C T I ON

SE

An English Settlement
at Jamestown

The first permanent English English colonies in Virginia sJohn Smith sheadright system
settlement in North America developed into the present sjoint-stock sindentured
was founded at Jamestown, states of the southern companies servant
Virginia, in 1607. United States. sJamestown sroyal colony
sPowhatan sNathaniel Bacon

One American's Story

John Smith craved adventure. In 1600, at age 20, Smith trekked across Europe
and helped Hungary fight a war against the Turks. For his heroic battle efforts, the
Hungarians offered a knighthood to Smith, who inscribed his coat of arms with
the phrase Vincere est vivere—“to conquer is to live.”
In 1606, the daring and often arrogant adventurer approached the mem-
bers of the Virginia Company, a group of merchants who were interested in
founding an English colony in North America. Smith later recalled the oppor-
tunities that he saw open to him and other potential colonists.

A PERSONAL VOICE JOHN SMITH

“ What man who is poor or who has only his merit to advance his fortunes
can desire more contentment than to walk over and plant the land he has
obtained by risking his life? . . . Here nature and liberty . . . [give] us freely
that which we lack or have to pay dearly for in England. . . .
What pleasure can be greater than to grow tired from . . . planting vines,
fruits, or vegetables?”
—The General History of Virginia
²
John Smith was a With the help of Smith’s leadership and, later, the production of the profitable
self-proclaimed crop of tobacco, England’s small North American settlement survived.
soldier of fortune,
a sea captain,
and a poet.
English Settlers Struggle in North America
England’s first attempts to carve out a colony of its own in North America nearly
collapsed because of disease and starvation.
TAKING NOTES THE BUSINESS OF COLONIZATION Unlike Spanish colonies, which were fund-
Use the graphic ed by Spanish rulers, English colonies were originally funded and maintained by
organizer online to take
joint-stock companies. Stock companies allowed several investors to pool their
notes on the
colonization of wealth in support of a colony that would, hopefully, yield a profit. Once they had
Virginia. obtained a charter, or official permit, a stock company accepted responsibility for

42 CHAPTER 2
 maintaining the colony, in return for which they would be
entitled to receive back most of the profit that the colony HISTORICAL

S P O TLIG H T
might yield.
In 1606, King James I of England granted a charter to
the Virginia Company. The company hoped to found a
colony along the eastern shores of North America in terri-
tory explored earlier by Sir Walter Raleigh. Raleigh had
named the territory Virginia after Elizabeth I (1533–1603),
“the virgin queen.” The Virginia Company had lured finan-
cial supporters by asking for a relatively small investment.
Stockholders would be entitled to receive four-fifths of all
gold and silver found by the colonists. The king would
receive the remaining fifth.
The Virginia Company’s three ships—Susan Constant, THE MYSTERY OF ROANOKE
Discovery, and Godspeed—with nearly 150 passengers and England’s first attempt to plant a
crew members aboard, reached the shores of Virginia in colony in North America at what
April of 1607. They slipped into a broad coastal river and is now Roanoke Island remains
sailed inland until they reached a small peninsula. There, shrouded in mystery. After one
failed attempt in 1585, Sir Walter
the colonists claimed the land as theirs. They named the
Raleigh (pictured above) dis-
settlement Jamestown and the river the James, in honor patched a second expedition in
of their king. 1587. Its captain, John White,
A DISASTROUS START John Smith sensed trouble from sailed back to England for sup-
plies. Upon his return to Roanoke
the beginning. As he wrote later, “There was no talk, no in 1590, White found the settle-
hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load ment empty, the colonists van-
gold.” Smith warned of disaster, but few listened to the arro- ished. The word “CROATOAN” (a
gant captain, who had made few friends on the voyage over. Native American tribe) was
Disease from contaminated river water struck first. carved into a tree. Historians
believe that the colonists starved
Hunger soon followed. The colonists, many of whom were
or were either attacked by or
unaccustomed to a life of labor, had refused to clear fields, joined with local Native American
plant crops, or even gather shellfish from the river’s edge. tribes.
One settler later described the terrifying predicament.

A PERSONAL VOICE
“ Thus we lived for the space of five months in this miserable distress . . . our men
night and day groaning in every corner of the fort, most pitiful to hear. If there were
any conscience in men, it would make their hearts to bleed to hear the pitiful mur-
murings and outcries of our sick men for relief, every night and day for the space of
six weeks: some departing out of the World, many times three or four in a night; in
the morning their bodies being trailed out of their cabins like dogs, to be buried.”
—A Jamestown colonist quoted in A New World

On a cold winter day in 1607, standing among the 38 colonists who

remained alive, John Smith took control of the settlement. “You see that power
now rests wholly with me,” he announced. “You must now obey this law, . . . he
that will not work shall not eat.” Smith held the colony together by forcing the
colonists to farm. He also persuaded the nearby Powhatan people to provide
food. Unfortunately, later that winter, a stray spark ignited a gunpowder bag
Smith was wearing and set him on fire. Badly burned, Smith headed back to
England, leaving Jamestown to fend for itself.
In the spring of 1609, about 600 new colonists arrived with hopes of starting a
new life in the colony. The Powhatan, by now alarmed at the growing number of
Summarizing settlers, began to kill the colonists’ livestock and destroy their farms. By the follow-
A What factors ing winter, conditions in Jamestown had deteriorated to the point of famine. In
contributed to the
near failure of what became known as the “starving time,” the colonists ate roots, rats, snakes, and
Jamestown? even boiled shoe leather. Of those 600 new colonists, only about 60 survived. A

The American Colonies Emerge 43

 Rediscovering Fort James

Erosion turned the Jamestown Peninsula into an island and,

for many years, the site of the original Fort James was
assumed to be under water. However, in 1996, archaeolo-
gists from the Association for the Preservation of Virginia
Antiquities discovered artifacts on what they concluded was
the original site of the fort.
Since then, archaeologists have discovered armor,
weapons, even games used by the first colonists.
Archaeologists and historians are constantly learning more
and more about this long-buried treasure of American history.

T
16th-century helmet and breastplate.

Site of Jamestown

DELAWARE
WASHINGTON, D.C.

M A RY L A N D
Chesap

V I R G I N I A
N
r
ive
eake Bay

sR Richmond W E
me
Ja

S
75nW T
Jamestown 37nN An archaeologist kneels beside holes left from the
0 15 30 miles
AT L A N T I C original palisade fence of Fort James. Note that the
0 15 30 kilometers Norfolk OCEAN
palisades were less than one foot in width.

Rounded bulwarks, or watch towers, The walls of the triangular-

mounted with cannon were located at shaped fort measured 420 feet
each corner of the fort. The range of each on the river side and 300 feet
cannon was approximately one mile. on the other two sides.

