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 Copyright © 2002

by

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

ISBN 1-56424-052-5

All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof

must not be reproduced in any form without the
written permission of the publisher.

The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering prin-
ciples and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used
or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its
accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect. The publication
of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American
Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any gen-
eral or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this infor-
mation assumes all liability arising from such use.

Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and
incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent
to the printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and
incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition.

Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS IN BRIEF

IDEAS
Structural Steel Today
Structural Steel Framing Solutions for Multi-Story Residential Buildings
Building Tomorrow's Parking Structures Today
Project Profiles
Cologne/Bonn Airport
Fashion Square Retail Center
Jefferson at Lenox Park
John F. Kennedy International Airport
Mystic Marriott Hotel & Spa
Newark International Airport
Nortel Networks
Portland International Airport
Winthrop University Hospital

SYSTEMS
PART I
Basic Structural Engineering
Understanding Load Flow
Types of Basic Lateral Systems
Beam Web Penetrations
Thermal Movement of Structural Steel
Floor Vibration

PART II
Protecting Structural Steel
Guide to Coatings Technology
Basics of Protective Coatings
Composition of Coatings
Types of Coatings
Painting Guides
Special Purpose Coating Systems
Paint Systems
Surface Preparation
Other Substrates
Use of Protective Coatings
Evaluation of Existing Coating for Overcoating
Coating Test Methods and Procedures
Surface Preparation for Overcoating Systems
Quality Assurance
Evaluation of Performance Requirements for Coating Systems
Protecting Substrates from Corrosion
Economics
Inspection
Coating References
Sample Painting Guide Specifications

iii
 Fire Protection
General Factors
Fire Protection Materials
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Assemblies
Restrained and Unrestrained Construction
Architecturally Exposed Steel
Rational Fire Design Based on Fire Engineering

PART III
Determining Member Sizes for Detailing
Determining Girder and Beam Sizes for Floors & Roofs
Determining Interior Column Sizes

PART IV
Miscellaneous
Bending and Shaping of Structural Members
Welding Symbols and Appearance of Exposed Welded Connections
Latest Code Provisions for Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel

MATERIALS
W-, S-, C-, MC-, HP-, M-Shapes and Angles
Structural Tees (WT-, MT- and ST-Shapes)
Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) and Pipe
Plates and Bars

DETAILS
General Considerations
Detailing Considerations for Masonry
Detailing Considerations for Precast Concrete Panels
Detailing Considerations for Limestone Panels
Detailing Considerations for Thin Stone Veneer Panels
Detailing Considerations for Window Wall Enclosure Systems
Detailing Considerations for Floor/Ceiling Sandwich
Design Considerations for Diagonal Bracing Details
Additional References

APPENDIX
Common Questions Answered
Definitions
Mill Production and Tolerances
General Fabrication
Fabrication and Erection Tolerances
Painting and Surface Preparation
Fire Protection
References
Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, March 7, 2000
Construction Industry Organizations

INDEX

iv
PREFACE
The purpose of this Guide is to provide architects with the tools needed to feel more comfortable and confident
working with structural steel in building projects. With a greater understanding of the characteristics and inher-
ent benefits of structural steel, architects will be prepared to better utilize steel as a framing material. Some of
the strengths structural steel offers in building design is high resiliency and performance under harsh and difficult
conditions, i.e., earthquakes and hurricanes. Steel offers the ability to span great distances with slenderness and
grace. Steel can be shaped to achieve curved forms and goes up quickly to meet tough construction schedules
in almost any weather condition. Steel can be easily modified in the future to satisfy changing requirements. And
with virtually all structural steel produced in the United States today made from recycled cars and other steel prod-
ucts, steel offers environmental sustainability for the future.

This Guide was created in response to research gathered by the American Institute of Steel Construction's (AISC)
regional engineering staff through focus group meetings with owners, engineers, architects, construction man-
agers and contractors throughout the United States. The purpose of this research was to determine how steel-
framed building projects could be completed more economically and in less time, while still maintaining high lev-
els of quality. To find the regional engineer in your area, visit the AISC website at [Link].

