ART APPRECIATION

GEART01X FUNCTION OF ARTS

HUMANITIES • The human need for expression.

• came from the Latin word - to exhibit what is hidden in man’s

“humanus” which means human, inner world. His thoughts,
cultured and refined. emotions, imaginations, dreams
and aspirations are expressed in
HUMANITIES
art.
• The academic study of human
• The social need for display,
culture, condition, and values using
celebration and communication.
methods that are mainly critical,
speculative, or historical. - introduces an interconnection
within people.
Humanities cover a wide range of
subjects, such as languages, • The physical needs for functional
literature, philosophy, religion, and objects
arts.
- based on the premise that if an
ARTS object is to perform its function.

• Latin word “ars” meaning, art, ARTS: AS VIEWED BY PHILOSOPHY

skill, or craft.
• Plato (428 - 347 BCE)
• also called (to distinguish it from
• Art is imitation
other art forms) visual art, a visual
object or experience consciously • Art is dangerous
created through an expression of
• Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE)
skill or imagination.
• Art is an imitation or
NATURE OF THE ARTS
representation of nature,
•A way of dealing with man’s imagination, ideas and reality.
internal world, personality and
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
experiences.
• Subjective Taste
•Art is subjective: employs the use
of perception, insights, feelings and - “emotions”
intuition.
• Universal Taste
•Art provides enjoyment and
- “appreciation”
stimulation.
 - the most functional of all the art
forms. It involves creating designs
ARTISTS AND ARTISANS
for buildings,
•Artists- a person who exhibits
• Music
exceptional skills in the visual
and/or performing arts - the art of sound expressed
through a song, through the use of
•Artisans- a person who is in a
instruments or a combination of
skilled trade that involves making
both
things by hand
• Dance
THE ART FORMS
- the art of body movements that is
• Visual Arts
attuned to a musical piece
-creative expressions that appeal to
• Literature
the sense of sight, such as
painting, sculpture, photography, - the art of using words to express
and design. thoughts, ideas, and feelings

• Performing Arts • Theatre

-arts such as music, dance, and - the performance of drama, the

drama which are performed for an actors perform on stage in front of
audience a live audience.

• Digital Arts • Photography

-any creative practice that uses -the art of capturing light with a
digital technology as an essential camera, usually via a digital sensor
part of the artistic process or film, to create an image

• Painting

- application of pigment to a
surface

• Sculpture

- an art form that is best

described as three-dimensional.
The sculptor creates a solid form
using molding, carving, welding,
casting and assembling.

• Architecture
 earliest dating to 4,700 years ago
in Duyong Cave.

MUSIC

• The ancient Filipinos had music

LESSON 2:
for all occasions, for every phase of
PHILIPPINE ART life, from

HISTORY birth to death.

PRE-COLONIAL ART • Each community had their own

set of musical instruments and
VISUAL ARTS
style
• Ancient Filipinos expressed
PRE-COLONIAL ART
paintings mainly through tattoos
and cave carvings. Angono • Bugtong
Petroglyphs, 3000 BC Batok tattoo.
• Sabi - Maxim
SCULPTURE
• Talindaw - boat songs
• Ancient Filipinos have attained a
• Dalit at Umbay - song of grief
high artistic level through pottery,
wood carving and even jewelry. • Tagumpay, balikungkong, and
hiliraw - war songs
Bul-ul – carved anito figures of the
Ifugaos • Uyayi and Hele - lullbies

• Burial jar excavated from a • Ihiman - bridal song

Neolithic burial site in Manunggul
Baybayin alphabet
cave of Tabon Caves at Lipuun
Point at Palawan.

Manunggul Jar. Palawan, 890-710 SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

BC
• The Spaniards used art as a tool
SHELL BRACELETS to propagate the Catholic faith
through art.
• In the Philippines, shell
ornaments such as beads, • Most of the art that was produced
bracelets, and pendants were During the first two centuries of
recovered from several Spanish occupation is for the
archaeological sites, with the Church.
Josef Luciano Dans, Langit, Lupa, with the Modernist than the
Impyerno Conservatives.

