HEADQUARTERS

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA “RAJAH” ROTCU

1304TH CDC, NCRRCDG, ARESCOM
Intramuros, Manila

STUDENT HANDOUT

B A S I C U N I T F O R M AT I O N
To know the different basic unit formation and team, squad and platoon movements

INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD FORMATION

FIRE TEAM FORMATION

WEDGE FORMATION
The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team. The interval between soldiers in
wedge formation normally is ten (10) meters. The wedge expands and contracts
depending on the terrain. When rough terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make
control of the wedge difficult, fire team modifies the wedge.

Squad leader may choose his position depending on the terrain and enemy position, and
or, where he thinks he can best command his men)
 FILE FORMATION
When the terrain precludes use of the wedge, fire teams use the file formation.

CHARACTERISTICS
WHEN
MOVEMENT
NORMALLY FIRE
FORMATION
USED CONTROL FLEXIBILITY CAPABILITIES/ SECURITY
RESTRICTIONS

ALLOWS
BASIC IMMEDIATE GOOD ALL
WEDGE EASY GOOD
FORMATION FIRES IN ALL AROUND
DIRECTIONS

ALLOWS
IMMEDIATE
FIRES TO
CLOSE LESS GOOD TO
LINE EASIEST THE FLANKS,
TERRAIN FLEXIBLE THE FLANKS
MASK MOST
FIRES TO
THE REAR

SQUAD FORMATION

SQUAD COLUMN
The squad column is the most common formation. It provides good dispersion laterally
and depth without sacrificing, control and facilitates maneuver. The leader fire team is
the base fire team. When the squad moves independently or as the rare elements of the
platoon, the rifleman in the tail fire team provides rear security.
 FIGURE 3. Squad Column

SQUAD LINE
The squad line provides maximum firepower to the front. When a squad is acting as the
base squad, the fire team on the right is base fire team.

SQUAD FILE
When not traveling in a column or line, squad travels in file. The squad file has the same
characteristics as the fire team file, if the squad leader of desire increase his control over
the formation, exert greater moral presence by leading from the front, and be
immediately available to make key decisions. He will move forward to the first or second
position. Moving the team leader to the last position can provide additional control over
the rear of the formation.
 CHARACTERISTICS
WHEN
MOVEMENT
NORMALLY FIRE
FORMATION
USED CONTROL FLEXIBILITY CAPABILITIES/ SECURITY
RESTRICTIONS
ALLOWS
FACILITATES
LARGE
MANEUVER,
OPEN OR VOLUME OF
GOOD
SQUAD LESS FIRE TO THE ALL
GOOD DISPERSION
COLUMN RUGGED FLANK; AROUND
LATERALLY
TERRAIN LIMITED
AND IN
VOLUME TO
DEPTH
THE FRONT

LIMITED
WHEN
MANEUVER ALLOWS GOOD TO
MAXIMUM NOT AS
CAPABILITY MAXIMUM THE FRONT,
POWER IS GOOD AS
SQUAD LINE (BOTH FIRE IMMEDIATE LITTLE TO
REQUIRED SQUAD
AND TEAMS FIRE TO THE THE FLANKS
TO THE COLUMN
COMMITTED FRONT AND REAR
FRONT
)

CLOSE ALLOWS
TERRAIN, MOST IMMEDIATE
VEGETATION DIFFICULT FIRE TO THE
SQUAD FILE , EASIEST FROM FLANKS, LEAST
LIMITED WHICH TO MASK MOST
VISIBILITY MANEUVER FIRES TO
CONDITIONS THE REAR

MOVEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

Movement technique is the manner a squad traverse a terrain. The selection of a movement
technique is based on the likelihood of enemy contact and the need for speed. Factors to
consider are control, dispersion, speed and security.

TYPES OF MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES:

TRAVELING - is used when contact with the enemy is not likely an speed is needed
TRAVELING OVER WATCH - is used when contact is possible. Attached weapons
move near the squad leader and his command so he can employ them quickly.
BOUNDING OVERWATCH – is used when enemy contact is expected. It is most
secured, but the slowest movement technique.
RIFLE PLATOON
The rifle platoon fights as a part of a light infantry battalion. It is consisted with three rifle squads
with a platoon leader and a platoon sergeant. Each rifle squad is composed of nine men a
squad leader. Platoon can operate as a single unit under the platoon leader. The squad is also
designed and trained to conduct decentralized independent operation when required.

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

PLATOON LEADER -- Is responsible for all the platoon does or fails to do. This
includes the tactical employment, training administration and personnel
management and the logistics of the platoon.
PLATOON SERGEANT -- Assist the platoon leader in the supervision, admin
and training, discipline and most especially in the moral and the welfare of the
platoon.
SQUAD LEADER -- Responsible for what the squad does or fails to do,
responsible in the control and supervision of his squad activity.

PLATOON MOVEMENTS

Movement formation describes the positional relationships of men during

movement. The formation used depends on the mission and the terrain. The
distance between the elements depends on the mission and the terrain visibility
and control factors.

TYPES OF FORMATION

SQUAD IN LINE
This formation has the following characteristics:
• Cover maximum frontage
• Provides little security to the flanks and rear
• Allows for speed amount of immediate fire forward.

SQUAD IN COLUMN
This is the traveling formation. It has the following characteristics;
• Easy to control
• Provide good all around security
• Make the best used of the movement techniques

SQUAD IN FILE
When not traveling in column or line, squads travel in file, it has the following
characteristics;
• Easy to control
• Facilitate speed of movement
• Provide maximum frontage
• Flexible in nature
SPECIAL OPERATIONS

RANGER SQUAD ORGANIZATION

• Lead scout
• Guide
• Squad leader or Team leader
• Radio Man
• Assistant Radioman
• Contact man
• Tail scout

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SQUAD MEMBERS

LEAD SCOUT
• He is the point man.
• He ensures the security of his squad.
• He always chooses the advantageous terrain during the movement.
• He physically and mentally prepared to shoot the enemy first. Prepares
himself for a quick draw, the safety lever of his rifle is on semi-automatic the
whole time.

GUIDE
• The guide takes on a supporting role to the lead scout.
• The he is expected to be always at the back of the lead scout, there are
times that he will stay by the side of lead scout. When there is imminent
danger to the front, the lead scout and the guide are abreast to maintain
two rifles to unload their stinging bullets.
• The guide often controls the pace of the squad.
• The guide helps out in making path through the jungle.
• He makes sure that the squad is always on the right track.

