200 Angular Coding Questions & Answers (Detailed

Explanations)

Q1. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component with
inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #1: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q2. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports, providers,
and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.

SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #2: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q3. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #3: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q4. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters, query
params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.
Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.

-- Additional detailed considerations #4: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q5. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.

Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #5: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q6. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an HTTP
interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}

// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]

Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.

-- Additional detailed considerations #6: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q7. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators (`map`,
`switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to use
each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #7: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q8. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone, [Link],
OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}

someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}

Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #8: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q9. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #9: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q10. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.
Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #10: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q11. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #11: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q12. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.

Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #12: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q13. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #13: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q14. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).

-- Additional detailed considerations #14: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q15. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.
NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #15: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q16. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #16: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q17. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).
Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #17: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q18. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #18: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q19. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #19: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q20. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component animation
using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.

@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #20: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q21. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);
Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #21: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q22. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #22: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q23. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component with
inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #23: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q24. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports, providers,
and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.

SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #24: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q25. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #25: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q26. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters,
query params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.

Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.

-- Additional detailed considerations #26: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q27. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.
Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #27: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q28. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an
HTTP interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}

// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]

Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.
-- Additional detailed considerations #28: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q29. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators (`map`,
`switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to use
each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #29: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q30. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone,
[Link], OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with
ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}

someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}
Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #30: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q31. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #31: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q32. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.

Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #32: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q33. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #33: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q34. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.
Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #34: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q35. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #35: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q36. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).

-- Additional detailed considerations #36: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q37. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.

NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #37: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q38. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #38: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q39. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).

Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #39: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q40. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #40: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q41. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #41: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q42. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component animation
using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.
@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #42: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q43. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);

Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #43: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q44. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #44: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q45. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component with
inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #45: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q46. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports, providers,
and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.

SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #46: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q47. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #47: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q48. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters,
query params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.

Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.

-- Additional detailed considerations #48: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q49. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.

Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #49: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q50. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an
HTTP interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}

// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]
Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.

-- Additional detailed considerations #50: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q51. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators (`map`,
`switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to use
each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #51: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q52. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone,
[Link], OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with
ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}
someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}

Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #52: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q53. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #53: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q54. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.

Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #54: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q55. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #55: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q56. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.

Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #56: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q57. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #57: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q58. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).
-- Additional detailed considerations #58: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q59. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.

NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #59: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q60. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #60: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q61. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).

Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #61: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q62. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #62: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q63. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #63: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q64. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component animation
using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.

@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #64: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q65. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);

Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #65: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q66. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #66: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q67. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component with
inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #67: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q68. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports, providers,
and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.
SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #68: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q69. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #69: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q70. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters,
query params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.

Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.
-- Additional detailed considerations #70: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q71. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.

Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #71: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q72. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an
HTTP interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}
// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]

Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.

-- Additional detailed considerations #72: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q73. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators (`map`,
`switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to use
each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #73: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q74. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone,
[Link], OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with
ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}

someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}

Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #74: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q75. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #75: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q76. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.
Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #76: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q77. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #77: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q78. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.

Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #78: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q79. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #79: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q80. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).

-- Additional detailed considerations #80: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q81. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.
NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #81: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q82. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #82: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q83. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).
Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #83: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q84. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #84: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q85. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #85: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q86. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component animation
using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.

@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #86: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q87. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);
Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #87: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q88. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #88: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q89. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component with
inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #89: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q90. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports, providers,
and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.

SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #90: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q91. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #91: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q92. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters,
query params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.

Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.

-- Additional detailed considerations #92: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q93. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.
Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #93: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q94. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an
HTTP interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}

// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]

Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.
-- Additional detailed considerations #94: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q95. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators (`map`,
`switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to use
each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #95: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q96. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone,
[Link], OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with
ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}

someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}
Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #96: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.
Q97. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #97: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q98. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.

Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #98: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q99. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #99: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects should
be evaluated for production use.

Q100. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.
Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #100: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q101. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #101: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q102. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).

-- Additional detailed considerations #102: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q103. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.

NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #103: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q104. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #104: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q105. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).

Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #105: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q106. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #106: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q107. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #107: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q108. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component

animation using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.
@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #108: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q109. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);

Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #109: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q110. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #110: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q111. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component
with inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #111: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q112. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports,
providers, and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.

SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #112: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q113. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #113: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q114. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters,
query params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.

Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.

-- Additional detailed considerations #114: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q115. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.

Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #115: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q116. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an
HTTP interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}

// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]
Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.

-- Additional detailed considerations #116: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q117. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators
(`map`, `switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to
use each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #117: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q118. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone,
[Link], OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with
ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}
someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}

Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #118: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q119. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #119: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q120. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.

Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #120: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q121. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #121: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q122. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.

Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #122: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q123. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #123: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q124. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).
-- Additional detailed considerations #124: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q125. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.

NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #125: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q126. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #126: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q127. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).

Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #127: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q128. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #128: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q129. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #129: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q130. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component
animation using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.

@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #130: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q131. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);

Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #131: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q132. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #132: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q133. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component
with inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #133: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q134. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports,
providers, and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.
SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #134: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q135. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #135: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q136. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters,
query params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.

Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.
-- Additional detailed considerations #136: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q137. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.

Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #137: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q138. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an
HTTP interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}
// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]

Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.

-- Additional detailed considerations #138: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q139. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators
(`map`, `switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to
use each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #139: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q140. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone,
[Link], OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with
ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}

someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}

Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #140: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q141. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #141: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q142. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.
Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #142: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q143. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #143: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q144. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.

Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #144: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q145. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #145: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q146. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).

-- Additional detailed considerations #146: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q147. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.
NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #147: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q148. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #148: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q149. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).
Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #149: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q150. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #150: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q151. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #151: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q152. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component

animation using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.

@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #152: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q153. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);
Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #153: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q154. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #154: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q155. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component
with inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #155: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q156. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports,
providers, and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.

SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #156: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q157. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #157: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q158. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters,
query params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.

Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.

-- Additional detailed considerations #158: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q159. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.
Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #159: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q160. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an
HTTP interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}

// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]

Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.
-- Additional detailed considerations #160: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q161. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators
(`map`, `switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to
use each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #161: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q162. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone,
[Link], OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with
ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}

someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}
Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #162: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q163. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #163: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q164. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.

Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #164: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q165. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #165: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q166. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.
Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #166: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q167. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #167: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q168. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).

-- Additional detailed considerations #168: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q169. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.

NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #169: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q170. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #170: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q171. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).

Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #171: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q172. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #172: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q173. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #173: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q174. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component

animation using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.
@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #174: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q175. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);

Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #175: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q176. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #176: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q177. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component
with inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #177: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q178. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports,
providers, and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.

SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #178: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q179. (Dependency Injection (DI) & Providers) Describe Angular's dependency injection system.
Explain provider scopes, providedIn, useClass/useValue/useFactory, and how to inject an abstract
token.
Angular's DI resolves dependencies declared in constructors and provides instances according to provider configuration.

Providers example:

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })

export class ApiService { }

@NgModule({ providers: [{ provide: 'BASE_URL', useValue: '[Link] }] })

export class AppModule { }

// Injecting abstract token

constructor(@Inject('BASE_URL') private baseUrl: string) { }

Detailed explanation: `providedIn: 'root'` registers the service in the application-wide root injector (tree-shakable). Other
options include `providedIn: SomeModule` or registering in the NgModule `providers` array. Provider syntax `useClass`,
`useValue`, `useFactory`, and `useExisting` control how the DI resolves the value. To inject non-class tokens (strings,
objects) or interfaces, use `InjectionToken` or a string token and the `@Inject()` decorator at the constructor.

Scope: Services provided in root are singletons; services provided in lazy-loaded modules have a separate instance per
module injector. Use `providedIn` + `@Injectable` for tree-shakeable providers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #179: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q180. (Routing & Navigation) How do you configure routes in Angular? Explain route parameters,
query params, lazy loading, guards, resolvers, and route reuse strategies with examples.
Basic routing setup:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'users/:id', component: UserDetailComponent, resolve: { user: UserResolver }, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
{ path: 'admin', loadChildren: () => import('./admin/[Link]').then(m => [Link]) }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [[Link](routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })], exports:

[RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Detailed explanation: Route parameters (`:id`) are accessed via `[Link]` or snapshot. Query params
via `[Link]`. Lazy loading defers loading modules until the route is activated using
`loadChildren`. Guards (`CanActivate`, `CanDeactivate`) control navigation; `resolve` fetches data before activating the
route—useful for ensuring data present. Route reuse strategies control when components are reused vs recreated;
implement `RouteReuseStrategy` to cache component instances for performance when switching between routes.

