THEORIES of

PERSONALITY - I
Anjelika Şimşek

Analytical psychology

Carl Jung
 Analytical psychology
• Occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone.
• Each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by
certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors.
• Inherited images make up what Jung called the collective unconscious.
The collective unconscious includes those elements that we have never
experienced individually but which have come down to us from our
ancestors.
• Some elements of the collective unconscious become highly developed
and are called archetypes.
• Thus, Jung’s theory is a compendium of opposites. People are both
introverted and extraverted; rational and irrational; male and female;
conscious and unconscious; and pushed by past events while being pulled
by future expectations.
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
Conscious
• Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego, whereas
unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego.
• Ego as the center of consciousness, but not the core of
personality.
• Self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious
• In a psychologically healthy person, the ego takes a secondary
position to the unconscious self (Jung, 1951/1959a).
• Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious world, but
they also allow themselves to experience their unconscious self
and thus to achieve individuation.
Personal unconscious
• Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived
experiences of one particular individual.
• Formed by our individual experiences and is therefore unique to
each of us.
• Contents of the personal unconscious are called complexes.
• A complex is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated
ideas.
• For example, a person’s experiences with Mother may become
grouped around an emotional core so that the person’s mother,
or even the word “mother,” sparks an emotional response that
blocks the smooth flow of thought.
 Collective unconscious
• Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species
• Inherited and pass from one generation to the next as psychic
potential.
• Distant ancestors’ experiences with universal concepts such as
God, mother, water, earth, and so forth have been transmitted
through the generations so that people in every clime and time
have been influenced by their primitive ancestors’ primordial
experiences (Jung, 1937/1959).

Archetypes
• Archetypes have a biological basis but originate through the
repeated experiences of humans’ early ancestors.
• Dreams are the main source of archetypal material
 • Hallucinations of psychotic patients also offered evidence for
universal archetypes

persona
• The side of the personality that people show to the world.
• Refers to the mask worn by actors in the early theater.
• To become psychologically healthy, must balance between the
demands of society and what we truly are.

shadow
• Archetype of darkness and repression, qualities we do not wish to
acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others.
• It is easier to project the dark side of our personality onto others, to
see in them the ugliness and evil that we refuse to see in ourselves.
• Achieve the “realization of the shadow”

anima
• Feminine archetype in men
• Represents irrational moods and feelings
• To master the projections of the anima, men must realize the feminine
side of their personality
• Originated from early men’s experiences with women—mothers, sisters,
and lovers
anima
animus
• Masculine archetype in women
• Represent symbolic of thinking and reasoning.
• Like the anima, the animus appears in dreams, visions, and
fantasies in a personified form.
• In every female-male relationship, the woman runs a risk of
projecting her distant ancestors’ experiences with fathers,
brothers, lovers, and sons onto the unsuspecting man.
 Great Mother
• This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both
positive and negative feelings.
• The great mother, therefore, represents two opposing forces—
fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and
destruction on the other.
• The fertility and nourishment dimension of the great mother
archetype is symbolized by a tree, garden, plowed field, sea,
heaven, home, country, church, and hollow objects such as ovens
and cooking utensils.
• Power and destruction, she is sometimes symbolized as a
godmother, the Mother of God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth, a
stepmother, or a witch.
• Fertility and power combine to form the concept of rebirth,
which may be a separate archetype, but its relation to the great
mother is obvious.

Wise Old Man

hero
• Represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person,
sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or
 vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or
demons.

self
• Each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward
growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate
disposition the self.
• Archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other
archetypes and unites them in the process of self-realization.
• Symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and
wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the mandala, which is
depicted as a circle within a square, a square within a circle, or
any other concentric figure.
 • It represents the strivings of the collective unconscious for unity,
balance, and wholeness.

self
• Mandala (Sanskrit: मण्डल Maṇḍala, 'circle') is a
spiritual and ritual symbol in Hinduism and
Buddhism, representing the Universe. The basic
form of most mandalas is a square with four gates
containing a circle with a center point. Each gate
is in the general shape of a
T. Mandalas often exhibit radial balance.
self
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
 Causality and teleology
• Human behavior is • Teleology holds that
shaped by both causal present events are
and teleological forces motivated by goals and
and that causal aspirations for the
explanations must be future that direct a
balanced with person’s destiny.
teleological ones.
• Causality holds that
present events have
their origin in previous
experiences.
 • Ju
Progression and ng
regression
(1961) believed that the
regressive step is
necessary to create a
balanced personality
and to grow toward
selfrealization.
• Adaptation to the
outside world involves
the forward flow of
 psychic energy and is on a backward flow of
called progression, psychic energy and is
whereas adaptation to called regression.
the inner world relies
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

