and Applications

Intermediate
Small (≤10 kW) (10-250kW)
• Homes
• Village Power
• Farms
• RemoteApplication • Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power

Large (660 kW -2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Community Wind
Let us know how it works…
 Pumped Storage Power Plant

• Pumped Storage Power Plants are a special type of

power- plants, which work as conventional hydropower
stations for part of the time.
•In a hydroelectric power station water is stored behind a
dam in a reservoir. Thiswater has gravitational potential
energy.
• The water runs down through pipes to turn the turbine
• The turbine is connected to a generator to produce
electricity .
• They are mainly used to meet the peak demand.
 Working of Pumped Store Plant
The working of the power station can be distinguished as the
🠶 Pumping phase:- when the pump and motors are in operation
🠶 Generating phase:- when the turbines and generators are
electrical power

🠶 At pumped storage hydroelectric stations water is pumped back

into the reservoir when there are periods of low power demand.
This is often when there is excess energy being produced by
other power stations.

🠶 This stores energy and during higher demand periods the water
can be allowed to flow back down to produce electricity just
like a normal power station. Such a system saves energy and
also can be turned on quickly at times of peak demand.
Flow diagram
 Important Terms
➢ Upper Reservoir
When power from the plant is needed, water stored in an upper
reservoir is released into an underground tunnel.

➢ Intake Tunnel
The water rushes down the intake tunnel.

➢ Turbines
The force of the water drives huge turbines, which are
underground at the base of a dam. The spinning turbines are
connected to large generators, which produce the electricity.
➢ Discharge Tunnel
The water then flows through a discharge tunnel into a
lower reservoir.

➢ Recharging
When demand for electricity is low, the turbines spin
backward and pump the water back up into the upper
reservoir to make it available to generate electricity when
it's needed.