Notes: Use `[Link]` with `NavigationExtras` for query params, fragment, and replaceUrl options. Use
`routerLinkActive` to apply active classes in templates.

-- Additional detailed considerations #180: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q181. (Forms (Reactive & Template-driven)) Compare template-driven forms and reactive forms in
Angular. Show an example of a reactive form with custom synchronous and asynchronous validators
and dynamic form controls.
Reactive forms are model-driven and give explicit control over form state and validation, while template-driven forms are
declarative and suitable for simpler forms.

Reactive form example:

[Link] = [Link]({
name: ['', [[Link], [Link](3)]],
email: ['', [[Link], [Link]], [[Link](this)]],
addresses: [Link]([ [Link]() ])
});

createAddress() { return [Link]({ street: ['', [Link]], city: [''] }); }

// async validator
uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
return [Link]([Link]).pipe(
map(isTaken => isTaken ? { emailTaken: true } : null)
);
}

Detailed explanation: Reactive forms use `FormGroup`, `FormControl`, and `FormArray`, giving programmatic control
and making unit testing easier. Custom synchronous validators return a `ValidationErrors|null`. Async validators return
`Observable`. Dynamic controls can be added/removed using `FormArray` methods.

Template-driven forms rely on directives like `ngModel` and `ngForm`—less boilerplate but less testable for complex
logic. Choose based on complexity and testability needs.

-- Additional detailed considerations #181: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q182. (HTTPClient & Interceptors) How do you use HttpClient in Angular? Show how to create an
HTTP interceptor for adding auth tokens, handling errors, and retrying failed requests.
Using HttpClient is done by injecting `HttpClient` and calling methods like `get`, `post`, returning Observables.

Interceptor example:

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor(private auth: AuthService) {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler) {
const token = [Link]();
const cloned = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` } });
return [Link](cloned).pipe(
retry(1),
catchError(err => {
if ([Link] === 401) { [Link](); }
return throwError(err);
})
);
}
}

// provide in AppModule
providers: [{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }]
Detailed explanation: Interceptors are a powerful way to modify requests/responses globally. Clone the `HttpRequest`
before modifying because requests are immutable. Use RxJS operators like `retry`, `catchError`, and `finalize` to handle
retries and errors. Provide multiple interceptors; their order matters: requests flow top to bottom, responses bottom to top.

-- Additional detailed considerations #182: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q183. (RxJS & Observables) Explain Observables vs Promises. Show common RxJS operators
(`map`, `switchMap`, `mergeMap`, `concatMap`, `debounceTime`) with examples and explain when to
use each operator.
Observables are lazy, cancellable, and can emit multiple values over time; Promises represent a single eventual value.

Examples:

[Link](
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => [Link](term)),
map(results => [Link](0,10))
).subscribe(...);

// Differences between mapping operators:

// - map: transforms values synchronously
// - switchMap: cancels previous inner observable, good for latest-only scenarios (search)
// - mergeMap (flatMap): subscribes to all inner observables concurrently
// - concatMap: queues inner observables, runs sequentially

Detailed explanation: Use `switchMap` for type-ahead search to avoid outdated responses. Use `mergeMap` when you
need to process multiple inner observables concurrently (e.g., fire multiple independent requests). Use `concatMap`
when order matters and you want to serialize inner observables. Use `debounceTime` to limit frequent emissions. Always
handle errors in streams using `catchError` and consider unsubscribing to avoid memory leaks (or use `async` pipe).

-- Additional detailed considerations #183: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q184. (Change Detection & Zones) How does Angular change detection work? Explain NgZone,
[Link], OnPush strategy, change detection cycle, and manual change detection with
ChangeDetectorRef.
Angular's change detection checks component trees for changes and updates the DOM. `[Link]` patches async APIs to
notify Angular to run change detection after tasks complete.

Key points:

- `[Link]()` can be used to perform work without triggering change detection.

- `[Link]` can optimize checks by relying on immutable inputs and explicit marks.
- `[Link]()` forces immediate check; `markForCheck()` schedules a check for OnPush
components.