Juan Delos Santos, Retablo Emergence of different schools of

thought (e.g. school of Botong
Francisco, school of Manansala,
ARCHITECTURE emergence of the “Mabini” art
group.)
• Most of the building in the
Spanish were usually Church and Vicente Manansala, Pamilya
Cathedrals.
Carlos ”Botong” Francisco,
Bahay na Bato - an updated version Bayanihan
of the traditional bahay kubo
characteristic of the nipa with the
style, culture and technology of CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
Chinese and Spanish Architecture
• Art produced at the present
period in time1960’s or 70’s up
until today
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
• Produced by artists who are living
• Art Illustration, Advertising and
in the
Commercial Design gained
popularity and incorporated in twenty-first century

Fine Arts.

• Popular styles during the period: CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

• Neoclassicism CONTEMPORARY ART

Guillermo Tolentino, Oblation Art from 1960’s up until

Fernando Amorsolo, Planting Rice today

First United Building, Escolta, MODERN ART

Manila Philippine Post Office
Art from 1880-1960’s

POST-WAR PERIOD
CHARACTERISTICS OF
This is set by the creation of the Art CONTEMPORARY ART
Association of the Philippines (AAP)
1. From the meaning of
that in away has a strong leaning
contemporary, present times or
living
2. It reflects current issues or Many overlap with performing arts
current events (e.g., fiesta dances + costume
design)
3. Contemporary artists use their
masterpieces to comment on
cultural, political, and global issues,
ENCAUSTIC
including race, feminism, human
rights, civil, rights, gender equality, MEDIUMS OF PAINTING
wars, economic inequality, and
Pigments mixed with hot wax,
global conflicts.
applied to wood, plaster, or canvas

Heat fuses the colors → smooth,

luminous surface

Can add resin or oil for texture and

flexibility

Rare in the Philippines, but related

to mixed-media and conservation
practices in humid climates

ART APP LESSON 3 - VISUAL ARTS Modern Filipino artists experiment

with wax + collage to tell layered
VISUALARTS
stories
ART APPRECIATION
FRESCO
TRISHA ANNE MAGSINO
MEDIUMS OF PAINTING

“True fresco” = painting on fresh,

Visual arts are forms we see: wet plaster
painting, drawing, sculpture,
Earth pigments + water soak into
printmaking, film, architecture
plaster → long-lasting colors
In the Philippines: from church
Must be done quickly, often in daily
murals and bahay kubo design to
sections (giornata)
jeepney art, komiks, and barangay
murals Seen in Spanish-era Philippine
churches and convents
Includes applied arts like fashion,
graphic design, interior design— Provincial church interior frescoes
seen in piña weaving, fiesta décor, (e.g., Bohol churches before 2013
and sari-sari signage earthquake)
FRESCO SECCO

MEDIUMS OF PAINTING EGG TEMPERA

“Dry fresco” → pigments mixed MEDIUMS OF PAINTING

with water, applied on dry plaster
Painted santo or altar retablo panel
walls
(common in Spanish-era churches)
Allows slower, more careful
painting; mistakes can be
overpainted MOSAIC

Seen in church interiors and MEDIUMS OF PAINTING

chapels during Spanish colonial
period
Made with small pieces of glass,
Local examples: San Agustin
stone, or ceramic (tesserae)
Church murals (Intramuros),
Antique church ceilings, and some Set into wet mortar, creating
barangay/community center murals colorful, reflective patterns

EGG TEMPERA Placement creates a lively surface

when viewed from afar
MEDIUMS OF PAINTING
In the Philippines: seen in church
floors/walls, public parks, school
Pigment mixed with egg yolk (or logos, and capiz inlays
whole egg) + water
Modern artists also adapt mosaic
Applied on a gesso ground (plaster using shells, tiles, and recycled
+ binder on wood panel) materials

