Chapter: Python Fundamentals
Subject: Class 11 Computer Science
Book: Sumita Arora (CBSE)
DETAILED NOTES
1. What is Python?
• A high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language.
• Created by Guido van Rossum in 1991.
• Python supports object-oriented, procedural, and functional programming paradigms.
2. Python Character Set
The character set used in Python includes:
• Letters (A-Z, a-z)
• Digits (0-9)
• Special symbols: + - * / = @ # % ^ & ! ~ etc.
• White spaces (space, tab, newline)
• Other Unicode characters
3. Tokens in Python
Tokens are the smallest individual units in a program.
Token Type Examples
Keywords if, else, while, for, def, etc.
Identifiers Variable names like x, total, marks
Literals 10, 3.14, 'Hello', True
Operators +, -, *, /, ==, etc.
Punctuators :, ,, (), {}, []
4. Literals in Python
Literals are constant values assigned to variables.
Type Example
Numeric 100, 3.14
String 'Hello', "Python"
Boolean True, False
None None
5. Identifiers
• Names given to variables, functions, classes, etc.
• Rules:
o Must begin with a letter or underscore
o Cannot be a keyword
o Can include digits but not as the first character
Valid: name, _total, marks123
Invalid: 123name, for, total@
6. Keywords
Reserved words with special meaning in Python.
Examples: if, else, elif, for, while, break, continue, def, return, True, False, None
7. Operators
Used to perform operations on variables and values.
Operator Type Examples
Arithmetic +, -, *, /, //, %, **
Relational <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
Logical and, or, not
Assignment =, +=, -=, *=, /=
8. Input and Output Functions
• input() – Takes user input (always as a string)
• print() – Displays output on the screen
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello", name)
9. Data Types in Python
Type Example
int 10, -5
float 3.14, 0.5
str "Hello"
bool True, False
NoneType None
10. Errors in Python
Type Example
Syntax Error print("Hello' – unmatched quote
Runtime Error 10 / 0 – division by zero
Logical Error Incorrect output despite no errors
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1-Mark Questions
1. Who developed Python?
2. What is a keyword? Give two examples.
3. Define literals with examples.
4. Name any four data types in Python.
5. What will be the output of: print(3 + 2.5)?
2-Mark Questions
1. Differentiate between a compiler and an interpreter.
2. Write rules for naming Python identifiers.
3. What is the difference between = and == in Python?
4. What are tokens? List their types.
5. What are the different types of literals in Python?
3/5-Mark Questions
1. Explain Python character set and its components.
2. Write a program to accept two numbers and display their sum, difference, product, and
quotient.
3. What are operators? Explain any four types of operators in Python.
4. Explain the different data types used in Python with examples.
5. What is the role of input() and print() functions? Write suitable examples.
Output/Code-based Questions
1. Predict the output:
2. a = 10
3. b = 3
4. print(a / b)
5. print(a // b)
6. print(a ** b)
7. Find and correct the errors:
8. for = 5
9. print("value is" + for)
10. Write a program to:
o Accept user’s name and age
o Print a message: “Hello [name], you are [age] years old.”
SOLUTIONS – PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS (Class 11)
1-Mark Questions
1. Who developed Python?
→ Guido van Rossum
2. What is a keyword? Give two examples.
→ Keywords are reserved words in Python that have special meaning and cannot be used as variable
names.
Examples: if, return
3. Define literals with examples.
→ Literals are fixed values that appear directly in the code.
Examples: 10 (int), "Python" (string), 3.14 (float)
4. Name any four data types in Python.
→ int, float, str, bool
5. What will be the output of: print(3 + 2.5)?
→ 5.5 (Integer + Float results in a Float)
2-Mark Questions
1. Differentiate between a compiler and an interpreter.
Compiler Interpreter
Translates the whole code at once Translates one line at a time
Faster execution Slower than compiled code
Used in C, C++ Used in Python
2. Write rules for naming Python identifiers.
• Must start with a letter (A–Z or a–z) or underscore _
• Cannot start with a digit
• Can include digits (0–9) and underscores
• Cannot be a keyword
• Case-sensitive
3. What is the difference between = and == in Python?
• = is the assignment operator (assigns value).
• == is the comparison operator (checks equality).
Example:
x=5 # assignment
print(x == 5) # comparison → True
4. What are tokens? List their types.
→ Tokens are the smallest elements in Python.
Types: Keywords, Identifiers, Literals, Operators, Punctuators
5. What are the different types of literals in Python?
• Numeric Literal: 100, 3.14
• String Literal: "Hello"
• Boolean Literal: True, False
• Special Literal: None
3/5-Mark Questions
1. Explain Python character set and its components.
Python uses the following character set:
• Letters: A–Z, a–z
• Digits: 0–9
• Special Symbols: + - * / = ! % ^ & @ etc.
