Y SY S T EM S

THE BOD

THE HUMAN
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 B JE CT I V E S
LESSON O

Identify the four principal types Explain the functions of the Collaborate with group mates
of bones and name the major skeletal system, such as and create a visually appealing
bones in the human body, providing support, protecting poster that educates others
including their names and organs, and enabling about the skeletal system.
locations. movement.
 LE T ’ S D I S C U SS

SKELETAL
SYSTEM
The skeletal system provides support and protection for
the body’s internal organs while also serving as an
attachment point for muscles. In humans, it consists of
bones, joints, and associated cartilage.
This system shapes our bodies,
enables movement, produces blood DID YOU KNOW?
cells, and stores minerals. Did you know that babies are born with around 270
bones, while an average adult has 206 bones?
 FUNCTIONS
• The 206 bones of the human body form a rigid
framework (skeleton) to which the softer tissues and
organs of the body are attached.
• The vital organs are protected by the skeletal system.
The brain is protected by the surrounding skulls, as
the heart and lungs are encased by the sternum and
rib cage.
• Body movement is carried out by the interaction of
the muscular and skeletal systems. For this reason,
they are often grouped together as the
musculoskeletal system. Muscles are connected to
the bones by tendons while bone are connected to
another bone by ligaments. This bone connection is
typically called joints.
 FUNCTIONS

• Blood cells are produced by the marrow in some

bones. An average of 2.6 million red blood cells is
produced each second by the bone marrow to
replace those worn out and destroyed by the liver.

• Bones served as storage area for minerals such as

calcium and phosphorus. When an excess is present
in the blood, a build up will occur within the bones.
When the supply of these minerals is low, it will be
withdrawn from the bones to replenish the supply.
 LET’S E X P L O R E !

PRINCIPAL TYPES OF BONES

Long Bones Short Bones

These bones are longer than they Short bones have a squat, cubed
are wide and provide leverage for shape and are approximately equal
movement. Examples include the in length, width, and thickness.
femur, humerus, and clavicles. Examples include the tarsals (ankle
bones).
 LET’S E X P L O R E !

PRINCIPAL TYPES OF BONES

Flat Bones Irregular Bones

These bones are thin and often These bones do not conform to the
curved. They serve as protective shapes of the other 3 types. They
shields and provide attachment have unique forms and functions.
points for muscles. Examples Examples include the bones of the
include the ribs and scapula. face and vertebrae.
DIVISION OF
SKELETON
AXIAL Skeleton – consist APPENDICULAR Skeleton is
of the bones that form the composed of the bones that
axis of the body and anchor the
support and protect the appendages to the axial skeleton.
organs of the head, neck 1. Upper Extremities
and trunk. 2. Lower Extremities
1. Skull 3. Shoulder Girdle
2. Sternum 4. Pelvic Girdle (the sacrum and
3. Ribs coccyx are considered part of the
4. Vertebral Column vertebral column)
 AXIA L SK E LE T O N

THE SKULL
The skull serves several crucial functions. It
surrounds and shields the brain, brainstem, and
eyes from external forces. This protective role is
vital for maintaining the integrity of our central
nervous system.

Muscles, blood vessels, and connective tissues

attach to its bony framework, allowing essential
functions like swallowing, breathing, and vision.
 C RA N I A L B ON E S

1. frontal – forms the forehead (1)

2. parietal – forms the roof and sides of the
skull (2)
3. temporal – house the ears (2)
4. occipital – forms the base of the skull and
contains the foramen magnum (1)
5. sphenoid – is considered the key bone of the
skull where all bones are connected to it (1)
6. ethmoid – located between the eyes that
forms the part of the
nasal septum (1)
 FAC I A L B O N E S
1. mandible – forms the lower jaw and the only
moveable joint in the
head that provide the chewing motion. (1)
2. maxilla – forms the upper law (2)
3. palatine – forms the hard palate or the roof of
the mouth (2)
4. zygomatic – are the cheek bones (2)
5. lacrimal – help form the orbits or inner
aspect of the eyes(2)
6. nasal – forms the bridge of the nose (2)
7. vomer – form parts of the nasal septum ( the
divider between the
nostrils) (1)
8. inferior concha – bones which makes-up the
 THE RIBS

The ribs are thin, flat curved

bones that form a protective cage
around the organs in the upper
body. They comprised 24 bones
arranged in 12
pairs that form a kind of cage that
encloses the upper body.
 THE RIBS

They give the

chest its familiar shape to protect the
heart and lungs from injuries and
shocks The ribs also protects parts of the
stomach, spleen and kidneys, during
respiration, the muscles in between the
ribs lift the rib cage up to allow the lungs
to expand when you inhale.
 THE RIBS

Then, the rib cage moves

down
again, squeezing the air out
of your lungs when you
exhale.
 TRUE
BONES
FALSE
BONES
FLOATING
BONES
 STERNUM

The sternum is a flat, dagger shaped

bone located in the middle of the chest
from where the ribs are connected to it
by the costal cartilage.. It is
composed of three parts, the handle
called the manubrium, the blade called
body and the tip called xiphoid process
STERNUM
 A L C O L U MN
VERTEBR