Dries quickly → smooth, opaque, Tigbauan Church, Iloilo

matte surface

Produces bright, saturated colors

OIL PAINT
Related to santo icons, retablos,
MEDIUMS OF PAINTIN
and religious panel paintings in PH
churches Mix of pigment + oil binder +
thinner (e.g., turpentine)
ANITA MAGSAYSAY HO
Rich, blendable colors → slow
Tagamasid
drying allows detail and depth
Catching Chickens
Used on canvas, wood panels, and 20th-century medium, made from
murals synthetic compounds

In the Philippines: key works by Water-based; thinned with water

Juan Luna (Spoliarium), Fernando but dries into a glossy, permanent
Amorsolo (sunlit rural life), Anita surface
Magsaysay-Ho (Filipina women)
Dries quickly → both advantage
Still used in galleries and (fast work) and challenge (less time
contemporary Filipino art to blend)

Spoliarium, Juan Luna Popular in the Philippines for

murals, jeepney art, school
Planting Rice, Fernando Amorsolo
projects, and advocacy walls
Women with Baskets, Fish, and
Crab, Anita Magsaysay Ho Used by many contemporary
Filipino artists for flexibility and
bright color
WATER COLOR
Untitled (Two Sabels), BENCAB
MEDIUMS OF PAINTING

Uses pigments mixed with water,

COLLAGE
applied in thin washes
From French coller = “to paste”
Known for its delicacy,
Combines photos, clippings,
transparency, and luminosity
fabrics, objects on one surface
Traditionally painted on paper;
Can mix painting + pasted
surface texture affects effect
materials for layered meaning
In the Philippines: used for
In the Philippines: seen in protest
townscapes, landscapes, markets,
posters, komiks-inspired art, street
and seascapes
art, and mixed-media exhibits
Filipino masters: Victorio Edades
Modern Filipino artists use local
(modernist studies), Fernando
fabrics (piña, abaca), newspapers,
Amorsolo’s sketches, and and recycled ephemera to reflect
contemporary watercolor identity and memory
illustrators

DRAWING
ACRYLIC
One of the oldest forms of human
MEDIUMS OF PAINTING expression
Uses lines and tones on paper to Purpose: decorate, tell stories,
create images teach, inspire, or even warn

The most basic tool for artists, Bulul, Ifugao’s rice god figure
architects, and designers
Sarimanok, mythical bird of good
In the Philippines: seen in komiks, fortune
architectural sketches (bahay kubo,
bahay na bato), and botanical
studies of local plants TYPES OF SCULPTURE

Still vital today in storyboarding, Free-standing / In the Round →

fashion design, and digital sculpture seen from all sides, not
illustration attached to a wall

Examples: Rizal Monument in

Luneta, bulul figures, Maranao
PRINTMAKING
sarimanok carvings
Print = any image made by a
Relief Sculpture → partly attached
duplication process
to a background surface
Advantage: allows multiple copies
High relief = figures project
of one design
strongly
In the Philippines: used in
Low relief (bas-relief) = shallow
silkscreen shirts, festival posters,
carvings
political leaflets, and propaganda
prints Oblation, Guillermo Tolentino

Traditional methods: woodcut and Rizal as an opthalmologist, Rizal

block printing Park

Still alive today in student org Prehistory of Reform, Diliman

shirts, advocacy tarps, and Quadrangle
independent art studios

SCULPTURE

Sculpture = three-dimensional art

FOUR SCULPTURE
made from clay, stone, wood,
metal, or other materials CATEGORIES

Can be carved, cast, welded,

assembled, or shaped
 Used for religious icons, household
objects, and monuments

Surrender of General Tomoyuki

FOUR SCULPTURE CATEGORIES
Yamashita, Ernesto Dul-ang
MODELING
Ernesto Dul-ang
Additive process → shaping
soft/malleable material
CASTING Indirect method → molten
Common media: clay, wax, pulp,
or liquid material poured into a
plaster
mold
Often built on a skeleton/armature
Common media: bronze, brass,
for support
plaster, resin, fiberglass
Can be finished work or first step
Allows duplication and fine detail
for casting
In the Philippines:
In the Philippines: used in clay
pottery, Santo Niño figures, Church bells (bronze/brass casting
classroom art projects during Spanish era)