2 basic attitudes: introversion and extraversion 4

attitude
• A predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.
 Extraversion

• Turning outward of
Introversion psychic energy so that a
person is oriented
• Turning inward of toward the objective
psychic energy with an and away from the
orientation toward the subjective.
subjective.
functions
• Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any
one or more of four functions, forming eight possible
orientations, or types.
• The four functions—sensing, thinking, feeling, and
intuiting—can be briefly defined as follows:
• Sensing tells people that something exists;
• Thinking enables them to recognize its meaning;
• Feeling tells them its value or worth; and
• Intuition allows them to know about it without knowing how
they know.
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

emphasized the second half of life, the period after age 35 or 40,
when a person has the opportunity to bring together the various
aspects of personality and to attain self-realization.

Stages of development
• childhood, youth, middle life, and old age.
• The early morning sun is childhood, full of potential, but
still lacking in brilliance (consciousness);
• the morning sun is youth, climbing toward the zenith, but
unaware of the impending decline;
• the early afternoon sun is middle life, brilliant like the late
morning sun, but obviously headed for the sunset;
• the evening sun is old age, its once bright consciousness
now markedly dimmed

childhood
1. Anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and sporadic
consciousness
2. Monarchic phase of childhood is characterized by the
development of the ego and by the beginning of logical
and verbal thinking.
3. The ego as perceiver arises during the dualistic phase of
childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and
subjective.

youth
• From puberty until middle life
• Strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their
parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make a place in the
world
• A period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing
consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era
of childhood is gone forever.

Middle life
• begins at approximately age 35 or 40
• Their psychological health is not enhanced by success in
business, prestige in society, or satisfaction with family life.
• They must look forward to the future with hope and
anticipation, surrender the lifestyle of youth, and discover
new meaning in middle life.
• This step often, but not always, involves a mature religious
orientation, especially a belief in some sort of life after
 death (Jung, 1931/1960a).

Old age
• Fear of death is often taken as normal, but Jung believed
that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling
only when death is seen in this light.
• Jung treated these people by helping them establish new
goals and find meaning in living by first finding meaning in
death.
Self-realization
• Psychological rebirth, also called self-realization or
individuation, is the process of becoming an individual or
whole person.
• The self-realized person is dominated neither by
unconscious processes nor by the conscious ego but
achieves a balance between all aspects of personality.

JUNG’S METHODS OF
INVESTIGATION
 Word association test
• He originally used the technique as early as 1903 when he
was a young psychiatric assistant at Burghöltzli, and he
lectured on the word association test during his trip with
Freud to the United States in 1909.
• To uncover feeling-toned complexes.
• Based on the principle that complexes create measurable
emotional responses.
• In administering the test, Jung typically used a list of about
100 stimulus words chosen and arranged to elicit an
emotional reaction. He instructed the person to respond to
each stimulus word with the first word that came to mind.
Jung recorded each verbal response, time taken to make a
response, rate of breathing, and galvanic skin response.
Usually, he would repeat the experiment to determine test-
retest consistency.

Dream analysis
• The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is to uncover
elements from the personal and collective unconscious and
to integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate
the process of self-realization.
Active imagination
• This method requires a person to begin with any
impression— a dream image, vision, picture, or fantasy—
and to concentrate until the impression begins to “move.”
The person must follow these images to wherever they
lead and then courageously face these autonomous images
and freely communicate with them.
• To reveal archetypal images emerging from the
unconscious.
psychotherapy
• Four basic approaches to therapy, representing four
developmental stages in the history of psychotherapy:
1. Cathartic method (used by Josef Beuer)
2. Interpretation, explanation, and elucidation
3. Education of patients as social beings.
4. Transformation (he meant that the therapist must first be
transformed into a healthy human being, preferably by
undergoing psychotherapy.