The vertebral column also called

the backbone or spinal column
consist of series of 33 irregularly
shaped bones called vertebrae,
This 33 bones are divide into five
categories depending on where
they are located in the
backbone.
 CERVICAL
VERTEBRAE
–the first seven vertebrae located on
top of the vertebral column. These
bones form a flexible framework of the
neck and support the head. The first
cervical vertebra is called the atlas
which allows the head action for the
YES and NO.
 THORACIC
VERTEBRAE
are the next 12 vertebrae form
the anchor of the rib cage.
The bones of the thoracic
vertebrae are larger than the
cervical and increase in size
from to bottom.
 LUMBAR
VERTEBRAE
these five bones are the
largest vertebrae in the spinal
column that support most of
the bodies weight and are
attached to many of the back
muscles
 SACRUM
is the triangular bone
located just below the
lumbar vertebrae that
consist of four of five
sacral vertebrae in a child
which fused into a single
bone after age 26. This
forms the back wall of the
pelvic
girdle
 COCCYX
is also called the
tailbone consist of
3-5 bones that are
fused together in
adult.
 A P P E N D I C U L A R
SKELETON
The appendicular skeleton is one of the
two major groups of bones in the human
skeleton. It consists of the bones of the
limbs (or appendages), and the bones that
attach the limbs to the rest of the body. .

The primary function of the appendicular

skeleton is to provide shape and structure
to the limbs, allowing them to work
properly.
 (P EC T O R AL )
SHOULDER
GIRDLE

CLAVICLE
The thin bones positioned
horizontally in the shoulder
region articulate with the scapula
on one side and the sternum
(axial skeleton) on the other.
 (P EC T O R AL )
SHOULDER
GIRDLE

CLAVICLE
• Connect the arm with the rest of the
skeleton.
• Allow free movement of the shoulder away
from the body.
• Transmit force or any physical impact from
the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
• Protect the neurovascular bundle supplying
the upper limb.
• Along with the rib cage, they protect the
heart from external shock.
 (P EC T O R AL )
SHOULDER
GIRDLE

SCAPULA
The scapula, alternatively known as the
shoulder blade, is a thin, flat, roughly
triangular-shaped bone placed on either
side of the upper back. This bone, along
with the clavicle and the manubrium of
the sternum, composes the pectoral
(shoulder) girdle, connecting the upper
limb of the appendicular skeleton to the
axial skeleton
 (P EC T O R AL )
SHOULDER
GIRDLE

SCAPULA
The scapula helps in several daily movements and
smooth motion of the upper arm, based on the
movements mentioned above.
• It assists in both forward and backward movement of
the pectoral girdle and chest muscles by moving
closer and away from the vertebral column.
• During some motions, like shrugging the shoulders,
the entire shoulder capsule moves up and down due
to elevation and depression of this bone.
• It stabilizes the shoulder capsule during excessive
arm motion by rotating upwards and downwards.
 TR E MI T I E S
UPPER EX

• Humerus (2): The longest and only bone in the

upper arm, between the shoulder and elbow.
• Radius (2): Relatively thicker of the two lower arm
bones, the radius is the one located on the thumb’s
side, between the elbow and wrist.
• Ulna (2): Longer than the radius, it is located on the
side of the little finger. The radius and ulna connect
the elbow to the wrist, allowing us to rotate the
forearm and wrist.
• Carpals (16): The 8 irregular bones lying on the wrist
in each hand. These bones articulate with each
other, as well as to the radius, ulna, and
metacarpals.
 TR E MI T I E S
UPPER EX

• Metacarpals (10): The 5 long bones in each

hand forming the distal part of the palm.
These articulate with the lowermost
(proximal) row of phalanges.
• Phalanges (28): The 14 bones that form the
fingers; each finger has 3 phalanges, except
the thumb, which has 2.
 PELV IC G I R D L E

1. Hip Bone: It is one large bone

formed of three irregular bones
that fuse during puberty and
early adulthood.
a. Ilium
b. Ischium
c. Pubis
 ILIUM
Ilium (plural: ilia), also known as
the iliac bone, is one of the three
bones that fuse to form the hip
bone. The other two are the ischium
and pubis. This largest and
uppermost bone of the hip is an
essential part of the pelvic girdle.
 ILIUM
Functions
• Forms a part of the pelvis, thus
protecting the reproductive
organs, urinary bladder, and
lower part of the digestive tract
that lie within it.
• Bear body weight while resting
or moving.
 ISCHIUM
The ischium is one of the
three bones of the hip bone,
aside from the ilium and
pubis. It forms the lower and
back parts of the hip bone.
 ISCHIUM
Functions
• Being a part of the pelvis, it
plays a great role in several
body movements, such as
walking and jogging.
• It is also essential in
maintaining balance and an
erect posture.
 PUBIS
The pubis is one of the three
bones that fuse to form the
hip bone, the other two being
the ilium and ischium. It is the
front portion of the hip bone.
 PUBIS
Functions
As it is a part of the pelvis, it
protects several vital organs
in the abdominal cavity, such
as the urinary bladder and
reproductive organs.
 T R E MI T I E S
LOWER EX
• Femur (2): The heaviest, longest, and
strongest bone in the human body, the
femur is the only bone in the upper leg or
thigh region. On its proximal end, it
articulates with the hip bone, while its distal
end articulates with the tibia and patella to
form the knee joint.
• Tibia (2): The bigger, and only
weight-bearing bone in the lower leg, it
articulates with the femur on one end and
the tarsal bones on the other, thus
connecting the foot to the upper leg.
 T R E MI T I E S
LOWER EX