SQUAD OR TEAM LEADER

• The squad leader is in effective control of the squad.
• He is responsible for what his team does or fails to do.

RADIOMAN
• The radioman is the voice of command.
• He is responsible for all the signal equipment of the squad.
• He emphasizes radio security.
• He must always be beside the squad leader.
• He always gives feedback on all instructions.

ASSISTANT RADIOMAN
• The assistant radioman has a lot of duties to perform for the team. He acts
as the aircraft marshal and as the sniper of the squad.
• The assistant radioman assists the radioman with the operation of the
squad’s radio.
CONTACT MAN
• During commando operations, the contact man is the point man. He
disguises as a rebel and mingles with the barrio residents to fish for
information of intelligence value.
• He is responsible for the conduct of civil military operation.
• He is the squad’s silent killing specialist.
• He is the primary interrogator of the squad.
• He is the media man of the squad.
• The contact man must also master the dialect in the area, as the
intelligence agent of the squad and the demolitionist.

TAIL SCOUT
• Rear security.
• Responsible for the subsistence of the squad
• Responsible of policing the harboring area.
• He is in charge of counterattacking.
 HEADQUARTERS
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA “RAJAH” ROTCU
1304TH CDC, NCRRCDG, ARESCOM
Intramuros, Manila

STUDENT HANDOUT

B A S I C M A P R E A D I N G A N D L A N D N AV I G AT I O N
To know maps and how to read and use map in determining report positions on the ground and
performing land navigation

DEFINITION OF TERMS

MAP - is a graphical representation of the earth surface drawn to scale as seen from
above. Man-made and natural features are defected by symbols, colors, lines and forms.

MAP READING - is the knowledge and skills necessary to interpret correctly and
efficiently map information.

MAP SYMBOL - is a sign composed of diagram, number, letter, abbreviation, colors, or

combination thereof which is used to identify and distinguish a particular military unit,
activity or installation. Topographic Symbols are simple standard drawing by which terrain
features such as valleys, mountains, hills, water features, ate are shown on a map.

MARGINAL INFORMATION

title of the map and named after the largest

SHEET NAME
geographical area presented

SHEET NUMBER used as a reference number for the map sheet

the name given to the series is generally that of a

SERIES NAME major political subdivision; usually includes a group
of similar maps to cover a particular geographic area

A representative fraction that gives the ratio of a

SCALE map distance to the corresponding distance on the
earth's surface

a sequence reference expressed either as a four-

SERIES NUMBER digit or as a letter, followed by a three- or four- digit
numeral
 editions are numbered consecutively; the highest
EDITION NUMBER
numbered sheet is the most recent

is a miniature of the map that shows the boundaries

INDEX TO BOUNDARIES that occur within the map area, such as provincial
and city boundaries

usually contains nine rectangles that represents the

ADJOINING SHEETS
adjoining sheets surrounding the map; represented
DIAGRAM
sheets are identified by their sheet numbers

indicates the angular relationships of true north, grid

DECLINATION DIAGRAM
north & magnetic north

rulers used to convert map distance to ground

BAR SCALE
distance

CONTOUR INTERVAL states the vertical distance between adjacent

NOTE contour lines of the map

GRID REFERENCE BOX contains instructions for composing a grid reference

identifies the agency that prepared and printed the

UNIT IMPRINT AND
map with its respective symbol; important to the map
SYMBOL
user in evaluating the reliability of the map

illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols

used to depict some of the more prominent features
LEGEND
on the map. The symbols are not always the same
on every map
*See accompanying video presentation and/or slides to locate the following marginal
information in a sample map

COLORS USED IN MILITARY MAPS

indicates cultural (man-made) features such as

BLACK buildings and roads, surveyed spot elevations, and
all labels

the colors red and brown are combined to identify

cultural features, all relief features, non-surveyed
RED-BROWN
spot elevations, and elevation, such as contour lines
on red light readable maps
 identifies hydrography or water features such as
BLUE lakes, swamps, rivers, and drainage; features that
constitute obstacles are included in this group

identifies vegetation with military significance, such

GREEN as woods, orchards, and vineyards. They are
features that will affect troop movement

identifies all relief features and elevation, such as

BROWN contours on older edition maps, and cultivated land
on red-light readable maps

classifies cultural features, such as populated areas,

main roads, and boundaries, on older maps; usually
RED
combined with brown, and screen is used to vary
tonal shades

indicates new information superimposed on an

PURPLE existing map; sometimes, maps with this color are
referred to as Magenta Map

occasionally other colors may be used to show

OTHERS special information; indicated in the marginal
information as a rule

MILITARY SYMBOLS
ORIENTATION OF MAP

• BY USING COMPASS
• Place the map on a flat surface and draw the magnetic north line using the
pivot protractor
• Place the open compass over the magnetic north line towards the top of the
map and directly over the drawn magnetic line
• Turn the map clockwise or counter clockwise taking care not to move the
compass until the needle align under the index line of the compass

• BY MEANS OF INSPECTION
• using the roads, streets and other identifying features both on the map and
ground
• look for some recognizable features
• move map until the road on its parallel to the road in the ground

• BY MEANS OF ANALOG WATCH

• get a piece of small stick
• place the shadow of the stick in line hour hand of the watch
• divide into two the distance of the hour and minute hand, the center of it and
get the direction

• BY MEANS OF TWIG SHADOW

• get a piece of twig
• plant it down to make an angel that will produce a shadow and mark the first
shadow align to it
• after an hour, the shadow will move then make the line on the next shadow -
will tell east and west direction and also the north and south direction
 • BY REFERENCE LANDMARK
• landmark may also tell the position on the map
• always tell the position of the map if the two known features is present on the
map

• BY REFERENCE DURING NIGHT OPERATION

• North Start
• Southern Across
• Moon
• direction of the trees

CATEGORIES OF MAPS

BY TYPE

• PLANIMETRIC MAP - presents only the horizontal position for the features
represented.

• TOPOGRAPHIC MAP - portrays terrain features as well as the horizontal

positions of the features represented.

• PHOTO MAP - is a reproduction of an aerial photograph that show the different

parts of the map such as grid lines, marginal data, place names, important
elevations et al.

• JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHIC - series of 1:250,000 scale military maps

designed for joint ground and air operations.

• PHOTO MOSAIC - is an assembly of aerial photographs that is commonly called

a mosaic in topographic usage

• TERRAIN MODEL - is a scale model of the terrain showing features and in large-
scale models showing industrial and cultural shapes.