One of the findings of these focus groups was that architects were eager for more knowledge of how to incor-
porate structural steel into building design. In response to this need, AISC set out to create a guidebook for archi-
tects that would provide an understanding of the structural systems, material properties and design details for
structural steel. To that end industry experts from all fields—architects, engineers, fabricators and coating spe-
cialists—were assembled to provide the most up-to-date and accurate information on designing in structural
steel.

Designing with Structural Steel: A Guide for Architects, is presented in five sections. The Ideas Section contains
the booklet, Structural Steel Today, showcasing buildings that incorporate structural steel's unique features to cre-
ate truly inspiring architectural designs. Also included in this section is a series of project profiles.
The Systems Section explains basic concepts in structural steel design. It is intended to help the architect com-
municate more easily with the structural engineer. This section also presents an in-depth discussion of the types
of coating systems available for structural steel for instances where coating protection is needed. The section
also provides information of welding and sizing of beams and columns for purposes of architectural detailing.

The Details Section provides plan details and commentary on the use of structural steel in combination with other
building materials like precast concrete panels, masonry, thin stone veneer panels and limestone. The Materials
Section contains dimensional properties (in both English and metric units), of wide-flange shapes, hollow struc-
tural sections and other sections. The Materials Section also provides architects with additional information need-
ed for architectural detailing.

The Appendix is divided into three parts. The AISC Code of Standard Practice covers standard communications
through plans, specifications, shop drawings and erection drawings; material, fabrication, and erection toler-
ances and quality requirements; contracts; and requirements for architecturally exposed steel. Also provided are
answers to common questions about codes, specifications and other standards applicable to structural steel. The
final part of this section is an information-source-list of names, addresses, phone numbers and website address-
es for industry organizations that can be of service to the building team.

This Guide is meant to be a teaching tool as well as a desk reference on structural steel. It is meant to be a "liv-
ing document." To this end it has been published in a three-ring binder to accommodate additions and updat-
ed information to be published in the future.

The editors would like to thank all of those who contributed their time, effort and knowledge in producing a pub-
lication that can be used on a daily basis. We welcome your comments and suggestions for future additions to
the guidebook.

Alford Johnson
Chicago 2002
v
CONTRIBUTORS

IDEAS

Alford Johnson, Vice President Marketing, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

SYSTEMS

Del Boring, P.E., Senior Director, American Iron & Steel Institute

Mark Zahn, S.E., Structural Engineer

Karl Angeloff, P.E., Manager Marketing Development, Bayer Corporation

Alford Johnson, Vice President Marketing, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

DETAILING

David E. Eckmann, AIA, S.E., Structural Department Head, OWP&P Architects, Inc.

Geoffrey Walters, AIA, Architect, OWP&P Architects, Inc.

APPENDIX

Charles J. Carter, S.E., P.E., Chief Structural Engineer, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

vii
DESIGNING WITH STRUCTURAL

STEEL
A GUIDE FOR ARCHITECTS

SECOND EDITION
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 PAGE 1 IDEAS

CONTENTS OF IDEAS SECTION

INTRODUCTION

Structural Steel Today

Structural Steel Framing Solutions for Multi-Story Residential Buildings

Building Tomorrow's Parking Structures Today

Project Profiles
Cologne/Bonn Airport
Fashion Square Retail Center
Jefferson at Lenox Park
John F. Kennedy International Airport
Mystic Marriott Hotel & Spa
Newark International Airport
Nortel Networks
Portland International Airport
Winthrop University Hospital
IDEAS PAGE 2

INTRODUCTION

The Ideas Section is a collection of publications that colorfully illustrate the many possibilities with structural steel.
The first document, Structural Steel Today, presents a series of projects that take advantage of the inherent ben-
efits of structural steel as a framing material. Color photos and illustrated details convey steel's ability to be
shaped into a desired form, cover long spans, allow for modification of an existing structure, erect a structure
under tight time constraints and be recycled.

