[International Relations]

2024 PYQs

Probable IR Topics for 2025 Mains

1. Neighborhood-Sri Lanka; Bhutan; Bangladesh; SAARC; BIMSTEC; Pakistan; Indust Water Treaty;
deteriorating relation with Neighbours and way ahead; recent India-China LAC Agreement significance
2. Major Powers: Russia; US; China
3. Region-India's Southeast Asia policy; West Asia Policy
4. Grouping: EU; BRICS+; QUAD; I2U2; AUKUS at 5 Years
5. Organization-US withdrawal (WHO; Paris Agreement; UNHRC)
6. Indian Diaspora; India and Global South; India’s role in multilateral forum
7. UN: UN Peacekeeping Mission; UNSC reform
8. Infra & Connectivity: IMECC; Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC)
9. Global Issues: Israel-Palestine issue; Israel-Iran issue; Ukraine-Russia issue; Nuclear Disarmament
10. Indo-Pacific: Geo-political/Geo-strategic/Geo-economic Opportunities and challenges for India; policies of India
to become Net Security Provider in region; Geopolitical and Geostrategic significance of ports and military bases
IR Introduction 1. “The only thing permanent in international politics is national interest.”
& Quotes 2. "A nation’s destiny is often shaped not just within its borders, but by the stability and
synergy it shares with its Neighbours."
3. War/conflict (Ukraine war; Israel-Palestine; Israel-Iran)
''mankind must put an end to war or war will put an ending to mankind''
John F. Kennedy's
4. Indo-Pacific
"Whoever controls the sea controls the earth" -Alfred T Mahan
+ Shinzo Abe called it “confluence of Indian & Pacific Ocean”
5. Central Asia
Central Asia is the Land of "Great Games" historically and geopolitically – a phrase
describing the strategic rivalry and competition for influence and control in Central Asia
between major powers.
6. China + Pakistan (Enemy countries)
India-China/Pak relation can be defined by cooperation-defection dynamics and there is
more defection and less cooperation (and border dispute/water dispute is one of the
defections)
7. America: Natural Ally + relationship defined by two handshakes-strategic and technological
8. Russia: 1971 Treaty of Peace, Friendship & Cooperation led the foundation for a strategic
partnership and now reached to “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership” (SPSP);
Russia is long-lasting and time-tested partner for India.
9. Grouping/Organization (founding members + share in global trade/population + year + HQ
+ objective or full form)
10. Neighborhood:
Geographically anchored at the heart of South Asia, India’s neighbourhood forms its
immediate strategic perimeter — a region marked by shared histories, porous borders, and
complex interdependencies. From the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean, India’s ties with its
neighbours are governed by a mix of realism and regionalism, making its Neighbourhood
First Policy a strategic imperative in ensuring peace, prosperity, and regional leadership.
; Both share religious and cultural ties; Nepal (Roti-Beti ka Naata)
11. Region:
ASEAN- In an era where the Indo-Pacific defines the global power balance, ASEAN emerges
not merely as a regional bloc but as the fulcrum of peace, prosperity, and plurilateral
cooperation. For India, ASEAN is both a bridge to the East and a cornerstone of its Act East
Policy, reflecting shared civilizational ties and strategic convergence.
West Asia/Middle East- Located at the crossroads of three continents, West Asia is a
crucible for energy geopolitics, cultural intersections, and persistent instability. For India, it
is not just a region of economic relevance but a geopolitical pivot—housing millions of
Indian workers and shaping New Delhi’s extended neighbourhood policy.
Africa- Africa is often dubbed the continent of the future—rich in resources, youthful in
demography, and ripe for partnership. For India, Africa is more than a geopolitical
frontier—it is a developmental ally and a moral partner in shaping a multipolar, equitable
global order rooted in South-South cooperation.
South America- South America lies far from India’s shores, but in an interconnected world,
distance is no longer deterrence. The continent, known for its natural wealth and emerging
markets, offers fertile ground for diversifying India’s diplomacy—particularly through trade,
energy, and multilateral forums like BRICS.
EU- The European Union represents a unique experiment in supranational integration and
liberal multilateralism. For India, the EU is not only a key trading bloc but also a normative
partner in promoting democracy, climate action, and a rules-based global order amidst
rising protectionism and power rivalries.
12. Diaspora: 18th PBD Convention 2025 in Bhubaneswar + with theme "Diaspora's
Contribution to a Viksit Bharat" + celebrated once in every two years to strengthen the
 engagement of the overseas Indian community with the Government of India and
reconnect them with their cultural roots; Indian Diaspora is a generic term used for
addressing people who have migrated from the territories that are currently within the
borders of the Republic of India.
IR Way 1. Complex Interdependence; Economic Interdependence; timely implementation; reducing
Forwards/ tariff & non-tariff barriers
India’s Efforts/ 2. Cultural Diplomacy: ICCR
Conclusion 3. Capacity development: ITEC
4. Soft + Hard => Smart Power
5. Institutional Approach: UN/SAARC/BIMSTEC/SCO/BRICS/etc.
6. Power projection tactics & military exercises
7. SAGAR & NSP
8. 5S- Samman (Respect), Samvad (Dialogue), Sahyog (Cooperation), Shanti (Peace), Samriddhi
(Prosperity)
9. 3C- Commerce, Connectivity, Culture
10. Defense modernization & indigenization; energy & defense diversification
11. Strategic autonomy; multi-alignment policy
12. Terrorism: 8-Point Action Plan against terrorism + implementation of CCIT
13. Upholding principles of Collective Security; Multilateralism; rule-based & multi-polar world
order
14. Diaspora as mini ambassadors
15. Pragmatic & realistic foreign policy
16. Respecting key Agreements-1993 Maintaining Peace & Tranquility at Border (India &
China); or revisiting existing treaties (with Nepal-Peace and Friendship Treaty of 1950 &
Bhutan)
17. Active Indo-Pacific policy; India-voice of Global South; QUAD security dialogue &
multifaceted tie-up;
18. Focus on multimodal connectivity (Neighbours/Extended Neighbours)
19. Setting Bilateral Mechanisms to address contentious issue
20. Trilogue with China to minimize border dispute uncertainties (India + China+ Neighbor)
21. Establish contact points, real-time information sharing (water disputes)
22. India should invest
23. Prioritizing Dialogue & Diplomacy: E.g., 'Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled'
peace process
24. Capitalizing strong goodwill; Engage bilaterally and as part of grouping such as SAARC
(Afgh)
25. Leveraging cultural linkages: E.g. India’s “Buddhist Circuit” (Nepal/Bangladesh)
26. Focusing new areas of cooperation: E.g. digital technologies
27. Exploring option of FTA (Maldive); Open and transparent communication