Example:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef, private ngZone: NgZone) {}

ngOnInit() {
[Link](() => {
setInterval(() => { /* heavy work */ }, 1000);
});
}
someMethod() {
// update model and notify Angular
[Link]();
}

Detailed explanation: By default Angular's change detection runs for every async event; with large apps this can become
expensive. OnPush reduces checks to components whose inputs changed by reference or were marked. Using `NgZone`
and `ChangeDetectorRef` gives fine-grained control. Be careful when mixing manual checks with OnPush to avoid stale
UI.

-- Additional detailed considerations #184: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q185. (Lifecycle Hooks) List Angular component lifecycle hooks (`ngOnChanges`, `ngOnInit`,
`ngDoCheck`, `ngAfterViewInit`, `ngOnDestroy`) and show examples of typical uses for each.
Lifecycle hooks allow reacting to changes in component lifecycle.

Examples and uses:

ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { /* respond to @Input changes */ }

ngOnInit() { /* initial data fetch */ }
ngDoCheck() { /* custom change detection checks */ }
ngAfterViewInit() { /* access @ViewChild children */ }
ngOnDestroy() { /* cleanup subscriptions, timers */ }

Detailed explanation: `ngOnChanges` runs before `ngOnInit` and whenever input properties change. Use `ngOnInit` for
initialization that requires component to be constructed. `ngDoCheck` is for custom change detection but use sparingly.
`ngAfterViewInit` is used to access child components or DOM elements referenced via `@ViewChild`. `ngOnDestroy` is
critical for unsubscribing and releasing resources to prevent memory leaks.

-- Additional detailed considerations #185: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q186. (Directives & Pipes) Explain structural vs attribute directives. Show how to create a structural
directive (`*myIf`) and an attribute directive that changes background color. Also explain pure vs
impure pipes and async pipe.
Structural directives change DOM layout (add/remove elements), attribute directives change appearance/behavior of
existing elements.

Structural directive example (simplified):

@Directive({ selector: '[myIf]' })

export class MyIfDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
@Input() set myIf(condition: boolean) {
[Link]();
if (condition) { [Link]([Link]); }
}
}

Attribute directive example:

@Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {}
@Input('appHighlight') color = 'yellow';
@HostListener('mouseenter') onEnter() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor', [Link]); }
@HostListener('mouseleave') onLeave() { [Link]([Link], 'backgroundColor'); }
}

Pipes: pure pipes run only when input reference changes (good for performance); impure pipes run on every change
detection cycle (use sparingly). `async` pipe subscribes to Observable/Promise and unwraps latest value while handling
subscription/unsubscription automatically—useful to avoid manual subscription management.

Detailed explanation: Use `Renderer2` instead of direct DOM for cross-platform safety. Structural directives should
manipulate `ViewContainerRef`. Prefer pure pipes for transformations that depend only on input; impure pipes are useful
when they depend on global state but can hurt performance.

-- Additional detailed considerations #186: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q187. (Testing (Unit, Integration, E2E)) How do you unit test an Angular component and a service?
Show examples using TestBed, mocking HttpClient, and using the async `fakeAsync` and `tick`
helpers. Also outline E2E testing approaches.
Unit test example for a component:

beforeEach(async () => {
await [Link]({
declarations: [UserCardComponent],
providers: [{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }]
}).compileComponents();

fixture = [Link](UserCardComponent);
component = [Link];
[Link]();
});

it('emits edit event', () => {

spyOn([Link], 'emit');
[Link]({ id:1, name:'A' });
expect([Link]).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

Service test with HttpClient mocking:

httpMock = [Link](HttpTestingController);
const service = [Link](ApiService);
[Link]().subscribe(data => expect(data).toBeTruthy());
const req = [Link]('/api/data');
[Link]({ results: [] });
[Link]();

Use `fakeAsync` and `tick` to simulate asynchronous passage of time in tests. For E2E, prefer Cypress for modern
testing; Protractor is deprecated. E2E tests run the app in a browser and simulate user flows.

Detailed explanation: Use `TestBed` to configure module, components, and providers for testing. Mock external
dependencies and HTTP using `HttpTestingController`. Use `async`/`fakeAsync` to handle async operations in tests.
Keep unit tests fast and focused; reserve E2E tests for critical user flows.

