Computer Science Notes
Computer Science Definition
Computer Science is the study of computers and how they work. It includes both theory and
practical use. The field mainly covers theory (algorithms, data structures), software (programming
and development), hardware (computer parts), and applications (use in business, healthcare,
entertainment).
Key Areas of Computer Science
1. Algorithms and Data Structures: Solve problems quickly and organize data.
2. Programming Languages: Tools like Python, Java, C++ for writing software.
3. Software Engineering: Planning and building software using methods like Agile.
4. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Making computers act smart (e.g., Siri, Alexa).
5. Cybersecurity: Protecting data and systems from attacks.
Hardware Overview
Hardware means the physical parts of a computer (CPU, memory, storage, devices). Better
hardware improves performance, and all parts must work together for smooth user experience.
Classification of Keys
1. Alphanumeric: Letters (A–Z) and numbers (0–9).
2. Function Keys: F1–F12 for special tasks.
3. Modifier Keys: Shift, Ctrl, Alt with shortcuts.
4. Navigation Keys: Arrow, Home, End, Page Up/Down.
5. Special Keys: Enter, Backspace, Delete, Esc.
6. Numeric Keypad: For fast number entry.
7. Multimedia Keys: Control music and video.
8. Macro Keys: Extra programmable keys.
Purpose and Importance of Scanning Input Devices
Business: Helps in inventory management.
Education: Converts exams and papers into digital files.
Healthcare: Stores patient records digitally for easy access.
Scanners
Scanners convert documents/images into digital files.
Types:
- Flatbed: High-quality scans of books, photos.
- Sheet-fed: Fast scanning of many pages.
- Handheld: Portable scanning on the go.
How They Work: Light scans → sensors capture → software saves as image (JPEG/PDF).
Barcode Readers
Devices that scan product barcodes and turn them into digital data.
Types:
- CCD Readers: Use light sensors to capture barcode reflections.
- Laser Readers: Use laser beams for accurate scanning, even at distance.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
OCR changes printed/handwritten text into editable digital text.
How It Works: Scanning → software analyzes shapes → text created.
Applications: Digital books, searchable PDFs, data entry, helping visually impaired.
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
OMR reads shaded bubbles/boxes on forms.
How It Works: Scanning → detects marks → stores as data.
Applications: Exams (MCQs), surveys, feedback forms.
Fingerprint Readers
Fingerprint readers identify people using unique fingerprint patterns.
How They Work: Finger placed on sensor → image captured → matched with stored record.
Applications: Mobile unlocking, attendance systems, secure access.
Comparison of Scanning Input Devices
Device Definition / Function How It Works Applications
Scanner Converts documents/photos into
Light
digital
scans page → sensors → software
files Books, saves
documents, photos
Barcode Reader Reads product barcodes Light/laser scans barcode → data Retail,
capturedinventory, logistics
OCR form → analyzes shapes → creates
Turns text into editable digitalScans Books,
textscanned PDFs, offices
OMR Reads filled bubbles/checkboxes
Detects shaded marks on forms Exams, surveys
Scans finger → compares with stored
Fingerprint ReaderIdentifies people by fingerprints Phones,
pattern
attendance, security