• Fibula (2): The smaller of the two lower leg

bones, it is an attachment point for multiple
leg muscles. The fibula articulates with the
tibia at both its proximal and distal ends.
• Patella (2): Also known as the kneecap, it is
the biggest sesamoid bone in the body,
forming the knee. There is no corresponding
bone for the patella in the arm. It stays
embedded in the quadriceps femoris
muscle’s tendons.
 T R E MI T I E S
LOWER EX

• Tarsals (14): Similar to the carpals, the tarsals

are the small irregular bones forming the heels
and part of the arch. Unlike carpals, there are
only 7 tarsal bones in each foot.
• Metatarsals (10): These are the bones
corresponding to the metacarpals in hand, and
like them, these articulate with the toe bones,
forming the distal part of the foot’s arch.
• Phalanges (28): Often referred to as the
phalanges of the foot, these are the bones
forming the toes. Each toe has 3 phalanges,
except the big toe, which has 2.
 Th e J o i n t s

Joints are the areas

where two or more
bones meet, allowing for
movement and providing
stability to the skeletal
system.
 Syn a r t h r o s i s

- an immovably fixed joint between

bones connected by fibrous tissue (for
example, the sutures of the skull).
 Am p h i a r t h r o s is

refers to a type of joint that allows for

limited or slight movement, offering a
balance between flexibility and
stability. These joints are characterized
by being connected by cartilage, which
permits a degree of motion while still
maintaining structural integrity.
 D i a r t hr o s is

Diarthrosis refers to a freely movable

joint in the body, also known as a
synovial joint. These joints allow for a
wide range of motion and are
characterized by a joint cavity filled
with synovial fluid. Examples include
the shoulder, hip, and knee joints.
 Types o f M o t i o n
1. Flexion – is the act of bringing two bones closer together which decrease the angle
between two bones.
2. Extension – is the act of increasing the angle between two bones that results in
straightening motion.
3. Abduction – is the movement of an extremity away from the midline.
4. Adduction – is movement towards the midline.
5. Circumduction – a continuous motion from flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and
hyperextension.
6. Rotation – allows a bone to move around one central axis. A pivot motion when you turn
the head side to side.
7. Pronation – the forearm turns the and so the palm is facing downward.
8. Supination – turns the hand to face upward.
 e t o n : A R o l e - P l ay in g
The M o v i n g S ke l
C h a l l e n ge
Instructions:
• Form a group of 4 members.
• Assign group roles: Bones, Joints, Muscles, Narrator/Host, and Motion Performer.

Role-Playing Task
Your group will create a short, creative skit (3–5 minutes) where:
Members will act out different parts of the human skeleton (e.g., skull, femur, pelvis).
Others will act as joints and demonstrate movement types (e.g., a "hinge joint" bending the elbow).
Movements like flexion, rotation, adduction, etc., must be shown with narration.
Include scenes that demonstrate how the skeletal system allows movement in everyday situations (e.g., playing sports, dancing, or lifting objects).

Required Content in the Skit

• Your role-play must include:
• One scene showing Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton
• Identification of Upper & Lower Extremities, Pelvic & Pectoral Girdles
• Demonstration of 3 Joint Types (Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis)
• Demonstration of at least 5 Motions (e.g., flexion, rotation, supination)
• Each member must perform or narrate at least one part
----
• You may use props (e.g., labels, shirts with "Femur" or "Joint")
• Add humor, real-life examples (e.g., “Mr. Elbow refuses to bend!”), or sports scenes
• Use background music or narration to enhance the skit
 d -A - B o n e C h a l l en g e
Scaffold 1: B u il
Instructions:
1. Form a group of 4 members.
2. As a group, create your own set of labeled bone pieces using illustration boards, recycled
folders, or construction paper. Draw, cut out, and label at least 10 major bones, such as:
Skull, Clavicle, Humerus, Femur, Ribs, Vertebrae, Pelvis, Tibia, Ulna, and Sternum.
3. On a large sheet of paper (manila paper/cartolina), draw a blank human outline where
you’ll assemble the bones. As a group, sort and position each bone in the correct part of
the body: Axial Skeleton (skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs) and Appendicular
Skeleton (shoulders, arms, pelvis, legs).
4. Tape or glue each labeled bone onto the outline. Below the finished diagram, write a 2–3
sentence summary answering: "What is the main difference between the axial and
appendicular skeletons, and how do they work together?"
 HUM A N A N A T O M Y

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