-- Additional detailed considerations #187: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q188. (Performance Optimization & Bundling) What techniques can you use to improve Angular app
performance? Discuss AOT, Ivy, tree-shaking, lazy loading, change detection strategies, preloading,
bundle analysis, and source map considerations.
Performance strategies:

- AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation reduces runtime compilation overhead and catches template errors at build time.
- Ivy is Angular's rendering engine that enables smaller bundles and faster compilation.
- Tree shaking and build optimizations remove unused code.
- Lazy load feature modules to reduce initial bundle size.
- Use [Link] and immutable data patterns.
- Use `RoutePreloadingStrategy` (e.g., PreloadAllModules) to preload lazily-loaded modules after app load for faster
navigation.
- Analyze bundles with `source-map-explorer` or `webpack-bundle-analyzer` and reduce third-party libs.

Detailed explanation: Enable production build (`ng build --prod` or `ng build --configuration production`) to take advantage
of AOT, minification, Uglify, and optimization flags. Use `ng serve` only for dev. Use lazy loading and code splitting to
keep initial load minimal. Use server-side rendering (Angular Universal) for faster first paint and SEO.

Notes: Avoid large polyfills where possible, and use differential loading or browserslist settings to reduce polyfills for
modern browsers.

-- Additional detailed considerations #188: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q189. (Server Side Rendering (Angular Universal) & SEO) Explain Angular Universal and how
server-side rendering (SSR) works. How do you transfer state to the client and handle dynamic meta
tags for SEO?
Angular Universal renders the app on the server, returning HTML to the client for faster first contentful paint and better
SEO.

Key points:

- Use `@nguniversal/express-engine` to set up server app.

- Use `TransferState` to serialize server-fetched data into the HTML and rehydrate it on the client to avoid duplicate
HTTP calls.
- Use `Meta` and `Title` services to set dynamic meta tags during server rendering.

Example (TransferState):

const STATE_KEY = makeStateKey('home-data');

constructor(private transfer: TransferState, private http: HttpClient) {}

// server
[Link]('/api/data').pipe(tap(data => [Link](STATE_KEY, data))).subscribe();

// client
const data = [Link](STATE_KEY, null);

Detailed explanation: SSR improves SEO by providing crawlers with actual HTML. `TransferState` helps avoid duplicate
network calls by passing server-fetched data to the client. Remember to secure server-side data and ensure code is
platform-agnostic (check for `isPlatformServer`/`isPlatformBrowser` when accessing `window` or DOM).

-- Additional detailed considerations #189: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q190. (PWA & Service Workers) How do you make an Angular app a Progressive Web App (PWA)?
Explain service worker caching strategies, update flow, and push notifications integration.
Use `@angular/pwa` schematic to add service worker support. The Angular Service Worker provides asset and data
caching strategies.

Caching strategies include:

- `performance`: serve from cache first
- `freshness`: try network first then fallback to cache

Update flow: the Service Worker can notify the app when a new version is available using `SwUpdate` service; prompt
the user to reload or perform automatic update.

Push notifications: use `PushNotification` via `SwPush` to subscribe to push and handle push events in the service
worker.

Detailed explanation: PWA adds offline capabilities and installability. Choose caching strategies based on resource
criticality. Implement update prompts carefully to avoid jarring UX. For push notifications, set up server-side push (VAPID
keys) and handle permissions carefully. Always test in secure origins (HTTPS).
-- Additional detailed considerations #190: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q191. (State Management (NgRx & Alternatives)) Discuss state management approaches in Angular:
local component state, services, NgRx (Redux pattern), Akita, and BehaviorSubject patterns. Show a
simple NgRx action, reducer, and effect example.
State management approaches vary by app complexity. For small apps, component state and services (with RxJS)
suffice. For large apps, NgRx provides predictable, centralized state using actions, reducers, and effects.

NgRx example:

// action
export const loadUsers = createAction('[Users] Load');
export const loadUsersSuccess = createAction('[Users] Load Success', props<{ users: User[] }>());

// reducer
const usersReducer = createReducer(initialState, on(loadUsersSuccess, (state, { users }) => ({ ...state, users })));

// effect
loadUsers$ = createEffect(() => [Link]$.pipe(ofType(loadUsers), mergeMap(() =>
[Link]('/api/users').pipe(map(users => loadUsersSuccess({ users })))));

Detailed explanation: NgRx uses immutable reducers and a unidirectional data flow which helps in debugging and
reasoning about state. Effects handle side effects like HTTP calls. Alternatives like Akita provide simpler APIs; services
with `BehaviorSubject` may be sufficient for medium applications. Choose based on team familiarity and app complexity.

