Application Developer (web & mobile)

Here are the best YouTube channels where you can learn DSA using Python, with a focus on
Python implementations:

1. freeCodeCamp.org
 What it offers:
o Complete, in-depth tutorials on Python and Data Structures & Algorithms.
o Courses are often 4–10 hours long and cover theory + coding problems.
 Best for: Beginners and intermediate learners who want structured and comprehensive
content.
 Example: Data Structures and Algorithms in Python – Full Course

2. CS Dojo
 What it offers:
o Python tutorials, coding interview tips, and DSA explained simply.
o Practical coding problems explained step-by-step.
 Best for: People preparing for coding interviews and want concise, beginner-friendly
explanations.

3. codebasics
 What it offers:
o Python-centric data structures and algorithms tutorials.
o Fun explanations and real-world examples.
 Best for: Learners who prefer engaging, visual, and practical teaching styles.

4. Tech With Tim

 What it offers:
o Python tutorials with DSA problems and projects.
o Clear explanations and examples to reinforce learning.
 Best for: Beginners and learners who want hands-on practice in Python.

5. Tushar Roy - Coding Made Simple

 What it offers:
o Algorithm tutorials with problem-solving in Python (and other languages too).
o Covers both basic and advanced problems.
 Best for: Learners aiming to solve interview problems and understand algorithm patterns
deeply.

Final Suggestion
If you are just starting with Python DSA:
1. Begin with freeCodeCamp.org or CS Dojo → for structured Python content.
2. Practice problems from Tech With Tim or codebasics → for interactive examples.
3. Once comfortable, explore Tushar Roy → for deeper understanding and problem-
solving.

Let me know if you want:

A playlist link for Python DSA from one of these channels
A list of beginner problems with Python solutions
A structured Python DSA roadmap with daily practice plan

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 Application Developer (web & mobile)
You said:
class Animal: pass class pets(Animal): pass class dog(pets): # @staticmethod def bark():
print("bow bow!") d=dog() d.bark()
ChatGPT said:
Your code creates a simple three-level inheritance chain in Python:
class Animal: # Base class
pass

class pets(Animal): # Inherits from Animal

pass

class dog(pets): # Inherits from pets

def bark(self): # Instance method (takes self)
print("bow bow!")

d = dog() # Create an object of dog

d.bark() # Call the bark method → prints "bow bow!"
Key points:
1. Inheritance flow:
dog → pets → Animal
(dog is a pet, a pet is an animal — a clear "is-a" relationship).
2. self in methods:
o Since bark() is not decorated with @staticmethod, it must take self as its first
parameter.
o In your original code, bark() didn’t have self, but you called it on an instance
(d.bark()), which will cause a TypeError unless you make it a @staticmethod.
3. Two correct approaches:
Option 1 — Instance method (requires self):
class dog(pets):
def bark(self):
print("bow bow!")

d = dog()
d.bark() # bow bow!
Option 2 — Static method (no self needed):
class dog(pets):
@staticmethod
def bark():
print("bow bow!")

dog.bark() # bow bow!

If you want me to, I can also make a memory diagram to show how your d object is connected
to all three classes in the inheritance chain.
Do you want me to draw that?
You said:
class Animal: pass class pets(Animal): pass class dog(pets): def bark(): print("bow bow!")
d=dog() d.bark()
ChatGPT said:
The way you wrote it now will cause an error:
TypeError: dog.bark() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given
Here’s why:
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 When you do d.bark(), Python automatically passes the instance d as the first argument to
the method.
 Your method bark() is defined without a parameter, so Python has nowhere to put that d
argument.
 This mismatch causes the TypeError.

Two ways to fix it

1. Make it an instance method (most common)
Add self as the first parameter:
class Animal:
pass

class pets(Animal):
pass

class dog(pets):
def bark(self):
print("bow bow!")

d = dog()
d.bark() # prints: bow bow!

2. Make it a static method (no self)

If you want it callable without needing an instance:
class Animal:
pass

class pets(Animal):
pass

class dog(pets):
@staticmethod
def bark():
print("bow bow!")

dog.bark() # prints: bow bow!