• MILITARY CITY MAP - is a topographic map, usually 1:12,500 scale of a city,

delineating streets and showing street names, importance that are
compatible with the scale of the map.

• SPECIAL MAP - are maps for special purposes such as traffic ability,
communications and assault maps.

BY SCALE

SCALE - the ratio or fraction between the distance on a map and the corresponding
distance on the surface of the earth.
 • SMALL SCALE - 1:1,000,000 which are used for general planning and strategic
studies at the high echelon.
• Medium Scale – 1:250,000 which are used for planning operations, including the
movement and concentration of troops and supplies
• Large Scale – 1:50,000 which are used to meet the tactical, technical and
administrative needs of field units.

GROUND SCALE
Ground Distance (GD) can be determined from a map by the scale. Scale is the relation
between distance on the map and actual distance on the ground. It is expressed on one or
more of the following ways:

• WORKS AND FIGURES – scale may be expressed by a simple statement like “3

inches equals 1 mile”, meaning 3 inches on the map
equals I mile on the ground. Similarly, “1 inch equal
200 feet” meaning 1 inch on the map equal 200
grounds.

• REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF) – the representative fraction formula is:

RF - Map Distance (MD) / Ground Distance (GD)

In which the numerator and denominator are

expressed in the same unit, as inches, feet, yards,
meters or miles. The RF is appearing in the margin as
1:20,000 such units on the ground, the larger the
denominator of the RF, the smaller the scale of the
map. Thus a 1:100,000 maps is a small scale map and
1:20,000 is larger scale map.

• GRAPHIC SCALE – distance may also be measured by a graphic scale, a

special ruler for the particular map, printed in the margin.

• CONVERSION FACTOR – distance may be expressed in either the English of the

Metric system and it may be necessary to convert
measurement of the system with those of another
common units of metric linear measure.

1 mile =1,760 yards = 1.609 kilometers = 1,609 mtrs

1 kilometer =1,094 yards = 0.62 mile
1 meter = 1.094 yards = 39.37 inches
1 yard = 0.91 meter = 36 inches

DIRECTION
Being in the right place at the prescribed time is necessary to successfully accomplish
military missions. Direction plays an important role in a soldier‘s everyday life.

METHODS OF EXPRESSING DIRECTION

Military personnel need a way of expressing direction that is accurate, is adaptable
to any part of the world, and has a common unit of measure. Directions are
expressed as units of angular measure.
 • DEGREE - The most common unit of measure is the degree (°) with its
subdivisions of minutes (‘) and seconds (“).
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds

• MIL - Another unit of measure, the mil (abbreviated m), is used mainly in artillery,
tank, and mortar gunnery.

• GRAD - The grad is a metric unit of measure found on some foreign maps. There
are 400 grads in a circle (a 90° right angle equals 100 grads). The grad is
divided into 100 centesimal minutes (centigrade) and the minute into 100
centesimal seconds (mil grads).

BASE LINES
In order to measure something, there must always be a starting point or zero
measurement.

• TRUE NORTH - A line from any point on the earth's surface to the north pole. All lines of
longitude are true north lines. True north is usually represented by a
star.
• MAGNETIC NORTH - The direction to the north magnetic pole, as indicated by the
north-seeking needle of a magnetic instrument. Magnetic north
is usually symbolized by a line ending with a half arrowhead .
Magnetic readings are obtained with magnetic instruments,
such as lensatic and M2 compasses.
• GRID NORTH - The north that is established by using the vertical grid lines on the map.
Grid north may be symbolized by the letters GN or the letter “Y”
.

AZIMUTHS
An azimuth is defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line.
This north base line could be true north, magnetic north, or grid north. The azimuth is the
most common military method to express direction.

• BACK AZIMUTH - A back azimuth is the opposite direction of an azimuth. It is

comparable to doing an "about face." To obtain a back azimuth
from an azimuth add 180° if the azimuth is 180° or less; or subtract
180° if the azimuth is 180° or more. The back azimuth of 180° may
be stated as 0° or 360°.
• MAGNETIC AZIMUTH - Magnetic Azimuth. The magnetic azimuth is determined by
using magnetic instruments, such as lensatic and M-2
compasses.

GRID AZIMUTHS
When an azimuth is plotted on a map between point A (starting point) and point B
(ending point), the points are joined together by a straight line. A protractor is used to
measure the angle between grid north and the drawn line, and this measured azimuth is
the grid azimuth.

DECLINATION DIAGRAM
Declination is the angular difference between any two north’s. If you have a map and a
compass, the one of most interest to you will be between magnetic and grid north.
 a. LOCATION - A declination diagram is a part of the information in the lower margin
on most larger maps. On medium-scale maps, the declination
information is shown by a note in the map margin.
b. THE GRID-MAGNETIC ANGLE - The G-M angle value is the angular size that
exists between grid north and magnetic north. It is an arc, indicated
by a dashed line that connects the grid-north and magnetic-north
prongs.
c. GRID CONVERGENCE - An arc indicated by a dashed line connects the prongs
for true north and grid north.
d. CONVERSION - There is an angular difference between the grid north and the
magnetic north. Since the location of magnetic north does not
correspond exactly with the grid-north lines on the maps, a
conversion from magnetic to grid or vice versa is needed. The
inclusion of the true-north prong in relationship to the conversion is
of little importance.
e. APPLICATIONS - Remember, there are no negative azimuths on the azimuth
circle. Since 0° is the same as 360°, then 2° is the same as 362°.
This is because 2° and 362° are located at the same point on the
azimuth circle. The grid azimuth can now be converted into a
magnetic azimuth because the grid azimuth is now larger than the
G-M angle.

When working with a map having an east G-M angle:

a. To plot a magnetic azimuth on a map, first change it to a grid azimuth
b. To use a magnetic azimuth in the field with a compass, first change the grid
azimuth plotted on a map to magnetic azimuth
c. Convert a grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth when the G-M angle is greater than
a grid azimuth

METHODS OF DETERMINING ONE’S POSITION AND LOCATION.

INTERSECTION
Intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying at least
two (preferably three) known positions on the ground and then map sighting on the
unknown location.

a. When using the MAP AND COMPASS METHOD:

1. Orient the map using the compass.
2. Locate and mark your position on the map.
3. Determine the magnetic azimuth to the unknown position using the
compass.
4. Convert the magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth.
5. Draw a line on the map from your position on this grid azimuth.
6. Move to a second known point and repeat steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
7. The location of the unknown position is where the lines cross on the
map. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy

b. The STRAIGHTEDGE METHOD is used when a compass is not available.