A barracks or
“bawn” stood
along the wall.

Colonists’ houses were built The main gate, located

on the long side, faced
T
about ten feet from the fort’s
walls. Houses measured six- the James River. This illustration re-creates what historians and
teen by forty feet and several archaeologists now believe Fort James looked
colonists lived in each. like early in its history.

44 CHAPTER 2
 JAMESTOWN BEGINS TO FLOURISH The surviving
colonists decided to abandon the seemingly doomed set-
"/ ,
tlement. However, as they sailed down the James River,
they were met by a second English ship whose passengers P E R S P E C TI V E
convinced the fleeing colonists to turn around. Under the
watchful eye of new leaders, who did not hesitate to flog FANTASIES
OF THE “NEW WORLD”
or even hang colonists found neglecting their work,
By the early 1600s, many
Jamestown stabilized and the colony began to expand far-
Englishmen, weary of wars and liv-
ther inland along the James River. However, equally ing in overcrowded cities, listened
important in the colony’s growth was the development of eagerly to early reports about
a highly profitable crop: tobacco. Virginia. Playwrights, poets, and
adventurers, most of whom had
“BROWN GOLD” AND INDENTURED SERVANTS never seen the “New World,”
Europeans had become aware of tobacco soon after turned those reports into fantasies
Columbus’s first return from the West Indies. In 1612, the of a “promised land,” a place of
Jamestown colonist John Rolfe experimented by cross fair climate, friendly natives, rich
harvests, and bright futures.
breeding tobacco from Brazil with a harsh strain of the
A play produced in London in
weed that local Native Americans had grown for years. 1605 described Virginia as a place
Rolfe’s experiment resulted in a high-quality tobacco where native children wore rubies
strain for which the citizens of England soon clamored. and diamonds in their coats and
Analyzing caps. In 1606, the English poet
Events By the late 1620s, colonists exported more than 1.5 mil-
Michael Drayton called Virginia
B Why was lion pounds of “brown gold” to England each year. B
“that delicious land” because of its
tobacco so In order to grow tobacco, the Virginia Company need- rich soil and fantastic harvests.
important to ed a key ingredient that was missing from the colony—
the Jamestown
By 1607, the Virginia Company
colony? field laborers. In an effort to lure settlers to Jamestown, the officers translated those fantasies
Virginia Company introduced the headright system in into advertisements. During the
1618. Under this system, anyone who paid for their own “starving time,” Jamestown
colonists must have bitterly
or another’s passage to Virginia received 50 acres of land. recalled the promises made in
Immigration to the colony jumped. those advertisements.
The headright system yielded huge
land grants for anyone who was
wealthy enough to transport large
numbers of people to Virginia. The

²
This poster, dated
Company used the term “plantation” 1609, reflects an
for the group of people who settled the attempt to attract
land grant, but eventually, the term was settlers to the
used to refer to the land itself. To work early Virginia
their plantations, many owners import- colony.
ed indentured servants from
England. In exchange for passage to
North America, and food and shelter
upon arrival, an indentured servant
agreed to a limited term of servitude—
usually four to seven years. Indentured
Contrasting servants were usually from the lower
C How did the classes of English society. C
conditions of
indentured THE FIRST AFRICAN LABORERS
servitude differ Another group of laborers—Africans—
from those of the first arrived in Virginia aboard a Dutch
headright system? merchant ship in 1619. Records suggest
that the Jamestown colonists treated the group of about 20 Africans as indentured
servants. After a few years, most of the Africans received land and freedom.
Meanwhile, other Africans continued to arrive in the colony in small numbers, but
it would be several decades before the English colonists in North America began
the systematic use of Africans as slave labor.

The American Colonies Emerge 45

 T
In this 18th-century engraving, a Virginia planter oversees slaves packing tobacco leaves for shipment to England.

One reason for this was economics. In Virginia, where tobacco served as cur-
rency in the early 1600s, an indentured servant could be purchased for 1,000
pounds of tobacco, while a slave might cost double or triple that amount.
However, by the late 1600s, a decline in the indentured servant population cou- Summarizing
pled with an increase in the colonies’ overall wealth spurred the colonists to begin D What factors
led to the
importing slaves in huge numbers. While the life of indentured servants was dif-
importation of
ficult, slaves endured far worse conditions. Servants could eventually become full African slaves
members of society, but slaves were condemned to a life of harsh labor. D to Virginia?

The Settlers Clash with Native Americans

As the English settlers expanded their settlement, their uneasy relations with
the Native Americans worsened. The colonists’ desire for more land led to war-
fare with the original inhabitants of Virginia.
THE ENGLISH PATTERN OF CONQUEST Unlike the Spanish, whose colonists
intermarried with Native Americans, the English followed the pattern used when
they conquered the Irish during the 1500s and 1600s. England’s Laws of Conquest
declared, in part, “Every Irishman shall be forbidden to wear English apparel or
weapons upon pain of death.” The same law also banned marriages between the
English and the Irish.
The English brought this pattern of colonization with them to North
America. Viewing the Native Americans as being “like the wild Irish,” the
English settlers had no desire to live among or intermarry with the Native
Americans they defeated.
THE SETTLERS BATTLE NATIVE AMERICANS As the English settlers recovered
in the years following the starving time, they never forgot the Powhatan’s hostility

46 CHAPTER 2
 during the starving time. In retaliation, the leaders of Jamestown
demanded tributes of corn and labor from the local native peo-
ples. Soldiers pressed these demands by setting Powhatan villages
on fire and kidnapping hostages, especially children. One of the
kidnapped children, Chief Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas,
married John Rolfe in 1614. This lay the groundwork for a half-
hearted peace. However, the peace would not last, as colonists
Analyzing
Causes continued to move further into Native American territory and
E Why were seize more land to grow tobacco. E
the colonists in By 1622, English settlers had worn out the patience of
conflict with
Chief Opechancanough, Chief Powhatan’s brother and succes-
the Powhatan?
sor. In a well-planned attack, Powhatan raiding parties struck at
colonial villages up and down the James River, killing more than
340 colonists. The attack forced the Virginia Company to send in
more troops and supplies, leaving it nearly bankrupt. In 1624, James I, T
disgusted by the turmoil in Virginia, revoked the company’s charter and
Pocahontas as
made Virginia a royal colony—one under direct control of the king. England
she appeared
sent more troops and settlers to strengthen the colony and to conquer the during her visit
Powhatan. By 1644, nearly 10,000 English men and women lived in Virginia, to England in
while the Powhatan population continued to fall. 1616–1617