If you want, I can also explain how Python internally passes self and why d.bark() is actually
shorthand for dog.bark(d). That’s the core reason for this error.
You said:
class dog(self): # @staticmethod def bark(): print("bow bow!") d=dog() d.bark()
ChatGPT said:
Right now, your code has two problems:
1. class dog(self): is invalid —
In Python, the parentheses after the class name are for listing parent classes, not
parameters.
You can’t put self there.
Example of correct usage:
2. class Dog: # No parentheses if no parent class
3. pass
or
class Dog(Animal): # Inheriting from another class
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pass
4. bark() method has no self parameter —
When you call d.bark(), Python automatically passes the instance (d) as the first argument
to the method, so you must define it as def bark(self): (unless you use @staticmethod).

Corrected version as an instance method:

class Dog:
def bark(self):
print("bow bow!")

d = Dog()
d.bark() # bow bow!

Corrected version as a static method:

class Dog:
@staticmethod
def bark():
print("bow bow!")

Dog.bark() # bow bow!

If you want, I can also draw a diagram showing how Python calls d.bark() internally as
Dog.bark(d). That’s the hidden step that causes your original error.
You said:
@propertymethod
ChatGPT said:
It sounds like you’re mixing two concepts —
@property and methods — but there’s no built-in decorator called @propertymethod in Python.
Let me break it down:

@property — makes a method behave like an attribute

If you put @property above a method, you can access it without parentheses.
Example:
class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self._name = name # underscore means "internal use"

@property
def name(self): # acts like an attribute
return self._name

d = Dog("Tommy")
print(d.name) # No parentheses → "Tommy"
# print(d.name()) would be an error
Why use it?
It lets you compute a value on the fly but still make it look like a normal attribute.

@property + setter — allows setting a property value

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self._name = name

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@property
def name(self):
return self._name

@name.setter
def name(self, new_name):
self._name = new_name

d = Dog("Tommy")
print(d.name) # Tommy
d.name = "Bruno" # no parentheses needed
print(d.name) # Bruno

If you meant a method that acts like a property

That’s exactly what @property does — it turns a method into a read-only attribute unless you
add a setter.

If you want, I can show you how to use @property with your Dog class so that d.bark works like
an attribute but still runs a function internally.
Would you like me to do that?
You said:
class Dog: def __init__(self, name): self._name = name @property def name(self): return
self._name @name.setter def name(self, new_name): self._name = new_name in above expline
@name.setter def name(self, new_name):
ChatGPT said:
Got it — you want to know what this part means:
@name.setter
def name(self, new_name):
self._name = new_name

Step-by-step explanation
1. @property creates a "property" object
When you write:
2. @property
3. def name(self):
4. return self._name
Python turns name into a special object that looks like an attribute but is backed by methods.
5. @name.setter attaches a setter method to the same property
The name in @name.setter is the same name as the property you made above
(@property def name).
This means:
o Getter: Runs when you do d.name
o Setter: Runs when you do d.name = "something"
6. Why not just def name(self, new_name)?
If you wrote:
7. def name(self, new_name):
8. ...
without @name.setter, it would replace the getter method completely — you wouldn’t be able to
get the value with d.name anymore.
The @name.setter decorator tells Python:
“This method is the setter for the property called name.”
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How it works in your example:

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self._name = name

@property # Getter method

def name(self):
return self._name

@name.setter # Setter method for same property

def name(self, new_name):
self._name = new_name

d = Dog("Tommy")
print(d.name) # Getter runs → "Tommy"

d.name = "Bruno" # Setter runs → updates _name

print(d.name) # Getter runs again → "Bruno"

If you want, I can also draw a flow diagram showing how d.name and d.name = value call
different methods behind the scenes. That makes @name.setter very easy to remember.
You said:
operator overload
ChatGPT said:
Operator overloading in Python means giving special meaning to built-in operators (+, -, *,
<, ==, etc.) for your own classes.
Python lets you do this by defining special methods (also called dunder methods, because they
start and end with __ double underscores).

Why use it?