1. China/Pakistan-India should cooperate with China wherever possible and contain China
wherever necessary.
2. Neighborhood: Gujral Doctrine esp non-reciprocity; India has ambition to become a “great
power” not just swing state while giving leadership to Global South, thus having a robust
relation with neighborhood countries is essential; both should work to accord the
relationship the height of the Himalayas
3. Major Power:
EU: India-EU should take their relations beyond “trade lens”, recognizing their important
geopolitical, strategic convergences
Russia: India-Russia partnership is “subject of attention not because it has changed but
because it has not” (MEA)
4. Middle East:
 5. Grouping/Multilateral Institution: Rule based order; multilateralism; multipolar world
order; bridging democratic deficit; forming consensus on issues
6. QUAD & BRICS: The dual engagement with BRICS and Quad helps India maintain strategic
autonomy while addressing various aspects of its national interests - from economic
development to maritime security.
7. Indian diaspora contributes to the economic well-being of both host and source countries.
In this light, it is an imperative to identify and address the issues faced by Indian diaspora.
IR Dimensions 1. Geoeconomics:
(Cooperation • Meaning:
or Conflict) Geoeconomics deals with the use of economic tools (like trade, investment, sanctions) to
achieve strategic or political goals.
• Focus: Trade policy, economic sanctions, infrastructure investment as tools of power.
• Example:
o China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a geoeconomic tool to expand influence.
o U.S. sanctions on Iran to pressure its nuclear policy.

2. Geopolitics:
• Meaning: Geopolitics refers to the influence of geography on political decisions, especially
international relations, power rivalries, and diplomatic strategy.
• Focus: Power politics, diplomacy, territorial disputes, international influence.
• Example:
o Russia's invasion of Ukraine is driven by geopolitical concerns of NATO expansion.
o India's Act East Policy to balance China’s rise in Asia.

3. Geostrategic:
• Meaning: Geostrategy involves the strategic use of geography for military or defense
planning and national security interests. It focuses on how a country uses its location and
territory to gain strategic advantage.
• Focus: Security, military alliances, and strategic control of important regions.
• Example:
o India building military infrastructure in Arunachal Pradesh to counter China.
o The U.S. maintaining military bases in the Indo-Pacific to check China’s influence.
4. P2P, Soft Power, Human right, Development & Humanitarian assistance/crisis
5. Financial & Technological; Water sharing; Territorial; Environmental
6. Cultural Diplomacy: Promoting national interests through cultural exchanges and soft
power. E.g., The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) organizing events to showcase
Indian culture abroad.
7. Digital Diplomacy
8. Climate Diplomacy: Engaging with other nations on climate change and environmental
issues. India's leadership in the International Solar Alliance and commitments made at
COP26 for climate action