Bulul Sculpture Santo Niño and religious icons cast

in resin or plaster

Monuments (heroes, leaders) cast

CARVING Subtractive process →
in bronze or fiberglass
shaping by removing material
Modern use: public art, replicas,
Materials: wood, stone, marble,
and industrial design
other hard surfaces
The Journey, Aia Halili
The sculptor cuts from the outside
inward to reveal form Campana, Hilario Sunico,
Intramuros
In the Philippines:
ASSEMBLY Additive process →
Ifugao bulul (rice guardian) carved
putting together varied materials to
from wood
form one sculpture
Maranao okir wood panels &
Uses found objects, wood, metal,
furniture designs
fabric, plastic, or scrap
Stone carvings in churches and
Can express social issues, identity,
gravestones
or community values
In the Philippines: Christian Salandanan and Kath
Sapungay of Sangay Architects
Paete artisans assemble mixed
materials for religious tableaux San Sebastian Church The National
Museum of Fine Arts
Contemporary artists use recycled
objects (metal, tires, plastic)

Community art projects with bottle SIGNIFICANT MATERIALS USED IN

caps, bamboo, or junkyard scraps
ARCHITECTURE
Be still. All Steel, Glenn Martinez
ARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL:
Midnight in my Studio: Inanimate CONCRETE
objects that come to life at the
Backbone of modern architecture →
strike of midnight, Glenn Martinez
mix of cement + aggregates

Can be molded into beams, slabs,

ARCHITECTURE columns, foundations

Art + technique of designing and Inspired global architects (e.g., Le

building spaces Corbusier)

Serves both practical needs In the Philippines:

(shelter, safety) and aesthetic
Used in schools, malls, bridges, and
goals (beauty, identity)
roads
In the Philippines:
Heritage mix: bahay na bato
Bahay Kubo → lightweight, airy, foundations, 20th-century civic
climate-responsive buildings

Bahay na Bato → stone base + Modern icons: Cultural Center of

wooden upper floor (Spanish-era the Philippines (CCP), Philippine
hybrid) Heart Center, National Museum

Churches & plazas → baroque, neo- New technologies: durable, high-

gothic, and colonial heritage sites performance, translucent, and
bendable concrete
Modern architecture → malls,
schools, cultural centers (e.g., CCP, Philippine International Convention
National Museum) Center

Architecture reflects our climate,

culture, and history
ARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL: WOOD
A renewable building material → Bahay na Bato → stone ground floor
adds warmth, comfort, and beauty for strength

Strong, absorbs sound, resists heat Used in bridges, fortresses, and

and electricity gravestones (e.g., Fort Santiago,
Puente de España)
Transforms spaces with both
functionality and aesthetics Symbol of strength and
permanence in Filipino culture
In the Philippines:
Ivatan Houses, Batanes
Bahay Kubo – bamboo, nipa, rattan,
lightweight and breathable Bahay na Bato

Bahay na Bato – stone ground floor,

wooden upper floor with ventanillas
ARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL: STEEL
and capiz windows
Strong, durable, and resistant to
Indigenous houses (Ifugao huts,
tensile forces
Maranao torogan with carved okir)
Used in reinforced concrete
Still used in modern homes for
(R.C.C.), beams, trusses, and space
floors, panels, and furniture
frames

Also seen in windows, doors,

The Philippines’ pavilion at World handrails, and decorative details
Expo 2025 Osaka
Qualities: durable, lightweight,
recyclable, climate-resistant

ARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL: STONE In the Philippines: vital for bridges,

skyscrapers, malls, airports, and
One of the oldest building
stadiums
materials, still valued today
San Juanico Bridge
Heavy and bulky, but durable and
long-lasting Architectural rendition of the new
Makati City headquarters complex
Comes in many textures, colors,
of BDO Unibank
and sizes
Philippine Arena
In the Philippines:

Spanish colonial churches (San

Agustin, Paoay, Miag-ao) made of
adobe, coral stone, or volcanic tuff