Normally, + is for adding numbers:
print(5 + 10) # 15
But if you make your own class, Python doesn’t know how to add two objects:
class Dog:
pass

d1 = Dog()
d2 = Dog()
print(d1 + d2) # TypeError
With operator overloading, you tell Python how to handle it.

Example: Overloading + for a custom class

class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

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def __str__(self):
return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

p1 = Point(2, 3)
p2 = Point(4, 5)

p3 = p1 + p2 # Calls p1.__add__(p2)
print(p3) # (6, 8)
Here:
 p1 + p2 calls p1.__add__(p2)
 The method returns a new Point with summed coordinates

Common operator overloading methods

Operator Method Name
+ __add__
- __sub__
* __mul__
/ __truediv__
// __floordiv__
% __mod__
** __pow__
== __eq__
!= __ne__
< __lt__
<= __le__
> __gt__
>= __ge__

Example: Overloading == and <

class Student:
def __init__(self, marks):
self.marks = marks

def __eq__(self, other):

return self.marks == other.marks

def __lt__(self, other):

return self.marks < other.marks

s1 = Student(85)
s2 = Student(90)
s3 = Student(85)

print(s1 == s3) # True

print(s1 < s2) # True

If you want, I can make a Dog class where + makes a "puppy" and * makes multiple copies of
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the dog’s name — a fun way to remember operator overloading.
Do you want me to make that playful example?
You said:
class Point: def __init__(self, x, y): self.x = x self.y = y def __add__(self, other): return
Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y) def __str__(self): return f"({self.x}, {self.y})" p1 =
Point(2, 3) p2 = Point(4, 5) p3 = p1 + p2 # Calls p1.__add__(p2) print(p3) # (6, 8) i dint
understand can you expline clearly
ChatGPT said:
Alright Vinu, let’s slow this down and unpack exactly what’s happening in your Point example
step-by-step.
We’ll go inside Python’s brain when it sees p1 + p2.

Step 1 — Creating the objects

p1 = Point(2, 3) # x=2, y=3
p2 = Point(4, 5) # x=4, y=5
When you call Point(2, 3):
1. __init__ runs with x=2, y=3
2. A Point object is created in memory with:
3. p1.x = 2
4. p1.y = 3
Similarly:
p2.x = 4
p2.y = 5

Step 2 — The + operator with objects

When you write:
p3 = p1 + p2
Python does not know how to add Point objects by default.
So it looks inside your class for a method named __add__.

Step 3 — Calling __add__

It actually converts:
p1 + p2
into:
p1.__add__(p2)
This means:
 self is p1
 other is p2
Inside __add__:
return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
 self.x → p1.x → 2
 other.x → p2.x → 4
 self.y → p1.y → 3
 other.y → p2.y → 5
So:
new_x = 2 + 4 → 6
new_y = 3 + 5 → 8
It returns:
Point(6, 8)

Step 4 — Printing the result

print(p3) calls:
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p3.__str__()
Which returns:
"(6, 8)"
And that’s what gets printed.

In short:
 p1 + p2 → calls p1.__add__(p2)
 Adds their x and y values separately
 Returns a new Point object with the summed coordinates

If you want, I can draw a small diagram showing how p1 and p2 pass through __add__ and
produce p3. That makes this crystal clear visually.
Do you want me to?
You said:
def __add__(self, other): return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y) def __str__(self): return
f"({self.x}, {self.y})"
ChatGPT said:
Alright, let’s go one by one and break these two special methods down.

__add__ method
def __add__(self, other):
return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
What it does:
 This is operator overloading for the + symbol.
 When you do:
 p1 + p2
Python calls:
p1.__add__(p2)
o self → p1 (the object before the +)
o other → p2 (the object after the +)
Inside:
 self.x → p1.x
 other.x → p2.x
 self.y → p1.y
 other.y → p2.y
 It adds the x values and the y values separately.
 Returns a new Point object with those summed coordinates.
Example:
p1.x = 2, p1.y = 3
p2.x = 4, p2.y = 5
new_x = 2 + 4 = 6
new_y = 3 + 5 = 8
return Point(6, 8)

__str__ method
def __str__(self):
return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"
What it does:
 This is the string representation of the object.
 When you use print(p3), Python automatically calls:
 p3.__str__()
 Whatever string you return here is what print() will show.
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Example:
If:
p3.x = 6, p3.y = 8
Then:
return "(6, 8)"
So print(p3) → (6, 8)

Without __str__, print(p3) would show something ugly like:

<__main__.Point object at 0x00000237D6A4D2E0>
because Python would use the default object representation.