IR Keywords & Key pointers

Viksit Bharat Defense Neo-nonalignment & Strategic
2047 Blueprint 2047 Autonomy (QUAD vs SCO)
Assertive Digital Tech Decade
Foreign Policy (After the 2020 border Transformation
clash with China) Diplomacy
Critical Minerals Realpolitik (India's continued Moralpolitik (India's commitment to
Diplomacy (India established Khanij defence ties with Russia despite the Paris Climate Agreement and
Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL) and Western humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.)
signed a $24 million pact with Argentina sanctions, and engagement with
in 2024 for lithium Iran for oil imports.)
Exploration)
Pacifism (Advocacy for dialogue in the Policy of Middle Kingdom
Kashmir conflict and support Balancing (India’s relations with complex (China) (China
for peace talks in Afghanistan.) both the U.S. and Russia, is destined to be the dominant power
exemplified in Asia and the world due to its
by its participation in the Quad superior culture and civilization.)
while cooperating with Russia
on defence)
Swing state (A country whose strategic Doval Doctrine (An assertive Manmohan
choices foreign policy willing to use doctrine
significantly impact the global order military and non-military mean) (A pragmatic, economically driven
due to its Proactive measures against cross- foreign policy focused on the
geopolitical influence, economic power, border terrorism, neighborhood.
and including surgical strikes in Act East Policy enhancing trade with
diplomatic capabilities) Pakistan. Southeast Asian nations)
India’s engagement in ‘Mini laterals’ or
issue-based
coalitions
Gujral doctrine Panchsheel New Panchsheel
• India would refrain from raising • Principles (Mutual respect for • Principles (Mutual respect for core
bilateral issues with its neighbours each other's territorial integrity interests - Countries should
that they consider internal matters. and sovereignty - Countries respect each other's core interests
• This was meant to build trust and should respect each other's and major concerns, not just
goodwill with India's smaller freedom and independence. territorial integrity. This goes
neighbours. • Mutual non-aggression - beyond mere non-interference.
• India would adopt a "big brother" Countries should refrain from • Mutual sensitivity - Countries
approach and act magnanimously using threats or force against should show sensitivity to each
towards its neighbours by offering each other. other's perspectives and strategic
them help and assistance without • Mutual non-interference in culture, based on a deeper
demanding anything in return. each other's internal affairs - understanding of each other.
• India would adopt an asymmetric Countries should not interfere • Mutual trust - Relationships
approach in its dealings with or meddle in each other's require a baseline level of mutual
smaller countries, giving them more domestic politics and trust to prosper. This involves
than what they give to India in governance. transparency and predictable
order to build cooperative and • Equality and mutual benefit - behaviour.
friendly relations. Relations between countries • Cooperative deterrence - Given
• India would emphasize dialogue, should be based on equal the rise of both powers, they need
confidence building measures and footing and aimed at mutually to develop deterrent capabilities
conflict resolution rather than beneficial outcomes. that reassure each other but also
taking • Peaceful co-existence - cooperate where interests
adversarial positions with its Countries should strive to converge.
neighbours. resolve disputes peacefully • Mutually beneficial cooperation -
• India would try to resolve all through dialogue and Countries should pursue win-win
bilateral issues through peaceful negotiations) cooperation based on comparative
negotiations and would avoid using advantage, not just rhetoric about
aggressive or threatening language. equality and mutual benefit.