When using it:

1. Orient the map on a flat surface by the terrain association method.

2. Locate and mark your position on the map.
 3. Lay a straightedge on the map with one end at the user’s position (A)
as a pivot point; rotate the straightedge until the unknown point is
sighted along the edge.
4. Draw a line along the straightedge.
5. Repeat the above steps at position (B) and check for accuracy
6. The intersection of the lines on the map is the location of the unknown
point (C). Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.

RESECTION
Resection is the method of locating one's position on a map by determining the grid
azimuth to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map. For
greater accuracy, the desired method of resection would be to use three or more well-
defined locations.

a. When using the MAP AND COMPASS METHOD –

1. Orient the map using the compass.
2. Identify two or three known distant locations on the ground and mark
them on the map.
3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to one of the known position from your
location using a compass.
4. Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth.
5. Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. Using a protractor, draw a
line for the back azimuth on the map from the known position back
toward your unknown position.
6. Repeat 3, 4, and 5 for a second position and a third position, if desired.
7. The intersection of the lines is your location. Determine the grid
coordinates to the desired accuracy.

b. When using the STRAIGHTEDGE METHOD –

1. Orient the map on a flat surface by the terrain association method.
2. Locate at least two known distant locations or prominent features on
the ground and mark them on the map.
3. Lay a straightedge on the map using a known position as a pivot point.
Rotate the straightedge until the known position on the map is aligned
with the known position on the ground.
4. Draw a line along the straightedge away from the known position on
the ground toward your position.
5. Repeat 3 and 4 using a second known position.
6. The intersection of the lines on the map is your location.
7. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.

MODIFIED RESECTION
Modified resection is the method of locating one‘s position on the map when the
person is located on a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream.

Proceed as follows:
1. Orient the map using a compass or by terrain association.
2. Find a distant point that can be identified on the ground and on the
map.
3. Determine the magnetic azimuth from your location to the distant
known point.
4. Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth.
 5. Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. Using a protractor, draw a
line for the back azimuth on the map from the known position back
toward your unknown position.
6. The location of the user is where the line crosses the linear feature.
Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.

POLAR COORDINATES
A method of locating or plotting an unknown position from a known point by giving a
direction and a distance along that direction line is called polar coordinates. The
following elements must be present when using polar coordinates:

a. Present known location on the map

b. Azimuth (grid or magnetic)
c. Distance (in meters).

GRID
is to determine and report positions on the ground in terms of their locations on a map.

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
One of the oldest systematic methods of location is based upon the geographic
coordinate system. By drawing a set of east-west rings around the globe (parallel
to the equator), and a set of north-south rings crossing the equator at right angles
and converging at the poles, a network of reference lines is formed from which any
point on the earth's surface can be located.

MILITARY GRIDS
An examination of the transverse Mercator projection, which is used for large-scale
military maps, shows that most lines of latitude and longitude are curved lines.

GRID SQUARES
The north-south and east-west gridlines intersect at 90°, forming grid squares.
Normally, the size of one of these grid squares on large-scale maps is 1,000
meters (1 kilometer) by 1,000 meters.

GRID COORDINATE SCALES

The primary tool for plotting grid coordinates is the grid coordinate scale. The grid
coordinate scale divides the grid square more accurately than can be done by
estimation and the results are more consistent. When used correctly, it presents
less chance for making errors. GTA contains four types of coordinate scales

LOCATING A POINT USING GRID COORDINATES

Based on the military principle for reading maps (RIGHT and UP), locations on the map can
be determined by grid coordinates.

10,000-METER SQUARE. The breakdown of the grid reference system continues as

each side of the 100,000-meter square is divided into 10 equal parts.

1,000-METER SQUARE. To obtain 1,000-meter squares, each side of the10,000-meter

square is divided into 10 equal parts. This division appears on large scale maps as the
actual grid lines, they are 1,000 meters apart.
100-METER IDENTIFICATION. To locate to the nearest 100 meters, the grid coordinate
scale can be used to divide the 1,000-meter grid squares into 10 equal parts

10-METER IDENTIFICATION. The grid coordinate scale has divisions every 50 meters
on the 1:50,000 scale and every 20 meters on the 1:25,000 scale. These can be used to
estimate to the nearest 10 meters and give the location of one point on the earth’s
surface to the nearest 10 meters.

ACCURACY. The accuracy of a point’s location is shown by the number of digits in the
coordinates; the more digits, the more accurate the location

MILITARY GRID SYSTEM. it is a network of square formed by north-south and East-

west grid lines placed on the map.

1. 4 digits – to the nearest 1, 000 meters

2. 6 digits – to the nearest 100 meters

3. 8 digits – to the nearest 10 meters

4. 10 digits – to the nearest 1 meter

BASIC WEAPONS TRAINING

1. U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16A1

CHARACTERISTICS:

a. Functioning:

1) Magazine fed
2) Gas operated
3) Shoulder weapon
4) Air cooled
5) Semi or automatic fire

b. Features

1) The rifle is equipped with a flash suppressor which can also serve as
an adapter for grenade launching. (CAUTION: Use of this weapon for grenade launching
is not currently authorized).
2) Barrel is surrounded by two aluminum line fiberglass hand guards
which also adapter for grenade as the forearm of the rifle. The hand guards are notched
to permit air to circulate around the rifle barrel, and further serve to protect the gas tube.
3) A hard rubber recoil pad is attached at the butt of the stock to
partially reduce the effect of the recoil.
4) A forward assist assembly is located at the upper right rear of the
upper receiver. This is used to close the bolt when closing is not done by the force of
action of spring alone.
5) A dust cover is provided to prevent dust or dirt from getting into the
rifle. This opens automatically when the rifle is fired. (NOTE: The dust cover should be
closed at all times except during firing or maintenance).

b. PARTS OF THE RIFLE CAL 5.56MM M16A1.