Vinu, if you want, I can also add __sub__, __mul__, and __eq__ to this Point class so you can
do subtraction, multiplication, and equality checks between points. That way you’ll fully
understand operator overloading in practice.
Shall I add them?
You said:
other):
ChatGPT said:
In your code snippet:
def __add__(self, other):
The other parameter simply means "the second object in the operation".

How it works
When you write:
p1 + p2
Python actually calls:
p1.__add__(p2)
So:
 self → the object before the + (here p1)
 other → the object after the + (here p2)

Visual breakdown
p1 + p2
↑ ↑
self other

Example with numbers (conceptually)

class MyNumber:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value

def __add__(self, other): # other is also a MyNumber

return MyNumber(self.value + other.value)

n1 = MyNumber(10)
n2 = MyNumber(20)
n3 = n1 + n2 # Calls n1.__add__(n2)

print(n3.value) # 30
Here:
 self.value = 10
 other.value = 20

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 self.value + other.value = 30

If you want, I can draw a small diagram showing self and other in the memory when p1 + p2
runs. That will make other 100% clear visually.
Do you want me to draw it?
You said:
hear 12+7 in that 12 is one object and 7 is another object
ChatGPT said:
Exactly — in Python, even numbers like 12 and 7 are actually objects.
When you write:
12 + 7
Here’s what’s really happening inside Python:

Both numbers are objects

 12 is an instance of Python’s built-in int class.
 7 is also an instance of int.

Python calls a method, not magic

This expression:
12 + 7
is actually shorthand for:
(12).__add__(7)
 self → 12 (the left-hand operand)
 other → 7 (the right-hand operand)

The int class defines __add__

If you look inside the int class, it has:
def __add__(self, other):
# internal C code that adds the two numbers
That’s why the result is:
19

So in your Point example:

 p1 plays the role of 12
 p2 plays the role of 7
 And __add__ is your custom addition logic.

If you want, I can show how to make our own "Number" class that behaves exactly like
integers with +, -, *, / by overloading these operators — so it’ll work like 12 + 7 but with our
own code.
Do you want me to do that?
You said:
def __add__(self, other): return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y) give this function for
12+7
ChatGPT said:
Alright Vinu, let’s rewrite your
def __add__(self, other):
return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
so it works for 12 + 7, but with our own custom class.

Custom class for numbers

class MyNumber:
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def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value

def __add__(self, other):

return MyNumber(self.value + other.value) # add values and return a new MyNumber

def __str__(self):
return str(self.value) # so print() shows just the number

n1 = MyNumber(12)
n2 = MyNumber(7)

n3 = n1 + n2 # calls n1.__add__(n2)
print(n3) # 19

How it works:
1. n1 + n2 → Python calls:
2. n1.__add__(n2)
o self → n1 (value = 12)
o other → n2 (value = 7)
3. Inside __add__:
4. self.value + other.value # 12 + 7 = 19
5. return MyNumber(19) # make a new object
6. When printing, __str__ runs and returns "19".

If you want, I can also modify this class so it works with:

n1 + 7 # mixing our class and normal integers
just like real Python integers do. That uses a slightly advanced trick with isinstance.
Should I show that?
You said:
def __str__(self): return str(self.value)
ChatGPT said:
That line:
def __str__(self):
return str(self.value)
is the string representation method for your class.

What it means
 When you call print(object) in Python, it looks for the object's __str__() method.
 Whatever string you return from __str__() is exactly what gets printed.

In your MyNumber example:

class MyNumber:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value

def __add__(self, other):

return MyNumber(self.value + other.value)

def __str__(self):
return str(self.value) # <-- Here
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If:
n1 = MyNumber(12)
n2 = MyNumber(7)
n3 = n1 + n2
print(n3)
Step-by-step:
1. n1 + n2 → calls __add__, returns MyNumber(19).
2. print(n3) → calls n3.__str__().
3. __str__ returns "19" (a string).
4. print() prints 19.