• White spaces: Space, tab, newline
• Unicode characters (for international languages)
2. Write a program to accept two numbers and display their sum, difference, product, and
quotient.
a = float(input("Enter first number: "))
b = float(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Sum:", a + b)
print("Difference:", a - b)
print("Product:", a * b)
print("Quotient:", a / b)
3. What are operators? Explain any four types of operators in Python.
→ Operators perform operations on variables and values.
Type Examples Description
Arithmetic + - * / // % ** Basic mathematical operations
Relational > < >= <= == != Compare two values
Logical and or not Combine boolean expressions
Assignment = += -= *= Assign values to variables
4. Explain the different data types used in Python with examples.
Data Type Example Description
int x = 10 Whole numbers
float y = 3.14 Decimal numbers
str name = "Ali" Text/String
bool flag = True Boolean (True/False)
NoneType z = None Represents null or no value
5. What is the role of input() and print() functions? Write suitable examples.
• input() is used to take user input (always returns a string).
• print() is used to display output.
Example:
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello", name)
Output/Code-based Questions
1. Predict the output:
a = 10
b=3
print(a / b) # 3.333...
print(a // b) # 3 (floor division)
print(a ** b) # 1000
Output:
3.3333333333333335
1000
2. Find and correct the errors:
for = 5 # 'for' is a keyword
print("value is" + for) # Type error: can't add string and int
Corrected Code:
value = 5
print("Value is " + str(value))
3. Write a program to:
• Accept user’s name and age
• Print: “Hello [name], you are [age] years old.”
name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = input("Enter your age: ")
print("Hello", name + ", you are " + age + " years old.")
Here’s a curated set of additional practice questions with solutions for the “Python Fundamentals”
chapter (Class 11 Computer Science, Sumita Arora, CBSE) to help you deepen your understanding:
MORE PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
Chapter: Python Fundamentals
Class 11 – Computer Science (CBSE)
A. Conceptual Questions
Q1. Differentiate between mutable and immutable data types in Python.
Answer:
• Mutable: Can be changed after creation (e.g., list, dict)
• Immutable: Cannot be changed after creation (e.g., int, float, str, tuple)
Q2. List any 5 Python keywords and explain their use.
Answer:
Keyword Use
if Conditional statement
def Used to define a function
return Returns value from a function
True Boolean true value
None Represents no value
Q3. What will be the data type of the following expressions?
type(7) → int
type(3.5) → float
type("hello") → str
type(True) → bool
type(None) → NoneType
B. Code Output Questions
Q4. Predict the output:
x=4
y=5
x += y
print(x)
print(y)
Answer:
9
5
Q5. What will be the output of the following code?
a = "10"
b=5
print(a * b)
Answer:
1010101010
Because "10" * 5 means string "10" repeated 5 times.
Q6. What will be the result of this?
a = 10
b=3
print(a % b)
print(a ** b)
Answer:
1000
C. Error Finding Questions
Q7. Find the error in the following code and correct it:
Print("Hello World!)
Error: Print should be print, and string is not closed.
Correct Code:
print("Hello World!")
Q8. Identify the error:
num1 = input("Enter number: ")
num2 = input("Enter number: ")
print("Sum is:", num1 + num2)
Problem: input() returns strings → so concatenation happens.
Fix:
num1 = int(input("Enter number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter number: "))
print("Sum is:", num1 + num2)
D. Coding Practice Questions
Q9. Write a program to calculate the square and cube of a number entered by the user.
num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
print("Square:", num ** 2)
print("Cube:", num ** 3)
Q10. Write a Python program to find the average of three numbers.
a = float(input("Enter first number: "))
b = float(input("Enter second number: "))
c = float(input("Enter third number: "))
average = (a + b + c) / 3
print("Average:", average)
Q11. Write a program to swap two numbers without using a third variable.
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
a, b = b, a
print("After swapping:")
print("a =", a)
print("b =", b)
Q12. Write a program that takes a user’s name and prints a welcome message.
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Welcome", name + "!")
Q13. Write a program to calculate the simple interest.
p = float(input("Enter principal: "))
r = float(input("Enter rate of interest: "))
t = float(input("Enter time (in years): "))
si = (p * r * t) / 100
print("Simple Interest:", si)
Q14. Write a program to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit.
celsius = float(input("Enter temperature in Celsius: "))
fahrenheit = (celsius * 9/5) + 32
print("Temperature in Fahrenheit:", fahrenheit)