Following Structural Steel Today are a series of brochures and project profiles showing structural steel used in
hotels, condominiums, apartments, school dormitories, senior housing and parking garages. There will be addi-
tional idea-provoking literature in the future that should find a place in this Ideas Section.
 PAGE 1 SYSTEMS

CONTENTS OF SYSTEMS SECTION

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

PART I

BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

UNDERSTANDING LOAD FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Gravity Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Horizontal Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Seismic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
TYPES OF BASIC LATERAL SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Braced Frames — General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Braced Frames — Cross Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Braced Frames — Chevron Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Eccentrically Braced Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Rigid Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Shear Walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BEAM WEB PENETRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
THERMAL MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL STEEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
FLOOR VIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Basic Vibration Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Floor Vibration Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

PART II

PROTECTING STRUCTURAL STEEL

GUIDE TO COATINGS TECHNOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
BASICS OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Corrosion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Coatings in Corrosion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
COMPOSITION OF COATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Pigments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Non-Volatile Vehicles (Binders) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Volatile Vehicles (Solvents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Additives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
SYSTEMS PAGE 2

TYPES OF COATINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Zinc-Rich Primers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Epoxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Acrylics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Polyurethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Alkyds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
PAINTING GUIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
SPECIAL PURPOSE COATING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Intumescent Paint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Hot-Dip Galvanizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Galvanized Steel — Painted (Duplex System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
PAINT SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Government Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Coating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Interior Structural Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
SURFACE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Clean Surfaces and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
OTHER SUBSTRATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
USE OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Shop Painting Bare Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Requirements for Preparation of Bare Metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Preparation Methods and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
EVALUATION OF EXISTING COATING FOR OVERCOATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Overcoat Paint Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Coating Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
COATING TEST METHODS AND PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Compatibility of Overcoating System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
SURFACE PREPARATION FOR OVERCOATING SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Method A: High-Pressure Water Wash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Method B: Hand and Power Tool Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
QUALITY ASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR COATING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
PROTECTING SUBSTRATES FROM CORROSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
 PAGE 3 SYSTEMS

Corrosive Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Corrosion Performance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Test Panels as Substitutes for Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Weathering Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Weathering Performance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Other Types of Performance Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Specifying Paint to Meet Performance Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
ECONOMICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Cost of Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Life Cycle Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Transfer Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Estimating Paint Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
COATING REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
SAMPLE PAINTING GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS
FIRE PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
GENERAL FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Building Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Combustibility of the Structural Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Fire Resistance of the Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Effect of Temperature on Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Temperatures of Fire Exposed Structural Steel Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
FIRE PROTECTION MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Gypsum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Spray-applied Fire Resistive Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Suspended Ceiling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Concrete and Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Intumescent Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES (UL) ASSEMBLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
RESTRAINED AND UNRESTRAINED CONSTRUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Partial Extract of the Appendix to ASTM E119-00a:
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
ARCHITECTURALLY EXPOSED STEEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exterior Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Interior Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
RATIONAL FIRE DESIGN BASED ON FIRE ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
SYSTEMS PAGE 4

PART III

DETERMINING MEMBER SIZES FOR DETAILING

DETERMINING GIRDER AND BEAM SIZES FOR FLOORS & ROOFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Design Parameters and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
DETERMINING INTERIOR COLUMN SIZES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Design Parameters and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

PART IV

MISCELLANEOUS
BENDING AND SHAPING OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
WELDING SYMBOLS AND APPEARANCE OF EXPOSED WELDED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
LATEST CODE PROVISIONS FOR ARCHITECTURALLY EXPOSED STRUCTURAL STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Forces experienced by structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 2. Gravity and wind loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 3. Loads on columns and beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 4. Horizontal diaphragm/lateral load resisting interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 5. Typical floor plan with cross bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 6. Cross-braced building elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 7. Typical beam to column brace connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 8. Typical floor plan with Chevron bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 9. Elevation with Chevron bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 10. Eccentric brace with typical brace to beam connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 11. Typical floor plan with rigid frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 12. Rigid frame building elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 13. Typical rigid (moment) connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 14. Concentric and eccentric web penetrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure 15. Diagram of building expansion example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 16. Double-column movement connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 17. Seated slide-bearing connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 18. Types of dynamic loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 19. Decaying vibration with viscous damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 20. Response to sinusoidal force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
 PAGE 5 SYSTEMS