Without __str__, printing the object would give something ugly like:
<__main__.MyNumber object at 0x000001D2F1F6A2E0>
because Python would fall back to the default object representation.

If you want, I can also show __repr__ vs __str__ — they look similar but are used in different
situations. That’s a common interview topic too.
Do you want me to explain that next?
You said:
def __str__(self): return str(self.value,type(self.value))
ChatGPT said:
Ah, Vinu — this is where Python will complain.

If you write:
def __str__(self):
return str(self.value, type(self.value))
you’ll get:
TypeError: str() argument 2 must be encoding or errors

Why?
 The built-in str() function’s second argument is not for passing another object.
 For str(something, something_else), Python expects the second parameter to be encoding
(when converting bytes to string), not another value like type(self.value).
Example:
str(b"hello", "utf-8") # works for bytes

What you actually want

If you want to return both the value and its type as a string, you should combine them manually:
def __str__(self):
return f"{self.value} ({type(self.value)})"

Example:
class MyNumber:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value

def __str__(self):
return f"{self.value} ({type(self.value)})"

n = MyNumber(12)
print(n)
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Output:
12 (<class 'int'>)

If you want, I can also show a version where the type name looks cleaner like int instead of
<class 'int'>. That’s just a small tweak.
Do you want me to make that version?
You said:
12+7 then we get 19 ,weather 19 is a object or string
ChatGPT said:
In Python, when you do:
12 + 7
you get 19, and it is an object — specifically, an int object, not a string.

How Python sees it

1. 12 → an int object stored in memory.
2. 7 → another int object.
3. + calls:
4. (12).__add__(7)
5. That method creates a new int object with the value 19.
6. The name 19 refers to this int object in memory.

Confirm it’s an object

x = 12 + 7
print(type(x)) # <class 'int'>
This shows 19 is an integer object, not a string.

If you made it a string

x = str(12 + 7)
print(type(x)) # <class 'str'>
Now x is "19" — a string.

In Python, everything is an object — even numbers, functions, and classes.

The only difference is what class they belong to (int, str, float, etc.).

If you want, I can draw a small memory diagram showing how 12, 7, and 19 are stored as
objects when you do 12 + 7. That would make it 100% visual.
Do you want me to?
You said:
yes
ChatGPT said:
Alright Vinu, here’s a memory diagram showing what happens when you do:
12 + 7

Step 1 – Before addition

[Memory]
┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐
│ int object │ │ int object │
│ value = 12 │ │ value = 7 │
│ type = int │ │ type = int │
└──────▲──────┘ └──────▲──────┘
│ │
variable 12 variable 7
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Step 2 – The addition happens

Python calls:
(12).__add__(7)
 self → the 12 object
 other → the 7 object
The int class's __add__ method runs and creates a new int object.

Step 3 – After addition

[Memory]
┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐
│ int object │ │ int object │ │ int object │
│ value = 12 │ │ value = 7 │ │ value = 19 │
│ type = int │ │ type = int │ │ type = int │
└──────▲──────┘ └──────▲──────┘ └──────▲──────┘
│ │ │
literal 12 literal 7 result (x)

So 19 is not a string — it’s a brand new int object created by __add__.

If you want, I can next compare this diagram with what happens for "12" + "7" (string
addition), so you’ll clearly see the difference between number addition and string
concatenation in Python.
Do you want me to make that?
You said:
then def __str__(self): return str(self.value) # so print() shows just the number this
ChatGPT said:
Exactly
When you write:
def __str__(self):
return str(self.value)
you are telling Python:
"Whenever print() or str() is called on this object, convert self.value into a string and return it."

Example
class Number:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value

def __str__(self):
return str(self.value) # display just the number

n = Number(19)
print(n) # Output: 19 (as text)
Here’s what happens step-by-step when print(n) runs:
1. print() internally calls str(n).
2. str(n) calls your custom __str__ method.
3. __str__ returns a string (e.g., "19").
4. print() displays that string on the screen.