Economic Differences Split Virginia

By the 1670s, many of the free white men in Virginia were former indentured
servants who, although they had completed their servitude, had little money to
buy land. Because they did not own land, they could not vote and therefore
enjoyed almost no rights in colonial society. These poor colonists lived mainly
on the western outskirts of Virginia, where they constantly fought with Native
Americans for land.
HOSTILITIES DEVELOP During the 1660s and 1670s, Virginia’s poor settlers
Vocabulary felt oppressed and frustrated by the policies of the colony’s governor, Sir William
levy: to impose Berkeley. More and more, Berkeley levied or imposed high taxes, which were paid
or collect mostly by the poorer settlers who lived along Virginia’s western frontier.
Moreover, the money collected by these taxes was used not for the public good
but for the personal profit of the “Grandees,” or “planters,” the wealthy planta-
tion farmers who had settled along the eastern shores of Virginia. Many of these
planters occupied positions in the government, positions that they used to pro-
tect their own interests. As hostilities began to develop between the settlers along
Virginia’s western frontier and the Native Americans who lived there, the settlers
demanded to know why money collected in taxes and fines was not being used
to build forts for their protection.
In 1675, a bloody clash between Virginia’s frontier settlers and local natives
revealed an underlying tension between the colony’s poor whites and its wealthy
landowners and sparked a pitched battle between the two classes. In June of 1675,
a dispute between the Doeg tribe and a Virginia frontier farmer grew into a blood-
bath. A group of frontier settlers who were pursuing Doeg warriors murdered four-
teen friendly Susquehannock and then executed five chiefs during a peace confer-
ence. Fighting soon broke out between Native Americans and frontier colonists.
The colonists pleaded to Governor Berkeley for military support, but the governor,
acting on behalf of the wealthy planters, refused to finance a war to benefit the
colony’s poor frontier settlers.
BACON’S REBELLION Berkeley’s refusal did not sit well with a twenty-nine-
year-old planter named Nathaniel Bacon. Bacon, a tall, dark-haired, hot-
tempered son of a wealthy Englishman, detested Native Americans. He called

The American Colonies Emerge 47

 them “wolves” who preyed upon “our harmless and inno-
HISTORICAL cent lambs.” In 1676, Bacon broke from his old friend
Berkeley and raised an army to fight Native Americans on Analyzing

S P O TLIG H T the Virginia frontier. F

Issues
F Why was
Governor Berkeley quickly declared Bacon’s army— Nathaniel Bacon
HOUSE OF BURGESSES one-third of which was made up of landless settlers and frustrated with
The House of Burgesses served debtors—illegal. Hearing this news, Bacon marched on Governor
as the first representative body in Berkeley?
Jamestown in September of 1676 to confront colonial lead-
colonial America. The House first ers about a number of grievances, including the frontier
met in Jamestown on July 30,
1619, and included two citizens,
colonists’ lack of representation in the House of Burgesses—
or burgesses, from each of Virginia’s colonial legislature. Virginia’s “rabble,” as many
Virginia’s eleven districts. planters called the frontier settlers, resented being taxed
The House claimed the authority and governed without their consent. Ironically, 100 years
to raise taxes and make laws. later in 1776, both wealthy and poor colonists would voice
However, the English governor had
this same complaint against Great Britain at the beginning
the right to veto any legislation the
House passed. While the House of the American Revolution.
represented a limited constituen- The march turned violent. The rebels set fire to the
cy—since only white male town as Berkeley and numerous planters fled by ship.
landowners could vote—it con- However, Bacon had little time to enjoy his victory. He died
tributed to the development of rep-
of illness a month after storming Jamestown. Upon Bacon’s
resentative government in English
America. A century and a half death, Berkeley returned to Jamestown and easily subdued
after its founding, the House of the leaderless rebels.
Burgesses would supply delegates Bacon’s Rebellion, as it came to be known, did succeed
to the Continental Congress—the in drawing King Charles’s attention to Berkeley’s govern-
revolutionary body that orchestrat-
ment, and Charles’s commissioners, or investigators, were
ed the break from Great Britain.
highly critical of Berkeley’s policies. The old governor was
recalled to England to explain himself but died before
meeting with the king.
Although it spurred the planter class to cling more tightly to power, Bacon’s
Rebellion exposed the growing power of the colony’s former indentured servants.
Meanwhile, farther to the north, another group of English colonists, who had
journeyed to North America for religious reasons, were steering their own course
into the future.

1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
sJohn Smith sJamestown sheadright system sroyal colony
sjoint-stock companies sPowhatan sindentured servant sNathaniel Bacon

MAIN IDEA CRITICAL THINKING

2. TAKING NOTES 3. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS 4. ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES
Create a time line of the major The success of tobacco farming in The following lines appear in
developments in the colonization of Virginia had wide-ranging effects. Michael Drayton’s 1606 poem,
Virginia, using a form such as the Describe its impact on each of “To the Virginian Voyage”:
one below. these groups: the Jamestown “ When as the luscious smell
colonists, indentured servants,
event event of that delicious land
the Powhatan, the planters.
one three Think About: Above the sea that flows
The clear wind throws,
s the headright system and
indentured servitude Your hearts to swell”
event event
s the colonists’ need for more land What do these lines tell you about
two four
the expectations many colonists had
s the conflict between rich and before they arrived in Virginia?
Which event do you think was the poor colonists
most critical turning point? Why?

48 CHAPTER 2
 C T I ON
SE

Puritan New England

English Puritans came to The United States continues sPuritans sRoger Williams
North America, beginning to use an expanded form of sJohn Winthrop sAnne Hutchinson
in 1620. representative government sSeparatist sPequot War
begun by the Puritans. sPlymouth Colony sMetacom
sMassachusetts sKing Philip’s War
Bay Colony

One American's Story

In 1628, at age 16, a young English woman named Anne Dudley

TAKING NOTES married Simon Bradstreet, who, like herself, was one of a group of
Use the graphic Puritans, church members who wanted to “purify” or reform the
organizer online
Church of England. Simon, Anne, and her parents left England with
to take notes on
the cause-and- other Puritans who hoped to create a “holy” community in New
effect relationships England. There Anne became America’s first English-speaking poet,
discussed in this whose poems would provide future generations with a glimpse of
section.
Puritan life and values. When her house burned to the ground on a
July night in 1666, Anne composed a poem to express her sorrow
and her resolve to remain strong.

A PERSONAL VOICE ANNE BRADSTREET

“ Then, coming out, beheld a space
The flame consume my dwelling place.
And when I could no longer look,
I blest His name that gave and took.”
—from “Here Follows Some Verses upon the
Burning of Our House (July 10th, 1666)”

Anne Dudley Bradstreet’s book of poetry, The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung
Up in America, is regarded as one of the first important works of
American literature.
T
This picture of Anne Bradstreet
is from a window in St. Botolph’s
Puritans Create a “New England” Church, Lincolnshire, England.