Policy of High octane Nehruvianism (refers to the idealistic

strategic Diplomacy (An active and yet pragmatic vision)
autonomy aggressive approach to foreign
 Relations.)
Prime Minister Modi's numerous
foreign visits and hosting of
global leaders to strengthen
partnerships)
Net security Reformed Pole in a
provider in Multilateralism (UNSC reform) Multipolar World (India's strategic
Indian ocean (India's naval exercises ambition to be an
with countries like Australia and Japan independent center of power and
to ensure maritime security.) influence,
rather than aligning with a single bloc)
India maintains a unique stance on the
war in Ukraine,
refusing to take sides while advocating
for its own interests
and those of the Global South.
Global order (The current global order New Multi-alignment (Developing
refers to the post-World War 2 liberal Regionalism partnerships with multiple major
international order dominated by approach Powers)
Western (Formation of new regional India’s strategic partnerships with both
countries like the US, Europe and organizations and the U.S. and Russia
Japan.) alliances in globalization.) while improving ties with China.
India's engagement with ASEAN
and the SAARC).
Strategic New Cold War (US & China) Hydro hegemon
alignment (A country that dominates a
(Close partnerships based on transboundary
converging water basin.)
Interests.) China's control over rivers like the
India and Australia’s strategic Brahmaputra, impacting
partnership in the Indo-Pacific India's water security.)
region.
Hard Power Soft Power (India's cultural Smart power (India's naval capabilities
diplomacy through the Indian paired with humanitarian
Council for Cultural Relations assistance in the Indian Ocean region.)
(ICCR))
Neighbourhood Debt-trap Salami Slicing
First diplomacy policy
India’s delivery Insecurity dilemma in India- Deep state (A hidden network of
Deficit (Slow progress in enhancing ties Pakistan Relations (defensive power manipulating a
with Southeast Asia actions and security measures country's politics.)
compared to China's influence.) taken by one country are seen as Allegations in Turkey regarding
threatening by the other, triggering military influence over
an endless cycle of action-reaction government policies
that exacerbates mutual distrust
and tensions)
(Periodic peace talks between India Thousand cuts, zero-option war Buffer state (Nepal's role as a buffer
and Pakistan often disrupted by (Achieving victory through state between India and China.)
terrorist attacks=>undermining trust) persistent small Actions)
China’s incremental influence in
India's neighbourhood
through investments and aid.
‘India first’ Approach (A pragmatic Sagar doctrine (deepen India's Principles of non-refoulment
foreign policy prioritizing national cooperative engagement with (Concerns over the return of Rohingya
Interests.) India's continued countries in the Indian Ocean refugees to Myanmar.)
engagement with Iran and Russia region through the principles of
despite U.S. sanctions. security, growth, cooperation,
connectivity, and respect for
sovereignty. The aim is to increase
India's strategic footprint and
influence, while promoting an open
and inclusive regional architecture)
Paradiplomacy (Sub-national actors like Neo colonialism (Control over String of Pearls strategy
Punjab and Gujarat signing trade weaker countries through (China's alleged efforts to create a
agreements abroad) economic or cultural means) network of military and commercial
Criticism of China's investments in facilities around the Indian Ocean
Africa as a form of neocolonialism. region that will expand its strategic
influence and contain India's regional
role.)
These "pearls" allegedly include
China's access to ports in:
1) Gwadar in Pakistan
2) Hambantota in Sri Lanka
3) Kyaukpyu in Myanmar
4) Chittagong in Bangladesh
5) Seychelles
Necklace of diamonds strategy Wolf warrior diplomacy Psychological warfare
( India's efforts to build a network of (Wolf warrior diplomacy refers to (Russia’s propaganda & disinformation
security partnerships and an assertive and aggressive style of campaigns regarding Ukraine)
bilateral relationships with Indian diplomacy practiced by China
Ocean island nations to counter China's where Chinese diplomats and
expanding presence in the region.) officials adopt combative and
nationalistic rhetoric against
perceived criticism or
Threats)
Antagonistic cooperation Pivot to Asia strategy Think West policy
(Competitive yet cooperative (Obama administration's efforts to (India's efforts to strengthen economic
relationships between countries.) strengthen US engagement and and strategic ties with Europe and
U.S.-China economic interdependence presence in the Asia-Pacific region other transatlantic partners like the US
alongside strategic rivalry. by diplomatic, economic and and Canada.)
security measures as a response to
China's
Old growing influence and
assertiveness. While initially
successful, doubts remain about
the durability of the US
pivot to the Indo-Pacific.)
De-hyphenation Golden Crescent & Golden Track 2
Triangle diplomacy
(Unofficial dialogue between
nongovernmental
Entities.)
Initiatives between Indian and
Pakistani scholars to discuss
bilateral issues.
Malacca dilemma Web of alliances (A network of Strategic encirclement
(China's strategic vulnerability due to its international partnerships to (Being surrounded by hostile nations.)
high dependence on seaborne energy promote interests.) China's accusations against the U.S. for
imports transported through the Strait The QUAD alliance involving the surrounding it with
of Malacca - a chokepoint controlled by U.S., Japan, Australia, and alliances in Asia.
the US and its allies. India.
Around 80% of China's oil imports and
over 50% of its natural gas imports pass
through the Strait of Malacca
between Indonesia, Malaysia and
Singapore.
Balkanisation (Division of a region into Global South (refers collectively to South-South Cooperation
smaller states along developing countries that share South-South cooperation refers to
ethnic lines.) common socioeconomic challenges collaborative efforts and partnerships
The independence of South Sudan from and often work together to between developing countries to
Sudan promote their collective interests boost economic growth, poverty
in global governance, trade, reduction and sustainable
development financing development through trade,
and climate issues. investment, technology transfers,
knowledge sharing and addressing
common global challenges. Such
collaboration helps balance the Global
North's dominant role in global affairs.
Rule based Arc of Band Wagoning (Alignment of weaker
global order rather than power Democracies states with a stronger state to avoid
politics. (India’s advocacy for a rules- (The Quad (U.S., Japan, India, opposition costs and gain
based order in the Indo-Pacific Australia) aims to uphold a Benefits.) Many countries aligning
Region.) "free and open Indo-Pacific" based their trade and diplomatic policies
on democratic principles.) with China due to its growing power,
viewing band wagoning as beneficial
De facto ally (India and the U.S. have Friendshoring (The Indo-Pacific Digital Diplomacy (India's initiatives in
become de facto allies through Economic Framework launched by promoting digital public infrastructure
growing strategic partnerships, the U.S. aims to strengthen supply DPI (e.g., UPI)
especially in countering chain resilience among allies like and e-governance models in
China's influence.) Australia, Japan, South Korea, and developing countries
India.)
Cultural Diplomacy Strategic Assets Hotbed for perpetuation of terrorism
(Promoting national interests through
cultural exchanges and soft power.)
The Indian Council for Cultural Relations
(ICCR) organizing
events to showcase Indian culture
abroad

IR Acronym & Full form

 Neighborhood or Neighborhood 1st Policy
Area Cooperation/Importance Conflict
Geoeconomic • Bilateral Trade ($): China (136Bn); • Trade deficit ($): All Neighbors have trade
Nepal’s largest trading partner (>11Bn); deficit with India except China (trade surplus
Bhutan’s largest trading partner (1.3Bn); 83Bn);
Pakistan (1.3 Bn; India withdrew MFN • A Glass Half Full – World Bank Report (Intra-
after Pulwama; Pak suspended Bilateral regional trade in South Asia is negligible and
Trade after Art-370); Myanmar (1.7Bn); stands at a mere 5% of the region’s total
Sri Lanka’s 2nd largest partner in SAARC trade.)
(4Bn); Bangladesh (15.9Bn); Afgh • Implementation delay (E.g., Punatsangchhu I
(1.3Bn); SAFTA & II in Bhutan) by India,
• Infra/Regional Connectivity: Kaladan; • BBIN MVA (hold-by Bhutan); TAPI
BBIN; Raxaul-Kathmandu • poaching by Indian fishermen in Sri Lankan
Railway project; TAPI (gateway to CAR); waters
IMT; Akhaura-Agartala Rail Link; Border
Haat (Bangladesh); air service (Sri Lanka);
Act East Policy; Greater Male
Connectivity Project
• Energy & Resources: Hydro-project
(Nepal & Bhutan)
• Integration with Regional and Global
Supply Chains.
• Currency Swap Agreement (Maldive)
• Indian Aid & Projects in Afgh:
✓ Salma Dam
✓ Zaranj-Delaram road
✓ Export of Wheat to Afgh
 ✓ Training for Afghan public servants;
sport diplomacy (cricket)
✓ Construction of new Parliament
(Loya Jirga)
✓ Military support in form of vehicles
& training
✓ Children’s Hospital
✓ Electricity substations &
transmission lines
Geopolitical • Balance of power; • Nepal: K P Oli, known for his India-critical
• Counterbalance China: Enhanced stance, is back as Prime Minister and has
regional integration in South Asia announced his first official visit to China
• Recent visit: instead of India.
• Treaty: Nepal (Treaty of Peace & • Bangladesh: New government under
Friendship 1950); Mohammed Yunus is demanding the
• Hedge and Maintain India’s sphere of extradition of Sheikh Hasina, putting India in a
influence. difficult position.
• Maldives: President Mohamed Muizzu
campaigned on ousting Indian forces from the
island + India Out campaign
• Sri Lanka: President Anura Dissanayake's party
has a history of disliking Indian intervention;
Chinese Projects: energy projects to China
• Bhutan: The King has shown a slight inclination
towards China.
• India: Big Brother Attitude; Afgh (India not
recognized yet)
• Dysfunctional regionalism: SAARC
• Historical baggage & unresolved disputes
• Domestic politics & internal crisis
• China’s rising influence in Neighbours