If you didn’t define __str__, Python would use the default from object:
print(n) # <__main__.Number object at 0x000001E4...>
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which is not very friendly.

If you want, I can extend this example to show how 12 + 7 works with a custom class using
__add__ and __str__. That way you can see them working together. Would you like me to do
that?
You said:
print() internally calls str(n)
ChatGPT said:
Yes, exactly
When you do:
print(n)
Python internally does this:
1. Check if n is already a string – if not,
2. Call str(n)
3. str(n) looks for a __str__() method in n’s class
4. If __str__() exists → it returns whatever string you gave
5. print() then sends that string to the output

Mini Example
class Demo:
def __str__(self):
print("`__str__` is called!") # just to show when it runs
return "Hello from __str__"

obj = Demo()

print(obj) # This calls str(obj) internally

Output:
`__str__` is called!
Hello from __str__

If there’s no __str__() method, Python falls back to __repr__().

If neither exists, it prints something like <__main__.Demo object at 0x...>.

If you want, I can explain the difference between __str__ and __repr__ — that’s where most
people get confused. Would you like me to go into that?
You said:
print() wont print int directly
ChatGPT said:
Right — print() never prints an int “directly” in the sense of sending raw integer bits to the
screen.
Even if you write:
print(42)
this is what actually happens internally:
1. Python calls
2. str(42)
to convert the integer to its string representation "42".
3. Then the string "42" is sent to the output stream (sys.stdout.write()).
So "42" (string) is what gets written to the console, not the integer object itself.

Internal Flow
print(42)
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↓
str(42) # int's __str__() method → returns "42"
↓
sys.stdout.write("42\n")
That’s why print() works for any object — numbers, lists, dictionaries, your own classes —
because it first tries to turn them into a string with str().

If you want, I can show you how int.__str__ works under the hood so you can see that even
numbers are printed as strings. Would you like me to show that?
You said:
but when check type
ChatGPT said:
Exactly — this is where people get tripped up.
If you do:
n = 42
print(type(n))
you’ll still get:
<class 'int'>
because n is still an integer in memory.
The str() conversion only happens at the moment of printing — it does not change the original
object’s type.

Think of it like this:

 In memory:
 n → int object (42)
 When printing:
 int.__str__(n) → "42" (string)
 Output device only sees the string "42".
The type() function checks the actual object in memory, not what print() sends to the screen.

If you want proof, you can run:

n = 42
print(type(n)) # Still int
print(type(str(n))) # String after conversion
Do you want me to draw you a memory diagram of how print() + str() works for ints?
That would make this crystal clear.
You said:
# add two complex number class complex(): def __init__(self,r,i): self.r=r self.i=i def
__add__(self,other): return complex(self.r+other.r,self.i+other.i) def __str__(self): return
f"{self.r} + {self.i}i" c1=complex(12,7) c2=complex(7,12) print(c1+c2)
ChatGPT said:
Nice work You’ve just implemented operator overloading for complex numbers!
Let me break it down for you step by step:

Your Code:
class complex():
def __init__(self,r,i):
self.r = r # real part
self.i = i # imaginary part

def __add__(self, other):

# (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a+c) + (b+d)i
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return complex(self.r + other.r, self.i + other.i)

def __str__(self):
return f"{self.r} + {self.i}i"

c1 = complex(12, 7) # 12 + 7i
c2 = complex(7, 12) # 7 + 12i

print(c1 + c2) # calls __add__ first, then __str__

What Happens Internally:

1. c1 + c2 → Python sees + and calls:
2. c1.__add__(c2)
Inside this method:
o self = c1 (12 + 7i)
o other = c2 (7 + 12i)
o It returns a new object: complex(19, 19).
3. Now print(c1+c2) → Python sees a complex object and calls:
4. (c1+c2).__str__()
Which returns the string "19 + 19i".
5. Output on screen:
6. 19 + 19i

Final Output:
19 + 19i

Fun fact: Python already has a built-in complex type. If you used complex(12,7) (with
lowercase complex) without defining your own class, Python would create the built-in complex
number 12+7j.
Do you want me to also show you how your custom complex class compares with Python’s
built-in complex type?
You said:
return complex(self.r + other.r, self.i + other.i) why again complex is written
ChatGPT said:
Good catch
That complex(...) is written again because when we add two objects, we usually want the result
to also be an object of the same class.