When Anne Bradstreet and her family boarded the Arbella, the flag-
ship of the Puritan expedition to America, the English settlement at
Jamestown was still struggling to survive. Unlike the profit-minded
colonists at Jamestown, however, the Puritans emigrated in order to
create a model new society—what John Winthrop, their first gov-
ernor, called a “City upon a Hill.”

The American Colonies Emerge 49

 T
Puritans cherished their Bibles,
passing them down as family
treasures from one generation
to the next. This Bible belonged
to Governor William Bradford of
the Plymouth Colony.

PURITANS AND PILGRIMS Puritanism had its origins in the English Reformation.
After King Henry VIII (1491–1547) broke with Roman Catholicism in the 1530s,
INTERACTIVE his daughter, Elizabeth I (1533–1603) formed the Anglican church, or the Church
Explore of England. Although the Anglican church was free of Catholic control, some
Plymouth church members felt that it had kept too much of the Catholic ritual and tradi-
Colony tion. These people were called Puritans because they wanted to purify the
Anglican church by eliminating all traces of Roman Catholicism. Puritans
embraced the idea that every worshipper should experience God directly through
faith, prayer, and study of the Bible. Puritans held ministers
in respect as a source of religious and moral instruction, but
they objected to the authority of Anglican bishops.
HISTORICAL Some Puritans felt they should remain in the Church

S P O TLIG H T
of England and reform it from within. Other Puritans did
not think that was possible, so they formed independent
congregations with their own ministers. These
Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, fled from
England to escape persecution, first to Holland and even-
tually to America. In 1620, this small group of families
founded the Plymouth Colony, the second permanent Contrasting
English colony in North America. A A How were
the Separatists
THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY Meanwhile, different from
other English Puritans in the 1620s who were discouraged other Puritans?
THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT
about Anglican reform also turned their thoughts toward
Although the Pilgrims aimed for
New England. Like the Separatists, they too felt the burden
Virginia, their ship, the Mayflower,
strayed far off course to Cape of increasing religious persecution, political repression, and
Cod. The Pilgrims knew that New dismal economic conditions. John Winthrop wrote to his
England lay too far north for their wife in 1629, “[the Lord will] provide a shelter and a hiding
colonial charter to be valid. They place for us.” Winthrop and others believed that this refuge
were also afraid that non-Pilgrim would be in America.
passengers would challenge their
authority. Before departing the
In 1629, Winthrop and some of his well-connected
ship, the Pilgrim men signed a friends obtained a royal charter for a joint-stock enterprise,
compact, or agreement, in which the Massachusetts Bay Company. Winthrop and the other
they created a civil government colonists transferred both the charter and the company’s
and pledged loyalty to the king. headquarters to New England. This strategy meant that
Some of their signatures are Analyzing
when the Puritans migrated, they took with them the Motives
reproduced above.
The Mayflower Compact stated authority for an independent government. B B Why did the
that the purpose of their govern- In September 1630, Winthrop and the other colonists Puritans leave
ment in America would be to England?
aboard the Arbella established the Massachusetts Bay
frame “just and equal laws . . . for Colony. The port town of Boston became their capital.
the general good of the colony.”
Soon other towns were founded to accommodate the large
Laws approved by the majority
would be binding on Pilgrims and number of settlers flocking to join the colony. In the first
non-Pilgrims alike. The document year of the colony’s settlement, 17 ships (including the
became a landmark of American Arbella) arrived with about 1,000 English men, women, and
democratic government. children—Puritan and non-Puritan. The migration was
greater in size and more thorough in planning than all pre-

50 CHAPTER 2
 vious expeditions to North America. Eventually, Plymouth Colony was incorpo-
rated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
“CITY UPON A HILL” In a sermon delivered before the Arbella landed,
Winthrop expressed the sense of mission that bound the Puritans together.

A PERSONAL VOICE JOHN WINTHROP

“ We must be knit together in this work; . . . we must uphold [each other] . . .
in all meekness, gentleness, patience and liberality [generosity]. We must delight
in each other, make others’ conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together,
labor and suffer together. . . .
So shall we keep the unity of the spirit, in the bond of peace. . . . Ten of us
will be able to resist a thousand of our enemies. For we must consider that we
[in New England] shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are on us.”
—“A Model of Christian Charity”

Winthrop’s vision, however, did not stem from a belief in either social equal-
ity or political democracy. Explained Winthrop in his shipboard sermon, God had
decreed that “some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power
and dignity, others mean [common] and in subjugation.”
Although Puritans made no effort to create a democracy, political power was
spread more broadly than in England. The Massachusetts Bay Company extend-
ed the right to vote to not only stockholders but to all adult males who belonged
to the Puritan church, roughly 40 percent of the colony’s men. This was a large
electorate by the standards of Europe in the 1630s. These “freemen,” as they were
Analyzing
Issues called, voted annually for members of a lawmaking body called the General
C Who could Court, which in turn chose the governor. C
vote in the
Massachusetts
CHURCH AND STATE As this system of self-government evolved, so did the
Bay Colony? close relationship between the government and the Puritan church. Civic officials
were members of the Puritan church who believed that they were God’s “elect,” or
chosen, and had a duty to carry out God’s will. Puritan laws criminalized

History
History Through
Through
PURITAN HEADSTONES
T

Puritans forbade images in their churches Central to virtually every Puritan

but they permitted them in their cemeteries. headstone was the image of the
The images on a headstone were meant not winged skull. The skull itself was
just to memorialize the dead but to remind meant to symbolize the physical
both young and old that life was brief and reality of death. The wings
should be lived according to the Puritan represented the soul and the
virtues of piety and hard work. possibility of immortality.
T

The winged skull motif persisted into the 18th century, when the
winged skull was either modified to resemble a cherub or was
replaced with a carved portrait of the deceased.

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Visual Sources

1. What kind of emotions does the image of the
winged skull elicit?
2. How do Puritan headstones compare with other
memorials you have seen?
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R23.