Geostrategic • Buffer state: Bhutan/Nepal’s • Maldives signed military pact with China
strategic location • CPEC/BRI
• Military exercises: Surya Kiran • Golden Crescent/Triangle & Norco trade
(Nepal), Ekuverin (Sri Lanka), etc. • Border
• Security & Stability: Stable • Disaster
Afghanistan is essential to combat • Cross-border Trade & commerce
Pakistan-based terrorist groups. • Militant’s hideout: Militant outfits e.g., ULFA,
• Multilateral Cooperation: SAARC, NDFB, in Bhutan etc.
IORA • insurgency
• Neighbourhood First Policy • Illegal immigrations
• Religious fundamentalism & extremism; E.g.,
Taliban's extremist ideology
• Pakistan’s desire to acquire strategic depth in
Afghanistan
Territorial • Bangladesh (100th CAA-Land • Nepal (Lipulekh; Limpiyadur; Kalapani),Susta
Disputes Boundary Agreement); China (1993 Region(Bihar)
Maintaining Peace & Tranquility at • Sri-Lanka:Disagreements over Kachchatheevu
Border); etc. island
• Pakistan:Pok,LoC, Sir Creek
 • China: LAC, Doklam,
Trans-boundary • 1960 Indus Water Treaty • China’s control over Tibet results into water
water • 1996 Ganga Treaty between India and hegemony by it
management; Bangladesh. • Absence of a universally binding international
Environmental • 1954 Koshi Agreement. legal regime.
concerns • 1959 Gandak Agreement • West Bengal opposing the proposed Teesta
• 1991 Tanakpur Barrage Agreement Agreement
• 1996 Mahakali Treaty • Boundary disputes due to rivers.
• Lack of data sharing
• Use of trawlers causes environmental damage
by fishermen (Sri Lanka)
• Indus Water Treaty suspension

Regional E.g., SAARC and BIMSTEC • Dysfunctional regionalism-SAARC

Integration
P2P; Human • Unrestricted cross-border movement
Rights; • Indian Council for Cultural Relations • Women's rights (Afgh); Rohingya (Myanmar)
Humanitarian or (ICCR) scholarship scheme
developmental • Technical Mission in Kabul
• Assistance: E.g., water crisis, Covid-19
in Maldive
News/New • Sri Lanka:
Development o PM Modi 4th visit; met President Anura Kumara; theme: Friendship & Prosperity;
projects: Maho–Omanthai Railway ($91.27M), signalling upgrade ($14.89M); MoUs on
defence, energy, digital; 11 fishermen released.
o SL President Anura Kumara’s 1st overseas trip; praised India’s $4B aid (2022); MoUs:
debt, housing, solar, wind, LNG, Trincomalee Energy Hub.
• Bhutan: King Jigme’s visit (Feb 2025); supported 13th FYP, Mindfulness City-Gelephu
Mindfulness City; progress in Punatsangchhu hydropower; Chhukha Hydroelectric Project;
cross-border rail: Kokrajhar–Gelephu.
• Bangladesh: Bangladesh Political Crisis (Aug 2024) Sheikh Hasina ousted; interim govt under
Muhammad Yunus; India managing fallout; Bangladesh = India’s 4th largest export market.
• India–Nepal–Bangladesh Power Deal: Nepal → Bangladesh: 40 MW hydropower via
Dhalkebar–Muzaffarpur line; earns Nepal $9.2M/year.
Way Forward (REFER ABOVE APPROACH)