1) Two main groups:

a) Upper receiver group

Parts of Upper Receiver Group:

(1) Flash suppressor

(2) Barrel
(3) Bayonet Stud
(4) Front Sigh
(5) Upper Sling Swivel
(6) Hand guard
(7) Sling Spring
 (8) Carrying handle
(9) Charging handle
(10) Rear Sight
(11) Forward Assist
(12) Bolt Assembly
(13) Bust cover

b) Lower receiver group

Parts of the Lower Receiver Group:

(1) Rubber recoil pad

(2) Trigger Guard
(3) Pivot take down pin
(4) Stock
(5) Pistol grip
(6) Trigger
(7) Magazine release button
(8) Hammer
(9) Selector Level
(10) Lower sling swivel

c. GENERAL DATAL:

1) Weights:

Rifle without magazine- - - 6.5 lbs

Empty magazine (aluminum) - .2 lbs
Full magazine (20 rds)- - - .7 lbs
Firing weight (fully loaded w/ sling) - 7.6 lbs

2) Lengths:

Rifle with flash suppressor - - 39 inches

Barrel with flash suppressor - - 21 inches
Barrel without flash suppressor - - 20 inches

NOTE: These data do not include necessary equipment such as the bayonet and
the bipod.

3) Operational:

Muzzle velocity - - 3,150 ft/sec

Cycle rate of fire - - 700-800 rds/min
 Maximum rate of fire:
Semi-automatic - - 45-65 rds/min
Automatic - - 150-200 rds/min
Sustained rate of fire- - 15 rds/min
Maximum range - - 2,653 meters
Maximum effective range - 460 meters

d. CYCLE OF OPERATION:

1) Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of the cartridge.
2) Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel.
3) Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon.
4) Ejecting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon.
5) Cocking – returning the firing mechanism to cock position.
6) Feeding – placing the cartridge in the receiver.
7) Chambering – placing the cartridge in the chamber.
8) Locking – sealing the cartridge in the chamber.

e. Disassembly and Assembly of the Weapon:

NOTE: Disassembly and assembly of the weapon should be kept to the maximum
consistent with proper maintenance and instructional requirements.

1) Steps in disassembly

a) The first step in the disassembly of any weapon is to “Clear

the weapon”.

(1) The butt must rest on a flat surface. The right thing will
do.
(2) Point the selector lever to “SAFE” position. (NOTE)
This can be done only if the weapon is cocked. If the rifle is not cocked, proceed to the
next step.
(3) Grasp the magazine with the right hand, the right
thumb resting on the magazine catch bottom. Press the bottom and pull the magazine.

(4) Hold the balance of the stock with the left hand, the left
thumb resting on the bolt catch. Open the bolt and lock if in the position. Return the
charging handle to forward position.
(5) Ensure the selector lever at “SAFE”.

CAUTION: The selector level must be at the “SAFE” position when clearing weapon
to prevent damage to automatic sear.

b) Field Stripping
 (1) Disassembly:

(a) Remove the sling and place the rifle on a table

or a flat surface with the muzzle to the left.
(b) Turn the weapon on its right side and press on
the takedown pin until the upper receiver swings free of the lower receiver. CAUTION:
The takedown pin does not come out free of the receiver.
(c) Press the receiver pivot pin and separate the
upper from the lower receiver group. (CAUTION): The receiver pivot pin does not come
out of the receiver.
(d) Work on the upper receiver group:

-Keep the muzzle in the left.

-Withdraw the bolt carrier from the receiver.
-Disassemble the bolt carrier group.

NOTE: When the bolt carrier is removed, the charging handle will fall from the
receiver.

(e) Work on the lower receiver group.

CAUTION: The lower receiver shall be disassembled only when absolutely

necessary for the proper care and maintenance of the weapon.
-Push the action spring guide.
-Push down on the retaining pin by using the tip of
cartridge.
-Remove the buffer and buffer spring.
-Depress the hammer to clear the buffer.

NOTE: The action spring is under the pressure, care must be taken in removing it.
CAUTION: The parts of the weapon should be laid down in the order of its
disassembly to avoid losses or misplacement.

(2) Assembly:

(a) Assemble the bolt carrier group:

CAUTION: Do not spread the ends of the firing pin retainer.

NOTE: Check for proper assembly by elevating the front of the bolt. The firing pin
must not drop out..

(b) Replace the charging handle in the upper

receiver. Push forward in the group into the open end of the sub-assembly is fully sealed.
(c) Place the two (2) receiver together and reset the
pivot pin.
 (d) Cock the hammer and ensures that the selector
lever is at “SAFE” position. Withdraw the takedown pin and close the weapon. Fully seat
the takedown pin.

NOTE: After the assembly of the weapon, remove the hand guards.

CAUTION: Removal of the hand guards should be done only when absolutely
necessary for the proper care and maintenance of the weapon.

2) Check the assembly of the weapon.

a) Check the proper operation of the weapon while the selector

is at “SAFE”, semi and auto positions.

(1) “SAFE” position – pull trigger, hammer should not fall.

(2) Semi-position – pull the trigger to the rear, recock the
rifle (hammer) and release the trigger. The hammer should transfer from the hammer
holes and is connect to sear engagement.
(3) Auto-position - pull the trigger. Hammer should fall.
Hold the trigger to the rear and recock the hammer. Push forward on the automatic sear,
the hammer should fall.

NOTE: Any discrepancy noted from aforementioned functioning means the

assembly was incorrect. Check proper assembly and note any defective parts.

f. Maintenance – normal care and cleaning will result in the proper functioning
of all parts of the weapon, improper maintenance causes stoppage and malfunctioning.

1) Cleaning and lubricating the barrel.

a) Attach a wire brush to the cleaning rod, dip it with a cleaning

solvent compound (CR) of bore cleaner, and brush the bore thoroughly. Brush from the
bore to the chamber. Using a straight though stroke. (NOTE: Never reverse the direction
of the brush while it is in the bore).
b) Continue the process until the bore is coated with the cleaning
compound. Replace the brush with a cleaning patch and continue the cleaning process
until the patch comes out clean and dry.
c) Clean the locking gauge in the barrel extension using a small
bristle brush.
d) After cleaning, lubricate the bore and locking lugs in the barrel
extension by applying a light coat of oil on the surface of the barrel enclosed by the hand
guards.

2) Cleaning and lubricating the Bolt Carrier Group Lower Receiver

Group:
 a) Remove the bolt carrier group from the upper receiver group
and disassemble. Clean all parts with a patch dipped in a solvent cleaning compound.
b) Clean the locking lugs of the bolt, using a small brush and
cleaning solvent. Dry with a patch and oil lightly.
c) But one drop of oil in each hole on the right side of the bolt
carrier and the open end of the bolt carrier key.

3) Cleaning and lubricating the lower receiver group:

a) Normal cleaning will not require the detailed assembly of the

lower receiver group.
b) Using a clean dry patch or bristle brush remove dirt or sand
from the receiver. Place a drop of oil on each pin for lubrication.
c) After extensive or field exercise, the lower receiver must be
disassembled and clean thoroughly, apply a light coat of oil on all parts.