The American Colonies Emerge 51

 such sins as drunkenness, swearing, theft, and idleness. “No person . . . shall
spend his time idly or unprofitably,” decreed the General Court in 1633, “under
pain of such punishment as the court shall think meet [appropriate] to inflict.”
IMPORTANCE OF THE FAMILY Unlike settlers in Virginia, Puritans generally
crossed the Atlantic as families rather than as single men or women. “Without
family care,” declared one minister, “the labor of Magistrates and Ministers . . . is
likely to be in great measure unsuccessful.” Puritans kept a watchful eye on the
actions of husbands, wives, and children, and the community stepped in when
necessary. If parents failed to nip disobedience in the bud, they might find their
children placed in more “God-fearing” homes. If a husband and wife quarreled
too much, a court might intervene as a form of marriage counseling. If they still Vocabulary
bickered, one or both might end up in the stocks or the pillory. stocks, pillory:
devices in which
an offender was
Dissent in the Puritan Community shackled and held
on public display
as a form of
Division soon threatened Massachusetts Bay. Two dissenters, Roger Williams and
punishment
Anne Hutchinson, challenged the social order upon which the colony was founded.
THE FOUNDING OF PROVIDENCE “Forced religion stinks in the nostrils of
God,” declared Roger Williams in a sermon to his Salem congregation.
Williams, an extreme Separatist, expressed two controversial views. First, he
declared that the English settlers had no rightful claim to the land unless they
purchased it from Native Americans. He called the royal charter that granted the
lands a “National Sinne” and demanded that it be revised to reflect Native
American claims. Second, Williams declared that government officials had no
business punishing settlers for their religious beliefs. He felt every person should
be free to worship according to his or her conscience.
The outraged General Court ordered Williams to be arrested and returned
to England. Before this order was carried out, Williams fled Massachusetts. In
January 1636, he headed southward to the headwaters of Narragansett Bay. There
he negotiated with the local Narragansett tribe for land to set up a new colony,
which he called Providence. In Providence, later the capital of Rhode Island,
Williams guaranteed separation of church and state and reli- Contrasting
gious freedom. D D What two
principles did
ANNE HUTCHINSON BANISHED Puritan leaders soon Providence
banished another dissenter, Anne Hutchinson. To guarantee that
strict Puritans, she posed an even greater threat than Massachusetts
Bay did not?
Williams. In Bible readings at her home, Hutchinson
taught that “the Holy Spirit illumines [enlightens] the
heart of every true believer.” In other words, worship-
pers needed neither the church nor its ministers to
interpret the Bible for them.
Puritan leaders banished Hutchinson from the
colony in 1638. Along with a band of followers, she
and her family trudged to Rhode Island. After the
death of her husband in 1642, Hutchinson moved with
her younger children to the colony of New Netherland
(now New York), where the Dutch also practiced reli-
gious toleration. The following year, she died in a war
fought between the Dutch and Native Americans.
T

This statue of Anne Hutchinson stands in Boston,

Massachusetts. Ironically, she was banished from
Massachusetts for leading religious discussions.

52 CHAPTER 2
 Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion
While Williams and his followers were settling Rhode Island, thousands of other
white settlers fanned out to western Massachusetts and to new colonies in New
Hampshire and Connecticut. However, as Native Americans saw their lands
claimed and cleared for farming, they recognized that the rapid spread of the set-
tlers meant an end to their way of life.
DISPUTES OVER LAND Disputes between the Puritans and Native Americans
arose over land use. For every acre a colonial farmer needed to support life, a
Native American needed twenty for hunting, fishing, and agriculture. To Native
Americans, no one owned the land—it was there for everyone to use. Native
Americans saw land treaties with Europeans as agreements in which they received
gifts, such as blankets, guns, iron tools, or ornaments, in return for which they
Analyzing
agreed to share the land for a limited time. Europeans, however, saw the treaties as
Issues a one-time deal in which Native Americans permanently sold their land to new
E How did owners. E
Native Americans
view land treaties? THE PEQUOT WAR The first major conflict arose in Connecticut in 1637, when
the Pequot nation decided to take a stand against the colonists. The colonists
formed an alliance with the Narragansett, old enemies of the Pequot. The result
of the Pequot War was the near destruction of the Pequot nation. The end came
in May 1637, when about 90 English colonists and hundreds of their Native
American allies surrounded a Pequot fort on the Mystic River. After setting the
fort on fire, the colonists shot Pequot men, women, and children as they tried to
escape or surrender. The massacre was so awful that the Narragansett pleaded,

New England Colonies to 1675

MAINE
Lake (Mass.)
Champlain

NEW
HAMPSHIRE
Claimed by
N.H.
and N.Y.
r

Portland (1632)
Rive

Me

N
Connecticut

rrim

Portsmouth (1623)
ack R

E 43nN
NEW W
YORK
iver
River

S
Deerfield (1669)
Salem (1626)
Boston (1630) ATLANTIC
son

MASSACHUSETTS OCEAN
Hu d

Plymouth This British engraving shows the Pequot fort near

(1620)
Cape Cod Stonington, Connecticut. The fort was destroyed in 1637.
Hartford (1635) Providence
(1636) 69nW
CONNECTICUT RHODE
ISLAND
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER
1. Place What was the earliest major European
Stonington
New Haven settlement in the New England colonies?
(1638) 41nN
2. Human- Environment Interaction What
Island 0 25 50 miles characteristics of Boston made it a good
Long
0 25 50 kilometers place for a settlement?
73nW

The American Colonies Emerge 53

 “This is evil, this is evil, too furious, too many killed.” The colonists ignored
them, until all but a few out of about 500–600 people in the fort had died. Later,
the Narraganset leader Miantonomo declared in a speech to the Montauk tribe,

A PERSONAL VOICE MIANTONOMO

“ These English have gotten our land, they with scythes cut down grass, and with
axes fell the trees; their cows and horses eat the grass, and their hogs spoil our
clam banks, and we shall all be starved. . . .
For so are we all Indians as the English are, and say brother to one another;
so must we be one as they are, otherwise we shall be all gone shortly.”
—quoted in Changes in the Land

KING PHILIP’S WAR Deprived of their land and livelihood, many Native
Americans had to toil for the English to earn a living. They also had to obey
Puritan laws such as no hunting or fishing on Sunday, the Sabbath day.
Wampanoag chief Metacom, whom the English called King Philip, bristled
under these restrictions. In a last-ditch effort to wipe out the invaders, he orga-
nized his tribe and several others into an alliance.
The eruption of King Philip’s War in the spring of 1675 startled the
Puritans with its intensity. Using hit-and-run tactics, Native Americans attacked
and burned outlying settlements throughout New England. For over a year, the
two sides waged a war of mutual brutality and destruction. Finally, food short-
ages, disease, and heavy casualties wore down the Native Americans’ resistance,
and they gradually surrendered or fled.
Wampanoag casualties included Metacom, the victim of a bullet fired by a
Native American ally of the English. To commemorate their victory, the Puritans
exhibited Metacom’s head at Plymouth for 20 years. With his defeat, Native
American power in southeastern New England was gone forever.
Still, the English paid a high price for their victory. All told, about one-tenth
of the colonial men of military age in New England were killed in King Philip’s
War, a higher proportion of the total population than would be killed in either
the American Revolution or the Civil War of the 1860s.