-- Additional detailed considerations #191: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q192. (Angular CLI & Schematics) What is Angular CLI and how do schematics help? Show common
CLI commands, how to generate a library, and how to run a production build with AOT and
optimization.
Angular CLI scaffolds projects and provides build/test/deploy commands.

Common commands:
- `ng new` create project
- `ng generate component|service|module` scaffold artifacts
- `ng build --prod` build optimized production bundle
- `ng test` run unit tests
- `ng e2e` run E2E tests

Generate library:
`ng generate library my-lib`

Production build with AOT and optimization:

`ng build --configuration production` (which enables AOT, build optimizer, optimization, and minification).

Detailed explanation: Schematics are templates and code transformations that the CLI uses to generate or modify
projects. They can be used to enforce organization standards across projects. Use `ng add` to install and apply
schematics provided by libraries like Angular Material.

-- Additional detailed considerations #192: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q193. (Security (XSS, CSP, Sanitization)) What are common security concerns for Angular apps (XSS,
CSRF, CSP)? How does Angular protect against XSS and what should you do to mitigate security
risks?
Angular automatically sanitizes data bound to the DOM when using property bindings and interpolation, which prevents
XSS in most cases. However, bypass APIs like `bypassSecurityTrustHtml` should be used carefully.

Mitigations:
- Avoid `innerHTML` with untrusted content; use sanitizer if necessary.
- Use Content Security Policy (CSP) in HTTP headers to reduce script injection risks.
- For authentication, store tokens securely (prefer short-lived tokens and secure cookies with HttpOnly/secure flags to
mitigate XSS/CSRF tradeoffs).

Detailed explanation: Angular's template compiler and sanitizer cover many cases, but third-party libraries and direct
DOM access via `[Link]` can introduce risks. For server APIs, use CSRF protections if cookies used
for auth. Validate and encode data on the server as well.

-- Additional detailed considerations #193: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q194. (Angular Material & CDK) How do you integrate Angular Material into an application? Show an
example of using Material dialog and CDK overlay. What accessibility (a11y) considerations should
you keep in mind?
Install Material and import modules (e.g., MatButtonModule, MatDialogModule). Use `MatDialog` to open dialogs:

const dialogRef = [Link](MyDialogComponent, { data: { id: 1 } });

[Link]().subscribe(result => ...);

CDK overlay can create floating panels without using full Material components.

Accessibility: Ensure components have proper ARIA attributes, focus management (return focus to trigger on close),
keyboard interactions, color contrast, and support for screen readers. Angular Material components are designed with
accessibility but custom components should follow same practices.

Detailed explanation: Import `BrowserAnimationsModule` for animations if using material. Test with screen readers and
keyboard alone. Use `MatDialogConfig` to trap focus and restore it properly.

-- Additional detailed considerations #194: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q195. (Internationalization (i18n) & Localization) Describe Angular's i18n support and strategies for
localization. How do you extract translatable messages and build for multiple locales?
Angular provides built-in i18n support using markers in templates (`i18n` attributes). Use CLI to extract messages: `ng
xi18n` which generates an XLIFF file.

Build for different locales by providing translation files and specifying the locale in configuration. Example in
`[Link]`:

"configurations": {
"fr": { "i18nFile": "src/locale/[Link]", "i18nLocale": "fr" }
}

Detailed explanation: For runtime localization or dynamic switching, consider libraries like `ngx-translate`. Angular's
compile-time i18n with AOT can produce optimized localized builds. Handle pluralization and ICU expressions. Ensure
date/number formats match locale using `LOCALE_ID` and register locale data.

-- Additional detailed considerations #195: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q196. (Animations) How do animations work in Angular? Provide an example of component
animation using `@angular/animations`. How can animations be made performant?
Angular animations are built on Web Animations API or CSS and are defined via `trigger`, `state`, `transition`, and
`animate`.

@Component({
animations: [
trigger('openClose', [
state('open', style({ height: '*', opacity: 1 })),
state('closed', style({ height: '0px', opacity: 0 })),
transition('open <=> closed', [animate('300ms ease-in-out')])
])
]
})
export class MyComp { isOpen = true; }

Performance tips: Use transform and opacity where possible (GPU-accelerated), avoid layout-thrashing properties
(width/height changes cause reflow). Use `[Link]` for heavy animation loops to avoid triggering
change detection each frame.