Let’s break it down:

Suppose you have:
c1 = complex(12, 7)
c2 = complex(7, 12)
Now when you do:
c1 + c2
Internally Python calls:
c1.__add__(c2)
Your method:
def __add__(self, other):
return complex(self.r + other.r, self.i + other.i)
Here:
 self.r + other.r → adds the real parts → 12 + 7 = 19
 self.i + other.i → adds the imaginary parts → 7 + 12 = 19
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 complex(19, 19) → creates a new complex object with these summed values.

Why return a new object?

Because if we just returned a number like (self.r + other.r, self.i + other.i), it would be a tuple,
not a complex object.
For example:
def __add__(self, other):
return (self.r + other.r, self.i + other.i) # Wrong
Then print(c1+c2) would give:
(19, 19)
But this is not a complex number — it’s just a tuple.

By writing:
return complex(self.r + other.r, self.i + other.i)
we ensure the result is also a complex object, so we can keep using it with other operations.

So basically:
complex(...) inside __add__ is calling your constructor again to build a brand-new object
for the result.

Would you like me to show you a memory diagram of how c1, c2, and (c1+c2) live as different
objects in memory? That will make it crystal clear.
You said:
yes
ChatGPT said:
Perfect Let’s visualize what happens step by step with your code.
class complex():
def __init__(self, r, i):
self.r = r
self.i = i

def __add__(self, other):

return complex(self.r + other.r, self.i + other.i)

def __str__(self):
return f"{self.r} + {self.i}i"

c1 = complex(12, 7)
c2 = complex(7, 12)
c3 = c1 + c2

print(c3)

Memory Diagram (Conceptual)

c1 ------------------> object at 0x101
+-------------------+
| r = 12 |
|i=7 |
+-------------------+

c2 ------------------> object at 0x102

+-------------------+
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|r=7 |
| i = 12 |
+-------------------+

c3 = c1 + c2
------------------> object at 0x103
+-------------------+
| r = 19 | <-- (12+7)
| i = 19 | <-- (7+12)
+-------------------+

Explanation
1. c1 points to a complex object with values (12, 7).
2. c2 points to a complex object with values (7, 12).
3. When you do c1 + c2:
o Python calls c1.__add__(c2).
o That creates a new complex object at another memory address.
o That new object (c3) has values (19, 19).
So c1, c2, and c3 are three separate objects in memory.

This is why we write return complex(...) in __add__, to create a new object for the result
instead of modifying the old ones.

Do you want me to show you the same program but with id() prints so you can see the actual
memory addresses of c1, c2, and c3 when you run it?
You said:
for mul of complex num
ChatGPT said:
Great question Vinu Let's implement multiplication of two complex numbers.

Formula for Multiplying Complex Numbers

If we have:
(a+bi)×(c+di)=(ac−bd)+(ad+bc)i(a + bi) \times (c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad +
bc)i(a+bi)×(c+di)=(ac−bd)+(ad+bc)i

Python Code
class Complex:
def __init__(self, r, i):
self.r = r
self.i = i

def __add__(self, other):

return Complex(self.r + other.r, self.i + other.i)

def __mul__(self, other): # Multiplication

real = self.r * other.r - self.i * other.i
imag = self.r * other.i + self.i * other.r
return Complex(real, imag)

def __str__(self):
return f"{self.r} + {self.i}i"

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# Example
c1 = Complex(3, 2)
c2 = Complex(1, 7)

print("c1:", c1)
print("c2:", c2)
print("c1 + c2:", c1 + c2)
print("c1 * c2:", c1 * c2)

Output
c1: 3 + 2i
c2: 1 + 7i
c1 + c2: 4 + 9i
c1 * c2: -11 + 23i

Would you like me to draw a step-by-step calculation (like how 3+2i and 1+7i got multiplied
into -11+23i) so you fully see how the formula is applied?

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