1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
sPuritans sPlymouth Colony sAnne Hutchinson sMetacom
sJohn Winthrop sMassachusetts Bay Colony sPequot War sKing Philip’s War
sSeparatist sRoger Williams

MAIN IDEA CRITICAL THINKING

2. TAKING NOTES 3. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS 5. DEVELOPING HISTORICAL
Identify the effects of each of the Why do you think Puritan leaders PERSPECTIVE
causes listed in the chart below. viewed Anne Hutchinson as a threat Imagine you have been called upon
to their society? Use evidence from to negotiate between the New
Cause Effect
the text to support your answer. England colonists and Native
Persecution of Think About: Americans. What would you tell each
Puritans in England side about the other to help them
s Puritan beliefs
Puritan belief in overcome their misunderstandings?
s characteristics of Puritan society
hard work Think About:
s Hutchinson’s teachings
Roger Williams’s UÊÊ their views on land and religion
dissenting beliefs 4. ANALYZING EFFECTS UÊÊ the Pequot War and King
Rapid colonial expansion What were the immediate effects of Philip’s War
in New England King Philip’s War for Native
Americans and for the settlers?
Defeat of King Philip

54 CHAPTER 2
 C T I ON
SE

Settlement of
the Middle Colonies
The Dutch settled New The principles of tolerance and sWilliam Penn sproprietor
Netherland; English Quakers equality promoted in the sNew Netherland sQuakers
led by William Penn settled Quaker settlement remain
Pennsylvania. fundamental values in America.

One American's Story

William Penn had frustrated his father, Admiral Sir William Penn. In
TAKING NOTES 1667, at age 22, the younger Penn committed himself to the Society of
Use the graphic Friends, or Quakers, a Protestant sect whose religious and social
organizer online to
take notes on the
beliefs were radical for the time.
similarities and Ironically, his late father would play a key role in helping
differences between William Penn realize his dream—establishing a haven for
New Netherland and Quakers in America. King Charles II had owed Penn’s father
Pennsylvania.
money, which the younger Penn asked to be repaid with
American land. Charles agreed, and in 1681 he gave Penn a char-
ter for Pennsylvania. Penn had big plans for his colony—a gov-
ernment run on Quaker principles of equality, cooperation, and
religious toleration. As he confided to a friend, however, Penn did
not reveal the true nature of his plans before receiving the charter.

A PERSONAL VOICE WILLIAM PENN ²

“ For matters of liberty and privilege, I propose that which is extraordinary, This chalk drawing shows
and [I intend] to leave myself and successors no power for doing mischief, William Penn around 1695,
[in order] that the will of one man may not hinder the good of a whole at about the age of 50.
country; but to publish those things now and here, as matters stand,
would not be wise. . . . ”
—quoted in A New World

While Penn only partially realized his “extraordinary” plans, the tolerant
Quaker principles on which he established his colony attracted many settlers of
different faiths.

The Dutch Found New Netherland

While English Puritans were establishing colonies in New England, the Dutch
were founding one to the south. As early as 1609, Henry Hudson—an Englishman
employed by the Dutch—sailed up what is now known as the Hudson River. In
1621, the Dutch government granted the newly formed Dutch West India
Company permission to colonize New Netherland and expand the thriving fur

The American Colonies Emerge 55

 trade. New Amsterdam (now New York City), founded in 1625, became the capi-
tal of the colony. In 1655, the Dutch extended their claims by taking over New
Sweden, a tiny colony of Swedish and Finnish settlers that had established a rival
fur trade along the Delaware River.
A DIVERSE COLONY Although the Dutch company profited from its fur trade,
New Netherland was slow to attract Dutch colonists. To encourage settlers to
come and stay, the colony opened its doors to a variety of people. Gradually, more
Dutch as well as Germans, French, Scandinavians, Jews, and other Europeans
settled the area. The colony also included many Africans, free as well as enslaved.
By the 1660s, one-fifth of New Netherland’s population was of African ancestry.
These settlers generally enjoyed friendlier relations with Native Americans
than did the English colonists in New England and Virginia. The Dutch were less
interested in conquering the Native Americans than in trading with them for furs.
The first Dutch traders had the good sense not to anger the powerful and well-
organized Iroquois, who controlled a large territory between Dutch traders to the
south and French traders to the north. However, the Dutch did engage in fighting Summarizing
with various Native American groups over land claims and trade rivalries. A A What were
the important
ENGLISH TAKEOVER To the English, New Netherland had become a “Dutch characteristics of
wedge” separating its northern and southern colonies. In 1664, King Charles II the colony of New
granted his brother James, the duke of York (who later became King James II), per- Netherland?
mission to drive out the Dutch. When the duke’s fleet arrived in New
Amsterdam’s harbor, Peter Stuyvesant, the autocratic and unpopular Dutch gov-
ernor, raised a call to arms. The call was largely ignored. Severely outmanned,
Stuyvesant surrendered to the English without anyone firing a shot. The duke of
York, the new proprietor, or owner, of the colony, renamed it New York. The
duke later gave a portion of this land to two of his friends, naming the territory
New Jersey for the British island of Jersey.

Middle Colonies to 1700 The Quakers Settle

Pennsylvania
Background
The acquisition of New Netherland A Commonwealth
Lake Ontario was an important step in England’s headed by Oliver
quest to extend its American empire Cromwell ruled
NEW YORK Ft. Orange (1624) England from
(Albany) after the restoration of the monar- 1649 until 1658.
rie chy. The colony that took shape was The monarchy was
eE
Lak
Hudson R.

a marked contrast to England’s other restored under

North American settlements. Charles II in 1660.
PENNSYLVANIA
. .
a R PENN’S “HOLY EXPERIMENT”
R

a nn
Delaware

41oN
eh
William Penn well knew that
S u s qu

New Amsterdam (1625)

(New York) England in the late 1660s was no
Philadelphia (1682) NEW JERSEY place for Quakers. The Quakers
ATLANTIC believed that God’s “inner light”
Ft. Christina (1638)
(Wilmington) OCEAN burned inside everyone. They held
39oN
DELAWARE services without formal ministers,
N
allowing any person to speak as the
W E spirit moved him or her. They
dressed plainly, refused to defer to
S
73oW 71oW persons of rank, and embraced paci-
fism by opposing war and refusing Comparing
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER New Netherland B How did
(ceded to England in 1664) to serve in the military. For their rad-
Region What major river partially Quaker beliefs
separated New Netherland from 0 50 100 miles ical views, they were harassed by compare to
the English middle colonies? 0 50 100 kilometers
Anglicans and Puritans alike. B Puritan beliefs?
History Through

COLONIAL MEETINGHOUSES
The Puritans of the northeast, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, and the Anglicans
of the southern colonies held profound but often different convictions about
community, social responsibility, and individual freedom. These convictions
were often expressed in the religious services of each group as well as the
architecture of the places of worship where these services were held. PULPIT

MEN’S
SEATS
WOMEN’S
SEATS

T
T Puritan
Meetinghouse
Quaker Puritan services focused on preaching. Sermons,
Meetinghouse which sometimes lasted for hours, instructed
Quaker services, the individual conscience to be mindful of the
which were called common good.
“meetings,” relied on the The pulpit was the focal point of the meeting-
inspiration of the “inner light.” house. A plain interior reflected a value for austerity
Meetings reflected a respect for conscience and simplicity. Meetinghouses were also used for
and freedom of speech. town meetings.
Men and women entered by separate doors and sat
on opposite sides, facing each other. In some meet-
inghouses, women sat in slightly elevated seats.
Both men and women could speak during the meeting.
T

Anglican Church
PULPIT ALTAR The head of the Anglican church was the British
monarch. Anglican services valued ritual. Their
churches stressed the importance of authority
and status.
Anglican churches emphasized the altar through
ornamentation and elaborate windows. A screen
separated the altar from the congregation. Elaborate
pews were reserved for wealthy church members.