Detailed explanation: Angular animations provide a declarative API integrated with the framework. For complex
animations, consider low-level APIs or CSS animations and ensure animations do not perform expensive layout
operations.

-- Additional detailed considerations #196: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q197. (Advanced Topics - Angular Elements & Micro Frontends) What are Angular Elements and how
can they be used to build micro frontends? Explain packaging an Angular component as a web
component.
Angular Elements allows packaging an Angular component as a custom element (web component) that can run in any
web page, framework-agnostic.

Build example:

const el = createCustomElement(MyWidgetComponent, { injector: [Link] });

[Link]('my-widget', el);

Detailed explanation: Elements bootstrap Angular components inside the custom element's lifecycle. For micro frontends,
elements provide isolated, framework-agnostic integration points. Consider bundle size and shared dependencies to
avoid duplication; use module federation or other strategies to share runtime bundles.

Notes: Polyfills for older browsers may be necessary; manage styles to avoid collisions.

-- Additional detailed considerations #197: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q198. (Migration & Upgrading) What steps would you follow to upgrade an Angular application to a
newer major version? Mention tools and common pitfalls (Ivy migrations, deprecated APIs).
Upgrade steps:

1. Read the Angular changelog and migration guide.

2. Use `ng update @angular/cli @angular/core` to run automated migrations.
3. Address deprecations and breakages reported by the update tool.
4. Run tests and linting to catch runtime or type errors.

Common pitfalls: Breaking changes in RxJS, removal of deprecated APIs, Ivy-specific issues (most libraries support Ivy
now), and third-party dependency compatibility.

Detailed explanation: Use `ng update` which runs schematics to update code. For large apps, upgrade incrementally
across versions. Keep backups and use feature branches for upgrade testing. Test thoroughly in staging before
production.

-- Additional detailed considerations #198: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.
Q199. (Components & Templates) Explain Angular components. Show how to create a component
with inputs, outputs, and a template. When should you use OnPush change detection?
Components are the building blocks of Angular applications. A component encapsulates template, styles, and logic. Use
@Component decorator to define selector, template or templateUrl, and styles.

Example:

/* app/[Link] */
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-card',
template: `

{{[Link]}}
Edit

`,
changeDetection: [Link]
})
export class UserCardComponent {
@Input() user!: { id: number; name: string };
@Output() edit = new EventEmitter<{ id: number; name: string }>();
}

Detailed explanation: Inputs (@Input) allow parent components to pass data into child components. Outputs (@Output)
are EventEmitters used to send events to parents. The OnPush change detection strategy tells Angular that the
component depends only on its @Input references and will only be checked when inputs change by reference, when an
event originates in the component, or when change detection is explicitly triggered. Use OnPush to optimize performance
when data is immutable or when you control when detection runs.

Notes: With OnPush, mutating an object property will not trigger change detection unless the object reference changes;
prefer immutable patterns or call [Link]() if necessary.

-- Additional detailed considerations #199: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.

Q200. (Modules & NgModule) What is an NgModule? Explain declarations, imports, exports,
providers, and bootstrap arrays with examples. How do you implement a shared module?
An NgModule organizes related components, directives, pipes, and services. It declares what belongs to the module and
what it exposes to other modules.

Example:

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
imports: [CommonModule, FormsModule],
exports: [UserCardComponent, HighlightDirective],
providers: [UserService]
})
export class SharedModule { }

Detailed explanation: `declarations` list components/directives/pipes that belong to the module. `imports` bring in other
modules whose exported declarations are needed. `exports` makes module's declarations available to modules that
import this module. `providers` registers services in the injector scope for this module (in Angular v6+, providers in
NgModule are typically singleton at app root unless the module is lazily loaded). `bootstrap` is used only in the root
AppModule to specify root components.
SharedModule pattern: Put common components, directives, and pipes used across the app in SharedModule and export
them. Avoid providing services in SharedModule if you want a single instance across the app—provide them in root or in
a CoreModule.

-- Additional detailed considerations #200: Performance, browser compatibility, testing, and maintainability aspects
should be evaluated for production use.