4) Maintenance before, during and after firing:

a) Before operation maintenance

The barrel must be wipe dry and free of oil, clean the bore with a dry
patch to insure that it is dry and free of dirt. Check the forward assist assembly and the
dust cover.
b) During firing – to follow the recommended rates of fire.
Observe for any slugging operation of any moving parts. Discontinue the use of any rifle
that shows signs of wear and tear.
c) After operations – follow the normal maintenance operations
outline in the foregoing paragraphs

2. US RIFLE 7.62MM M14 AND M14A1

CHARACTERISTICS:

a. Functioning:
1) Lightweight
2) Air cooled
3) Gas operated
4) Magazine fed
5) Shoulder weapon

b. Features:

1) The M14 Rifle

 a) The selector and bipod are assembled to the weapon when
used for automatic fire but can be adapted for automatic fire by the installation of a
selector adapter.
b) The flash suppressor is designed to reduce muzzle climb and
the amount of dust raised by the muzzle blast.
c) The lug on the rear of the flash suppressor is used for the
attachment of a bayonet, a grenade launcher and a blank firing attachment for the
launching grenade.
d) The spindle valve is used to adjust the opening of the gas port
when the rifle is used for grenade launching. This prevents gas operation of the rifle during
grenade launching, and prevents damage to the weapon.
e) The hinged shoulder rest provides vertical control of the butt
end of the rifle.
f) It has fixed front sight and adjustable rear sight.

2) The M14A1 Rifle

a) It has all the features present in the M14 rifle.

b) It is designed primarily for automatic fire.
c) It has the following additional features that differentiate it
from the M14 rifle.

(1) Stabilizer assembly to reduce the effect of recoil and to

provide muzzle stability.
(2) Modified bipod with an additional sling swivel and a
larger pivot pin to accommodate the modified sling.
(3) A folding front and a fix rear hand guards.
(4) A straight-line stock.
(5) Rubber recoil pad to reduce effect of recoil.

NOTE: The folding front hand guard can be adjusted to one of five positions.

GENERAL DATA

a. Weights:
M14 with full mag & cleaning equipment - 11.5 lbs
Empty magazine - - - - .5 lbs
Full magazine - - - 1.5 lbs
M2 bipod assembly - - - - 1.75lbs
M14 bipod rifle with full magazine - 14.5 lbs

b. Lengths:
Overall length with flash suppressor 44.3 inches

c. Operational
Trigger pull - - - 5.5 lbs
 7.5 lbs
Muzzle velocity - - 2,880 ft/sec
Cyclic rate of fire - - 700-750 rounds/min

Rate of fire (NOTE: These can be maintained without causing any damage to the
weapon)

Semi automatic Automatic

2 minutes - - 40 rds/min 50 rds/min
5 minutes - - 30 rds/min 40 rds/min
10-20 minutes- - 20 rds/min 30 rds up to 15 min
20 minutes - 20 rds/min 25 rds/min
30 minutes - 15 rds/min 20 rds./min

Range in meters

Maximum - - - - 3,725
Maximum effective (semi w/ bipod) - 700
Max effective (semi w/o bipod) - 460
Max effective (auto w/ bipod - 460

CYCLE OR OPERATION:

a. Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of the cartridge.
b. Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel.
c. Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon.
d. Ejecting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon.
e. Cocking – returning the firing mechanism to cock position.
f. Feeding – placing the cartridge in the receiver.
g. Chambering – placing the cartridge in the chamber.
h. Locking – sealing the cartridge in the chamber.

DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY

NOTES:
a. Disassembly and assembly of the weapon should be kept to a minimum
consistent with proper care and maintenance.
b. Parts of one rifle maybe interchanged with another except the bolt.
CAUTION: The bolt shall not be interchanged with other rifles to preclude accidents.

a. Steps in the disassembly of the rifle

1) Clear the weapon.
2) Pull back on the operating rod handle and allow the bolt to go
forward. This operation will ensure that all operating parts are forward. (NOTE: The
weapon should be disassembled with all the operating parts forward).
 3) Separate the three groups of the weapon:

a) The firing mechanism

b) The barrel and receiver group
c) The stock

Grasp the rear of the trigger guard with the thumb and the forefinger
of the right hand. Full downward and outward until the mechanism is released. Lift the
firing mechanism.
With the left hand grasp the receiver over the rear sight, raise the
barrel a few inches, with the right hand, strike down on the small of the stock and grasp
it. This separates the three main groups of the rifle.
4) Disassembly of the barrel and receiver group:
a) Remove the connector assembly – place the groups on its left
side with the operating rod handle and the muzzle away from you. (NOTE): When
equipped with a selector, turn the selector until the side marked “A” is toward the windage
knob).
b) Close the bolt – right thumb on the rear of the connector
assembly, first finger on the sear release bracket and second finger inside rear of the
receiver, push forward with the thumb until the forward end of the assembly can be lifted
off the connector lock. Use the left thumb and forefinger in lifting the assembly.
c) Turn the connector assembly clockwise until the elongated
hole in the connector is aligned with the elongated stud on the sear release.
d) Lower the front end of the connector assembly and lift the rear
end off the elongated stud on the sear release.
5) Remove the operating rod spring and the operating rod spring guide.

a) Place the groups on a flat surface, sights down and muzzle to

left.
b) With the left hand, pull toward the muzzle on the operating rod
spring to release the pressure on the connector lock.
c) Pull the connector lock toward you and disconnect the
operating rod spring and guide. Remove operating rod and the bolt.
NOTE: This completes the field stripping of the rifle.
b. Steps in the assembly of the Weapon – Follow the reverse steps in the
disassembly of the rifle
1) Replace the bolt and the operating rod spring guide.
2) Replace the connector assembly.
3) Assemble the three main groups.
c. Under normal conditions of maintenance, the gas system of the rifle shall
not be dissembled; however, under extreme climate conditions and after a series of
operation, it may be necessary to disassemble the system.

NOTE: The gas cylinder should not be disassembled as long as the gas piston
slides freely in the cylinder when the barrel is tilted end-for-end from on upright position.
 d. Disassembly of gas system and hand guard

1) Loosen and remove the gas cylinder plug (Use a combination tool or
any appropriate substitute).
2) Tilt the muzzle down and remove the gas piston from the gas
cylinder. Unscrew the gas cylinder lock and slide the lock and cylinder forward so that the
gas port is exposed.
3) Slip the front band forward toward the front sight. Push the hand
guard toward the front sight and lift it off the barrel.
e. Assembly – to assemble, the follow the reverse procedure in the
disassembly of the hand guard and the gas system.