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Visual Sources

1. In what ways do the Puritan and Quaker meeting
houses resemble each other? In what ways are
they different?
2. How does the interior of the Anglican church
show a respect for hierarchy?
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R23.

The American Colonies Emerge 57

 Penn saw his colony as a “holy experiment” in living, a place without a land-
owning aristocracy. He guaranteed every adult male settler 50 acres of land and
the right to vote. Penn’s plan for government called for a representative assembly
and freedom of religion. As a lasting symbol of his Quaker beliefs, Penn also
helped plan a capital he called the “City of Brotherly Love,” or Philadelphia.
Penn’s constitution also provided for a separate assembly for the three south-
ern counties along the Delaware Bay. Delaware thereby gained a somewhat sepa-
rate existence. However, it continued to have the same governor as Pennsylvania.
NATIVE AMERICAN RELATIONS Like most Quakers, Penn believed that people
approached in friendship would respond in friendship—sooner or later. So even
before setting foot in North America, Penn arranged to have a letter read to the
Lenni Lenapi, or Delaware, the tribe that inhabited his settlement area.
Aware that the Delaware had already been ravaged by European diseases and
war, Penn wrote,

A PERSONAL VOICE WILLIAM PENN

“ Now I would have you well observe, that I am very sensible of the unkindness
and injustice that has been too much exercised towards you by the people of
these parts of the world, who have sought . . . to make great advantages by you,
. . . sometimes to the shedding of blood. . . . But I am not such a man. . . .
I have great love and regard toward you, and I desire to win and gain your love
and friendship by a kind, just, and peaceable life.”
—quoted in A New World Contrasting
C How did
To be sure that his colonists treated the native peoples fairly, Penn regulated Penn’s attitudes
trade with them and provided for a court composed of both colonists and Native and actions
toward the Native
Americans to settle any differences. The Native Americans respected Penn, and for Americans differ
more than 50 years the Pennsylvania colony had no major conflicts with Native from those of
Americans who lived in the colony. C the Puritans?
²

William Penn’s
1682 treaty
with the Native
Americans is
commemorated in
this Edward Hicks
painting from the
1840s.

58 CHAPTER 2
 A THRIVING COLONY Penn faced the same challenge as the Dutch
West India Company; he needed to attract settlers—farmers,
builders, and traders—to create a profitable colony. After initially
opening the colony to Quakers, he vigorously recruited immigrants
from around western Europe. Glowing advertisements for the colony
were printed in German, Dutch, and French. In time, settlers came in
numbers, including thousands of Germans who brought with them
craft skills and farming techniques that helped the colony to thrive.
Penn himself spent only about four years in Pennsylvania. And, despite
²
the colony’s success, he never profited financially as proprietor and died in pover-
ty in 1718. Meanwhile, his idealistic vision had faded but not failed. His own Quakers offered
silver collars like
Quakers were a minority in a colony thickly populated by people from all over
the one above
western Europe. Slavery was introduced and, despite Penn’s principles, many to local Native
prominent Quakers in Pennsylvania owned slaves. However, the principles of Americans as a
equality, cooperation, and religious tolerance on which he founded his vision token of peace.
would eventually become fundamental values of the new American nation. Courtesy of the
Historical Society
THIRTEEN COLONIES Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, other British colonies in of Pennsylvania
Collection,
North America were founded as well, each for very different reasons. In 1632, King Atwater Kent Museum
of Philadelphia
Charles I granted a charter for land north of Chesapeake Bay to George Calvert,
the first Lord Baltimore. Calvert’s son Cecil, the second Lord Baltimore, named the
colony Maryland, after Queen Henrietta Maria, Charles’s queen. Lord Baltimore,
who was a Roman Catholic, obtained a religious toleration law from Maryland’s
colonial assembly, and the colony became famous for its religious freedom. In
1663, King Charles II awarded a group of key supporters the land between Virginia
and Spanish Florida, a territory that soon became North and South Carolina.
In 1732, an English philanthropist named James Ogelthorpe, and several
associates received a charter for a colony they hoped could be a haven for those
imprisoned for debt. Ogelthorpe named the colony Georgia, after King George II.
Few debtors actually came to Georgia, and Ogelthorpe’s policies, which prohibit-
ed both slavery and the drinking of rum, were reversed when the British crown
assumed direct control of the colony in 1752. By that time, there were thirteen
British colonies in North America, but a growing desire for independence would
soon put a strain on their relationship with England.

1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
sWilliam Penn sNew Netherland sproprietor sQuakers

MAIN IDEA CRITICAL THINKING

2. TAKING NOTES 3. ANALYZING CAUSES 5. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
Compare the colonies of New Why was Ogelthorpe’s prohibition of How did William Penn succeed in
Netherland and Pennsylvania, using a slavery reversed? achieving his goals for Pennsylvania,
Venn diagram such as the one below. and how did he fail? Explain.
4. EVALUATING DECISIONS Think About:
Both New Netherland and s Penn’s actions toward Native
New Netherland Pennsylvania encouraged settlers to Americans
come from all over western Europe.
Both
Both s Penn’s plans for representative
Do you think this was a good
government and freedom
decision for these colonies?
of religion
Pennsylvania Why or why not?
s Quakers who owned slaves
Write a paragraph comparing and
contrasting the two colonies.

The American Colonies Emerge 59

 GR APHY
G E O
SPOTLIGHT

Surviving in a New World

Early settlers quickly discovered that the “new world” they had chosen to colonize was
indeed an extraordinary place, but not in the ways they had expected it to be. Little did
colonists know that during the years of colonization, North America was experiencing
the worst of what scientists now refer to as the “Little Ice Age.” Extremes of cold and heat
up and down the eastern seaboard were more severe than they had been in several hun-
dred years. In time, colonists learned about natural resources that were also unknown to
them, foods and plants that ultimately saved and sustained their lives.