IR Diagram & Flow Chart

 -Katchatheevu Island

-defense import

-IMEEC Project

Major Power
China Conflict/Threat: China’s defence budget of
$222 billion Vs. India’s $75 billion; trade
deficit over
$99 billion (2023); Chinese
intrusion in Ladakh; Geoeconomics or China
using its economic dominance
for favourable geopolitical results; BRI; no
mutually agreed LAC; Western Sector
(Ladakh): India Key mechanism: 1993 Agreement on Maintenance of
considers the Johnson Line (of 1865) as the Peace and Tranquility along th1e LAC.
border whereas China claims the McDonald
Line (of 1899).
Middle sector (Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand): Largely undisputed area.
Eastern Sector (Arunachal Pradesh and
Sikkim): China claims the state of AP as part of
the Tibetan Autonomous
Region
USA Cooperation Challenges
• 2024 trade: $150B+ • Varied Stance on Russia-Ukraine War, Israel-
• Multilateral and Minilateral: UN, G-20, Palestine War
QUAD, I2U2, • Defence: Fear of CAATSA sanctions
• Defence: INDUS-X, LEMOA, COMCASA, • India’s commitment to Non-Alignment
BECA Way Forward
• Initiative on Critical and Emerging • Reviving & Reforming Multilateralism
Technologies • Work with regional institutes: e.g., QUAD, I2U2,
• Global Challenges: India-U.S. Climate and etc.
Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership
 News • Diversification, Decentralization and
• US VP J.D. Vance’s 1st visits under Trump Democratization of supply chains
2.0; focus: trade, supply chain, energy, News
tech; boost to Indo-Pacific, QUAD; 2024 • Trump tariffs: 26% on Indian goods (paused 90
trade: $150B+; visit shadowed by days); launched Gold Card Visa ($5M); India
Pahalgam terror attack. called “Tariff King”; potential economic impacts.
• PM Modi’s USA visit: Tagged “MEGA • US Exit: WHO & Paris Pact
Partnership”; goals: $500B trade by o Trump signed order to exit WHO (citing
2030, F-35 deal, tech & mineral COVID mishandling, 18% funding burden)
coproduction; supported Tahawwur o Exit in 1 year; seeks new health ties
Rana extradition. o Also withdrew from Paris Agreement,
• INDIA-US defence relations- recent citing economic cost
signing of (Security of Supplies • US Withdraws from UNHRC: Trump signs order
Arrangement)-SOSA pulling out of UNHRC and halts UNRWA funding
citing anti-Israel bias and inefficiency.

EU Significance Challenges
• Bilateral trade: $135 billion • Access to Market: E.g. non-tariff barriers
• Multilateralism: UN, WTO, G20 • EU demands stronger IPR regime
• EU is 2nd largest destination for • EU raises concerns about religious freedom,
Indian exports treatment of minorities, etc.
• Convergence in Indo-pacific
• Clean Energy and Climate Way Forward
Partnership.
News • Early conclusion of FTA
• Link between foreign and security policy and
• India–Denmark Smart River Lab in trade and economic objectives
Varanasi • India-EU Connectivity Partnership
• Denmark–India Green Alliance: Launched • Utilize Post Brexit Scenario
Green Transition Alliance India (GTAI);
expands GSP (2020); joint work on carbon
neutrality, renewables, B2B ties.
• PM Modi’s Poland Visit (upgraded to
Strategic Partnership)
• Spain PM visit: Inaugurated C295 aircraft
line; MoUs: railways, customs, culture
• India–France Museum Collaboration:
Developing Yuga Yugeen Bharat Museum
in Delhi
• India–Italy Strategic Plan 2025: Milan
meeting; focus on digital, climate,
renewables; synergy with IMEEC, EU–
India connectivity; Biz-Sci-Tech Forum
• UK Universities in GIFT City: Queen’s
University Belfast & Coventry University
to open campuses in Gujarat; follows
Deakin & Wollongong.
Russia Significance for India Challenges
• Balancing China • Emergence of Russia-China partnership; Russia-
• Nuclear Energy: Kudankulam Plant China-Pak axis
• Investment Opportunities: E.g. Russia’s • Russia’s engagement with Pakistan
Far East • Diplomatic Dilemma for India: E.g. Balancing
• Major Supplier of Defence between USA and Russia
• Support of Russia Multilateral Forums: • Russia’s criticism: of QUAD, Idea of Indo-Pacific.
UNSC & NSG.
Way Forward

• Expansion and diversification of bilateral

economic relations.
• Collaboration on regional issues: Eurasian region,
Arctic, Afghanistan
• Exploration of Logistics links: Northern Sea Route

Indo-Pacific Significance: India’s Indo-Pacific Policy:

• 50% of the Global Trade and 40% of Oil • Initiatives: IPOI, IONS
passes through IP; • Foreign Policy: Separate Indo-Pacific Division
• India’s 90% trade and 80% critical (IPD), Act East Policy, SAGAR etc
Freight; • Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA)
• Advocates for a free, open, and inclusive • Net Security Provider and First Responder,
Region; etc.
• Places Southeast Asia and ASEAN at the Challenges:
center of IP. • Limited Naval Capacity and Lack of military
bases
• Slow pace of developments of initiatives
• Lack of a definitional consensus on IP.