1) Replace the hand guard (NOTE: Do not snap or force the hand guard
into its installed position.
2) Replace the front band.
3) Slide the gas cylinder forward through the front band. Tighten the
gas cylinder lock by hand. Align the loop with the gas cylinder. Replace the gas piston
with the port toward the barrel and the open end toward the muzzle. Replace the gas
cylinder plug and secure it.

NOTE: When the gas piston is fully seated, it will protrude one and one half inches
below the gas cylinder.

MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION

a. Cleaning materials:

1) Bore cleaner (cleaning compounds solvent (CR) is commonly used

however, it can also be used on all metal parts for a temporary one day protection only).
2) Hot, soapy or plain hot water is not a substitute for the bore cleaner
and will be used only when no bore cleaner is available.
3) Dry cleaning solvent.
4) A carbon-removing compound is used on stubborn carbon deposits
by soaking the part with the carbon and brushing it.

b. Lubricants:

1) Lubricating oil, general purpose is used for lubricating the rifle during
normal condition of operation and temperature.
2) OE # 10 engine oil may be used as substitute when no oils
prescribed are available.
3) Rifle grease should be applied to working surfaces.

c. Procedure in cleaning the rifle.

 1) The rifle should be cleaned after firing because firing deposits primer
fouling, powder ashes, carbon metal fouling. The ammunition has a non-corrosive primer
which makes a cleaning easier. However, it leaves a deposit which when not remove
immediately may collect moisture and promotes rusting. Upon termination of firing, a
bore-cleaning compound should be applied for ease of cleaning.
2) Pour a small quantity of bore cleaner in the gas cylinder plug and
insert and rotate the bore cleaning brush to clean the plug.
3) Swab the gas cylinder bore with a clean patch. NOTE: Do not oil the
interior surface of the gas cylinder. Do not use abrasives.
4) Clean the gas piston with a bore cleaner then wipe dry.

NOTE: Do not oil the gas piston.

5) Clean the bolt with patch and bore cleaner and oil lightly.
6) Depress the spindle valve after each firing and rotate in several
times. (NOTE: Do not disassemble the spindle valve).
7) All parts must be cleaned, wiped dry and oil when necessary.

NORMAL MAINTENANCE

The rifle should be inspected daily for any evidence of rust or fouling and to check
the general condition of the rifle. A light coat of oil should be maintained on all metal parts.
(NOTE: Do not oil the gas piston, interior of the gas cylinder and the gas plug).
Do not use a muzzle plug to cover the muzzle of the rifle. This will cause moisture
to collect inside the bore.
3. HAND GRENADE

a. HISTORY OF GRENADE:

From a historical point of view, the grenade as a weapon is known to have

been made with the discovery of explosives. It is reported to have been used as early as
the 15th century. During that time, the grenade was shaped like a French pomegranate.
In the middle of the 17th century, selected soldiers, then called “grenadiers”,
were using the grenade with fatal effects. But soon it fell into disuse as improved versions
of the rifle were introduced which consequently increased the range between frontlines.
Sometimes later, particularly in the 20th century, attacking troops found the grenade to be
an essential weapon. It was discovered to be effective in clearing enemy trenches and
bunkers and later, for stopping the advance of tanks.
A grenade is a small explosive or chemical bomb for military use against an
enemy at the short ranges. Grenades are of two (2) basic types – hand and launched.
The hand grenade or thrown away, while the launched grenade is fired from a launcher.
Grenades are further classified as explosive, chemical, and practice.
Explosive grenades, which produce fragmentation or blast are primarily use against
enemy tanks or personnel. Chemical grenades are used for anti-personnel, harassing,
incendiary, smoke-screening or signaling purposes. Practice grenades may be insert or
have a small charge for making practice throws.
Launched grenades are most likely to be either the anti-personnel explosive
type, with fragmentation warhead, or high-explosive anti-tank one. The latter shaped
charge warhead is very effective against armor.
Hand Grenades are fitted with a delayed-action fuse. For explosive
grenades, the delay is about 4 - 5 seconds. The fuse of a chemical grenade on the other
hand has a delayed action of 2 seconds and usually burns rather than explodes.
Launched grenade have instant fusses.

b. PARTS OF GRENADE:

1) Full Ring 7) Primer

2) Safety Pin 8) Body
3) Safety Lever 9) Delay Elements
4) Striker 10) Detonator or Igniter
5) Striker Spring 11) Filler
6) T Lug

Main Components of Grenade:

1) Body – contains filler maybe of steel, cast iron

2) Filler – high explosive (HE) riot control agents, smoke
3) Fuse – classified as either detonating or igniting. Upon the removal
of the safety pin and the release of the safety lever, the striker rotates, pushing off the
safety lever and continues its rotation, until it strikes the primer. The impact of the strikers
set off the primer which, in turn, fires the delay element. After the delay element burns
through its length, it set off either the detonator or the igniter cap.

c. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS:

1) Inflicts casualties to anyone within the overpressure blast radius.

2) High explosive anti-tank defeats armor by the use of a shaped
charge.
3) Capable of controlling riot by employing chemical filler such as tear
and vomiting agents.
4) Can be use as screen for advancing troops, provides incendiary
action.
5) The maximum casualty inflicting capability is based on the skill of the
thrower.
6) Visibility affects much on the use of the grenade.

d. GRENADE THROWING:

This skill requires a lot of confidence, Here the steps in throwing a grenade:
 1) Grip the hand grenade. The safest and easiest way to grip a hand
grenade for throwing is to hold it so that the safety lever is held down by the thumb, while
keeping the pull ring (and safety clip if present) free and facing the non-throwing hand.
2) Position the body, and arm hand relative to the hand grenade. You
should always be in a comfortable and natural position. The two (2) most important points
in accurate throwing are body-target alignment and eye-target focus. Line up your body
with target as through you were going to throw a football or baseball. Keep watching the
target as you throw and let your arm swing naturally to it. Follow through with your
throwing motion and take cover. If possible, you of a buddy should watch where the
grenade lands. Make sure you properly arm the grenade before you throw it. The safety
pin and clip should be removed while behind cover.
Three General Grenade Throwing Positions:

1) Standing – is when you want to throw the grenade at a considerable

distance. The drawback here is that you expose yourself to enemy fire as you lob the
grenade.
2) Kneeling – when you need to be mobile and to be able to quickly
change position.
3) Prone – when you want to close in on the enemy.

e. SAFETY CONSIDERATION

1) Do not drop a grenade after the safety pin has been removed.