Figure 21. Typical beam and floor system mode shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Figure 22. Frequency spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 23. Recommended peak acceleration for human comfort
for vibrations due to human activities (International Standards
Organization [ISO], 2631-2: 1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 24. High potential corrosion areas of high-rise buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 25. High-rise building design checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Figure 26. NIST graph illustrating the relationship of fire severity to the
average weight of combustibles in a building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Figure 27. Graph from ASTM E119 test showing relationship
of time to fire resistance temperature requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Figure 28. Time/temperature curves for various fire exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Figure 29. Determination of heated perimeter of columns and beams.
American Iron and Steel Institute; Designing Fire Protection for Steel Columns,
Designing Fire Protection for Steel Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 30. Variation in fire resistance of structural steel columns with weight
to heated perimeter ratios and various gypsum wallboards.
Illustration courtesy of the American Iron and Steel Institute;
Designing Fire Protection for Steel Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Figure 31. Some methods for applying gypsum as fire protection for structural steel:
(a) open-web joist with plaster ceiling; (b) beam enclosed in a plaster cage;
(c) beam boxed with wallboard. Illustration courtesy of the Gypsum Association,
Fire Resistance Design Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Figure 32. Mineral fiber spray applied to beam and girder floor system with steel floor deck
supporting a concrete slab. Illustration courtesy of the American Iron and Steel Institute;
Designing Fire Protection for Steel Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 33. Steel floor system fire protected on the underside by a suspended ceiling.
Illustration courtesy of the American Iron and Steel Institute; Designing
Fire Protection for Steel Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Figure 34. Fire protected exterior steel column with exposed metal column covers.
Illustration courtesy of the American Iron and Steel Institute, Fire Protection
Through Modern Building Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Figure 35. Tubular steel columns filled with water for fire resistance with temperature
variation during exposure to fire. Illustration courtesy of the
American Iron and Steel Institute, Fire Protection Through Modern Building Codes.. . . . . . . . . . 72
Figure 36. Schematic representation of a liquid-filled column fire protection system.
Illustration courtesy of U.S. Steel, Influence of Fire on Exposed Exterior Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Figure 37. Fire-resistive flame shielding on spandrel girder. Illustration courtesy of
U.S. Steel, Influence of Fire on Exposed Exterior Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
SYSTEMS PAGE 6

Figure 38. Flame patterns and temperatures during two fire tests on the
load-carrying steel plate girder. Illustration courtesy of U.S. Steel,
Influence of Fire on Exposed Exterior Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Figure 39. Concrete-based insulating material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Figure 40. Typical connections in a continuous shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Figure 41. Bending steel shapes with pinch rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Figure 42. Made-up segmented curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Figure 43. Fillet welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Figure 44. Groove welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Paint Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Table 2a. Paint Systems in Table 1 Applicable to Maintenance Painting Involving
Spot Repairs and Overcoating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 2b. Paint Systems in Table 1 Applicable to New Construction or Maintenance
Painting Where Existing Paints are Completely Removed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 3. Coating Incompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 4. FHWA Test Program: Coating Systems for Minimally Prepared Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Table 5. Typical Occupancy Fire Loads and Fire Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table 6. Roof-Ceiling Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Table 7. Floor-Ceiling Assemblies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Table 8. Beam-Only Designs for Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Table 9. Beam-Only Designs for Floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Table 10. Column Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Table 11. Bent and Rolled Standard Mill Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Table 12. Typical Welding Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
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