Diaspora Challenges faced in West Asia, Africa, West Way Ahead

(Europe & America) • Cooperation between the labour ministry
• Denial of local citizenship to the workers by and external affairs ministry to check
most countries in the Gulf region. Long malpractices of the recruiting agents in India
working hours, inhumane living conditions, as well employers in the host country. E.g.,
withholding of salaries, etc., affect their steps towards abolition of Kafala system, as
human rights situation. E.g., Kuwait fire done by Qatar. Negotiating a “standard
accident. Poor connectivity, insufficient labour export agreement” with Gulf
economic linkages, limited consular access. countries prescribing minimum wage,
E.g., students, medical patients, businessmen medical care, working hours, overtime
etc., often face trouble. allowances etc.
• Kafala system (private sponsorship) binds the • Union and state government can initiate
labourers in domestic and construction sector awareness missions to educate Indian
to one owner, restricting their economic workers about their rights and obligations.
rights. Nitaqat system creates bias in the Increasing the number of consulates,
favour of local workers. Vulnerability to drug regional offices etc., to improve consular
smuggling rackets; rise of radicalisation and access for the Indians. Increasing the
terrorism may leave the Indian diaspora connectivity between India and West-
vulnerable to security threats in these Asia/Africa, to facilitate cheap flights and
regions. easy return.
• US/Europe-visa issue
QUAD At 20: Significance Challenges
Strategic • Refer Indo-pacific topic (Indo-Pacific • Less institutionalisation.
Evolution and accounts for 50% global maritime trade, 60% • Seen as a cold war mentality.
India’s Role global GDP) • Distinguishing Quad's purpose.
• IPEF • Problem of delivery
• Boost to Act East Policy • Quad faces challenges like different levels of
• Improving maritime security through commitment among members; perception as
maritime domain awareness (IPMDA - Indo- anti-China coalition threatening the balance
Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain between deterrence and provocation;
Awareness); ensuring freedom of navigation limited economic cooperation compared to
through MAITRI (Maritime Initiative for security focus; varying approaches to global
Training); addressing health challenges issues (e.g. India’s neutrality vs others’
through Quad Health Security Partnership. strong opposition of Russia-Ukraine conflict).
• Availing access to critical technologies India’s concerns
through initiatives like AI-ENGAGE • Possibility of reactivating
(agriculture) and BioExplore ($2 million joint tensions with China.
biotechnology program); building resilient • Strategic Autonomy: Compromise its flexible
supply chains (Semiconductor Supply Chains partnerships with other
Contingency Network); strengthening countries.
defense cooperation through QUIN (Quad • Alienate other Indian partners like Russia and
Investors Network) focusing on critical Iran.
minerals, cybersecurity, and aerospace.
• Promoting "free and open Indo-Pacific"
through coordinated infrastructure
development (Indo-Pacific Logistics Network,
Quad Ports of Future Partnership); strategic
deterrence through joint military exercises
(Malabar); enhancing digital connectivity
through Cable Connectivity and Resilience
Partnership.

SCO • Helps India maintain her strategic autonomy • India is effectively the only functional
and pursue multi alignment; democracy in a grouping full of authoritarian
• provides platform to engage with Central or semi-democratic regimes;
Asian Republics and gives fillip to Connect • India’s bilateral ties with major SCO partners
Central Asia Policy. viz. China, Pakistan are mired in disputes and
• Promotes security cooperation through RATS conflicts.
and combats separatism, extremism and • There is growing feeling that SCO is
terrorism in the region; becoming too much China-centric, India’s
core interests are often overlooked. E.g.
 • political cooperation among members has a India is only SCO member to oppose China's
balancing influence of major powers in the BRI that includes CPEC which passes through
region, contributing to regional peace and PoK;
stability. • SCO countries differ significantly over the
• Economic cooperation includes energy, trade approach towards Afghanistan;
and transport; • RATS has been ineffective in addressing the
• achieving trade connectivity. E.g. INSTC, issue of state-sponsored terrorism.
Chahbahar Port; • The growing Russia-China partnership,
• promotes India’s energy security, e.g., India’s inclusion of Iran as member, risks turning the
uranium trade with Kazakhstan; SCO into an anti-Western club;
• cultural cooperation with countries of Central • India risks getting stuck into the “New Cold
Asia; share a common Buddhist heritage. War”.
News
• SCO Defence Ministers' Meet 2025 Held
in Qingdao, China (June 25–26, 2025);
India refused to sign joint declaration
(excluded Pahalgam terror attack,
included Balochistan); India called for
global peace, anti-terror cooperation
BRICS+ (Egypt; • Economic cooperation and development by • BRICS confronts issues like China-India
Ethiopia; providing alternative financial architecture border tensions (Galwan, Dokhlam);
Saudi Arabia; (New Development Bank, Contingent Reserve • divergent positions on global issues such as
UAE; Arrangement); enhancing trade and global governance reforms (e.g. China
Indonesia) investment opportunities within Global South opposing India’s permanent membership of
(Grain exchange, Re-insurance company); UNSC);
promoting de-dollarization initiatives (BRICS • economic asymmetries among members;
currency) to reduce dependency on Western competing infrastructure initiatives (BRI vs
financial systems (SWIFT). IMEC).
• Strengthening multipolarity by advocating
reforms in global governance institutions
(UN, IMF, World Bank); providing platform to
address common challenges of developing
world (terrorism, middle income trap);
fostering South-South cooperation (BRICS
partner category status).
• Achieving strategic autonomy by reducing
over-dependence on West; maintaining
balanced relationships with both US and
Russia; leveraging collective bargaining power
of emerging economies in global negotiations
(climate change, trade).