The Southern Colonies

Jamestown colonists had counted
Average January Temperature: 40–50°F
on bartering for food with Native
Average July Temperature: 80–90°F
Americans in order to survive, but
Rainfall: 20–40 inches per year
the Powhatan had little food to
Days of Snow Cover: 10–20
spare. The area was being hit with
Growing Season: 180–210 days
its worst drought in 800 years. The
Soil: yellowish and sandy
intense heat destroyed crops, and Crops of Native Peoples: maize (corn), tobacco
Native Americans were reluctant to NEW
trade what little they had. ENGLAND

The heat created other hardships as well. The swampy

Jamestown peninsula bred malaria–bearing mosquitoes, and many
colonists died from the disease. Soon, the colonists’ drinking
MIDDLE
water, supplied by the river, became contaminated with salty COLONIES 40nN

sea water. Eventually, the colonists’ export of tobacco—

a crop that Native Americans had been growing for centuries—
provided a source of income that attracted more colonists, whose
arrival saved the colony.
ATLANTIC
OCEAN

35nN

SOUTHERN N
COLONIES E

W
S

80nW 75nW

30nN

60 CHAPTER 2
 The New England Colonies
Colonists in New England likewise suffered from
extreme weather conditions. The first hurricane record-
ed in North America occurred in Massachusetts Bay in
1635. Colonists noted in astonishment that it “blew
down many hundreds of trees . . . overthrew some
houses, drove ships from their anchors.” Seasonal
temperatures were also extreme. In the summer of
1637 a number of colonists died of sunstroke. Yet,
the following winter, three feet of snow covered
the ground.
To cope with illnesses brought on by
the climate, colonists heeded Native
Americans and looked to local plants and
herbs as medicines. For instance,
Average January Temperature: 20–30°F
colonists learned from Native Americans
Average July Temperature: 60–70°F
that the Boneset plant (Eupatorium perfo-
Rainfall: 20–40 inches per year
liatum), pictured at left, could be used to
Days of Snow Cover: 90–120
break fevers and chills and could treat dis-
Growing Season: 120–150 days
eases ranging from colds and influenza to
Soil: gray to brown, gravelly, stony
malaria and typhoid.
Crops of Native Peoples: maize (corn), beans, squash

The Middle Colonies

The Delaware River Valley would later be
a rich farmland, but in the mid-1600s
it too was affected by severe weather.
Late frosts and wet springs caused
poor harvests because conditions
were too cold and wet for grains to
ripen. Swedish colonists near what
is now Wilmington, Delaware,
reported in 1657 that onslaughts
of frigid temperatures froze the
Delaware River in a single day. In
time, colonists learned from Native
THINKING CRITICALLY
Americans about the crops that grew
in the rich soil surrounding the 1. Analyzing Patterns What seasonal patterns did the
Delaware River. colonists in all three regions encounter? How did these
patterns affect each colony?
Average January Temperature: 30–40°F 2. Creating a Diagram Create an illustrated diagram
Average July Temperature: 70–80°F that explains the interconnections in one of the North
Rainfall: 20–40 inches per year American colonies between colonists, Native Americans,
Days of Snow Cover: 30–40 and the land itself. Your diagram should include a refer-
ence to a particular crisis relating to the land, what the
Growing Season: 150–180 days
colonists learned from Native Americans, and how this
Soil: brownish and silty new knowledge helped the colonists to survive.
Crops of Native Peoples: maize (corn), beans, pumpkin
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R30.

RESEARCH WEB LINKS

The American Colonies Emerge 61

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

TERMS & NAMES

VISUAL SUMMARY For each term below, write a sentence explaining its connec-
tion to the emergence of the American colonies. For each

THE AMERICAN COLONIES

person below, explain his or her role in these colonies.
1. conquistador 6. John Winthrop
EMERGE: 1513–1681 2. mestizo 7. Anne Hutchinson
3. Popé 8. Metacom
SPANISH COLONIES
4. John Smith 9. proprietor
5. indentured servant 10. Quaker
s Hernándo Cortés conquers Mexico (1519–1521)
s Juan Ponce de León establishes Florida (1513) MAIN IDEAS
s Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explores Use your notes and the information in the chapter to answer
American southwest (1540) the following questions.
s Pedro de Peralta founds
Santa Fe (1609–1610) Spain’s Empire in the Americas (pages 36–41)
s Native Americans led by Popé 1. How did Mexican culture develop out of both Spanish and
rebel in southwest (1680) Native American elements?
2. How did Native Americans react to Spanish efforts to
establish colonies?
VIRGINIA
An English Settlement at Jamestown
s Virginia Colony is established (1607) (pages 42–48)
s Colony is saved by export of tobacco (1612) 3. Explain how John Rolfe transformed the Virginia colony.
4. What conditions caused tension and warfare between
s First African slaves are brought to settlers and Native Americans in Virginia?
North America (1619) 5. What caused Bacon’s Rebellion?
s Settlers clash with Powhatan
tribe (1622) Puritan New England (pages 49–54)
s Settlement burns in Bacon’s 6. Describe the role of religion in the lives of Puritans living
Rebellion (1676) in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
7. How were the experiences of Roger Williams and Anne
Hutchinson similar and different?
8. What caused conflicts between New England colonists
NEW ENGLAND and Native Americans?
s English Pilgrims establish Settlement of the Middle Colonies (pages 55–59)
colony at Plymouth (1620) 9. Why did New Netherland gain a reputation for diversity?
s English Puritans establish 10. How did Pennsylvania reflect William Penn’s Quaker ideals?
colony at Boston (1630)
s Roger Williams is banished CRITICAL THINKING
and founds colony at Providence (1635–1636)
1. USING YOUR NOTES Using a chart like the one below,
s Anne Hutchinson is banished for heresy (1638) summarize the way European settlers and Native
s Puritans clash with Native Americans in Pequot Americans interacted in the four listed regions.
War (1637) and King Philip’s War (1675)
Region Interaction
ENGLISH MIDDLE COLONIES New Mexico
Virginia
s Dutch found colony of New Netherland (1621)
New England
s English acquire New Netherland
and rename it New York (1664) Pennsylvania
s William Penn establishes
colony of Pennsylvania (1681) 2. FORMING OPINIONS John Winthrop dreamed that New
s By the mid–1700s, there are England would be “like a City upon a Hill” in which “the
13 English colonies in North eyes of all people are on us.” In your opinion, what most
America impressed you positively and negatively about the founding
Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection,
of each North American colony?
Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia

62 CHAPTER 2
 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Use the map and your knowledge of U.S. history to Use the information in the box and your knowledge of
answer questions 1 and 2. U.S. history to answer question 3.

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