I2U2
AUKUS AUKUS-Strategic Security Pacts at 5 Years (2021;
security alliance; US, UK, AUS; aims to enhance
security and defense coop in Indo-Pacific;
regional stability; tech collab)

Impact on India: Strategic Balancing; Defense

Collab (Pillar-2); Regional Stability

Concerns: Regional stability; Strategic Autonomy;

Nuclear non-proliferation

Regions & Policies Significance for India Challenges/Way Ahead

-Geo economic/political/strategic
India-ASEAN; Act East Policy- • ASEAN is India’s 4th largest Challenges
completion of 10 years trading partner • India’s withdrawal from RCEP; issue of
• India ASEAN trade: $122.67 Myanmar.
billion (2023-24) • Widening of trade deficit.
• ASEAN comprises 11% of • Great power competition: between US &
India’s global trade China.
• >20% of India’s outbound • China’s maritime dispute with ASEAN
investments go to ASEAN countries.
• Centrality in India's Act East Way Ahead
Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision. • Review AITIGA
• India-Myanmar-Thailand • Institutionalize ISA, CDRI, LiFE and
Trilateral (IMT) Highway, OSOWOG.
Kaladan Multimodal Project. • Strengthen Comprehensive Strategic
• ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Partnership: IPOI, AOIP.
Meeting – Plus (ADMM-Plus), • Expedite IMT project
ASEAN-India Maritime News
Exercise (AIME) • India–Thailand Strategic Partnership
2025: Announced during BIMSTEC Summit
in Bangkok; agreed to upgrade ties, review
AITIGA, promote local currency trade &
SEZs.
West Asia; West Asia Policy News News
• India–UAE Civil Nuclear Deal • Fall of Assad in Syria
• India–Kuwait Strategic o On Dec 8, 2024, HTS rebels
Partnership: PM Modi’s 1st captured Damascus; Assad fled to
visit (2024) in 43 years; signed Russia
Defence MoU; Kuwait = 6th o Ended 24-year rule, 50 years of
largest crude supplier, $10B+ Assad dynasty
investment. o Civil War (since 2011): driven by
• I2U2 autocracy, sectarianism, economic
crisis
o Proxy war: Russia-Iran vs US-
Turkey-Gulf
o Final offensive (2024) toppled
Assad as allies disengaged

Africa Significance Challenges

• Bilateral: India-Africa Defence • ChineseLoan to African nations
Dialogue • Slow project delivery by India,
• Multilateral: AU’s inclusion in • Piracy, IUU fishing, narcotics
the G20
• Asia Africa Growth Corridor News
(AAGC) • President’s Africa Visit 2024: Visited
• Geostrategic (Net Security Algeria, Mauritania, Malawi; focus:
Provider) energy, infra, pharma, diaspora; aid:
• Geopolitical (NAM; Leader of 1,000 MT rice, cancer machine, Jaipur
Global South; UNSC seat) Foot Centre.
• Energy & critical minerals • India–Angola Relations 2025: 40 years of
ties; $200M LoC for Su-30 upgrade under
SAGAR; support for Lobito Corridor
(US+EU); joined ISA (123rd member);
Angola = 2nd largest African oil supplier;
trade: $2.14B → $4.22B.
Latin America

Global Issues Impact at Global Level/Impact on India Solution

Israel-Palestine
 Ukraine crisis • PM Modi’s Ukraine Visit 2024:
1st visit; met Zelenskyy, gifted BHISHM Cubes,
signed pacts in health, agriculture, culture.
Israel-Iran tension In recent months, there has been a • Disruption of energy supplies (oil) and the
sudden escalation of tensions in West resultant volatility in prices (high shipping costs,
Asia, particularly between Israel and attacks on energy infrastructure);
Iran (including non-state actors, like • unsettling of the trade linked to the region via
Hezbollah and Hamas). Both countries Strait of Hormuz and Suez Canal (longer trade
have engaged in reciprocal strikes on routes, attacks on shipping vessels);
each other strategic assets, further • impact on macro-economic stability (fuel-linked
deteriorating the situation. This has inflation, greater forex outgo to purchase
significant economic and geopolitical costlier oil) and market stability (stock market
repercussions for India: volatility, flight of capital to safer assets like
gold).
• Israel’s Operation Rising Lion: • Impact on strategic projects in the region
Strikes on Natanz, Tehran, Tabriz, (Chabahar port, International North–South
Kermanshah; Iran’s Transport Corridor, India-Middle East-Europe
• Operation True Promise 3: Missiles Economic Corridor);
on Jerusalem, Tel Aviv; U.S. B-2 • possible ramifications for strategic bilateral and
strikes on Fordow, Isfahan; multilateral cooperation in the region (defence
• India’s concerns: energy (2M and scientific cooperation with Israel, I2U2);
barrels/day via Hormuz), inflation, • puts India in a difficult position (requiring
launched Operation Sindhu to ‘diplomatic tight rope walk’), as it has friendly
evacuate NRIs (66%) from Gulf; ties with both nations.
Chabahar, INSTC • Provide India’s ‘adversaries (China, Turkiye) the
• global risks: oil surge, NPT exit, U.S. opportunity to leverage the situation to their
base threat. benefit;
• threatens the safety of Indian diaspora, risking
evacuations and reducing remittances crucial to
the country’s economy.

Nuclear threat

Agreement & Treaty Features Way Forward

Indus Water Treaty Discriminatory treaty for India, 80% water • India should not suspend; yet
goes to Pakistan despite upper riparian state continue its hydropower projects
+ Diagram • Negotiate; utilize PAC & Neutral
• Permanent Indus Commission (PIC)- Expert
Question resolution
• Neutral Expert-Difference resolution
• Court of Arbitration (CoA)-Disputes
resolution

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