2) Do not use ball ammunition or blank cartridge to propel grenades.

3) Do not tamper with duds or non-exploding grenades.

4) Do not pull the safety pin until you are ready to throw the grenades.

5) If a grenade is accidentally dropped after the safety pin has been

removed, immediately pick up, throw it in the intended direction, shout “grenade” and then
seek nearby shelter or drop to the ground with the helmet toward the grenade.
I. TITLE : PREPARATORY MARKMANSHIP TRAINING
1. DEFENITON OF TERMS:

1. Preparatory Marksmanship (PMI) – all marksmanship training that take place before live fire.

2. Marksmanship – it is a skillfull art of shooting and hitting the target at a given or known distance.

3. Service rifle – the primary rifle of a military force is the M16A1.

4. Caliber – diameter of the bore: for ex: the M16A1 rifle is 5.56mm or .223 inch.

5. Cartridge – a complete round of ammo. Ex: 5.56mm ball, M193. Complete round 179 grains,
projectile – 55 grains and 1.9cm long with a solid core. A standard ammo used by the military.

6. Trajectory – the flight path the bullet takes from the rifle to the target.

7. Cross-dominance – a soldier with a dominant hand and a dominant eye that are not the same.

8. Pop, no kick – a firing condition when the primer ignite and the powder charge ddoes not. This
normally results in lodging the bullet in the bore.

9. Primer – a explosive device in the center base of the cartridge case that is struck by the firing point to
fire the round.

10. Wobble Area – the natural movement of the weapon/ sights on and around the aiming point when the
weapon is being held in a steady position.

11. Zero Target – a scaled silhouette target with a super imposed grid or use at 25 meters.

12. Alibi fire – a condition during qualification firing when soldier is allowed to complete a record fire
scenario, which was halted temporarily due to circumstances beyond his control. Ex: target mechanism,
weapon or ammo malfunction.

13. Follow through - maintaining the position after the weapon has been fired.

14. Lands – are elevated surface between the grooves of a rifle.

15. Grooves – are spiral channels cut in the bore of rifle barrel.

16. Barrel Rifling – are spiral lands and grooves of a rifle design to spin accurately with carrying power
(M16A1). The bullet rotates by the lands once every 12inc of travel down the barrel.

17. Immediate Action – a procedure applied to rapidly reduced any rifle stoppage without determining its
cause.

18. Remedial Action – is the continuing effort to determine the cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to
try to mine the cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to try to clear the stoppage or malfunction once
it has been identified.

19. Aiming Point – a place on a target in which the rifle sights are aligned, normally the target center of
mass.

20. KDR – known distance range.

II. THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP

1. Established a Steady Position – the first marksmanship fundamental which refers to the
establishment of a position that allows the weapon to be held still while it is being fired.
 Steady Position Elements:

a. Non – firing handgrip – The rifle handguard rest on the heel of the hand in the form by the
thumb and fingers. Grip is light and slight rearward pressure exerted.

b. Rifle-butt position – the butt of the stock is place in the pocket of the firing shoulder this
reduced the effect of recoil and helps ensure a steady position.

c. Firing Hand Grip – the firing hand grasps the pistol grip so that it fits the V formed by the
thumb and forefinger is placed on the trigger so that the lay opf the rifle is not disturbed
when the trigger is squeezed.

d. Firing Elbow Placement – the location of the firing elbow is important in providing
balance.

e. Non-Firing Elbow – position firmly under the rifle to allow for comfortable and stable
position.

f. Stock Weld – should provide for a natural line of sights trough the center of the rear sight
aperture to the front sight post and to the target, firer’s neck should be relaxed check fall
into the stock.

2. Aiming – 2nd marksmanship fundamental refers to the precise alignment of the rifle sights with the
target.

Things to remember in aiming:

a. Correct sight alignment – placing the center tip of the front sight post in the center of the
rear sight aperture.

b. Correct sight picture – has the target, front sight post, and rear sight aligned. The sight
picture include two basic elements: Sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.

3. Breath Control – the third marksmanship fundamental refers to the control of breathing to help
keep the rifle steady.

Two (2) types of breath control techniques:

a. The first is the technique used during zeroing and when time is available to fire a shot.
Breathing should stop after most of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing
cycle. The shot must be fired before the firer feels any discomfort.

b. The second is employed during rapid fire (shorts exposure targets) Using this techniques the
soldier hold his breath when he is about to squeeze the trigger, therefore the firer must
deted, acquire and engage the target before the exposure ends.

4. Trigger Squeeze – the fourth marksmanship fundamentals, squeezing the trigger so that the
movement of firing is a surprise, the lay of the weapon is not disturbed and a large target hit can be
expected.

Guidelines for Proper Trigger Squeeze:

The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand is placed on the trigger between the
first joint and the tip of the finger (not the extreme) and is adjusted depending on hand size and grip. Squeeze
should start with a slight pressure straight to the rear avoiding the left or right twisting movement while
observing the slack. Then apply the remaining pressure continuously and the rifle is fired without disturbing its
lay.
III. DIFFERENT FIRING POSITION:

1. Two Basic Firing Position:

a. Prone Supported Position – most stable, provides the most stable platform for engaging targets,
utilize available support.

b. Prone Unsupported – offers another stable firing platform for engaging target firers spread his feet
a comfortable distance apart and drop to this knees. Using the butt of the rifle as pivot, the firer rolls
into his non firing side, placing the non firing elbow close to the magazine and keep heels close to
the ground, relaxed.

2. Advanced Position:

To adapt to the combat situation:

a. Alternate Position – alternative to both supported and unsupported position, allowing the
firer to cool his firing leg, relaxes the stomach.

b. Kneeling Supported Position – take advantage of available cover that can support the
body, provide firing accuracy.

c. Kneeling Unsupported Position – assumed quickly can provide also a stability without
support.

d. Standing Position – provides least stability and experience a greater wobble area.

3. Modified Firing Position – highly experience firers. Take advantage of available cover, and use
anything that helps to steady the rifle to allow him to hit more combat targets.

Mil opn in urban terrain (MOUT) Firing Position without the same principles of rifle
marksmanship apply the selection and use of firing positions during mout requires some special
consideration.

Examples:

a. Firing Over Rooftops – requirement for long range observation only the parts of his body
necessary to engage target.

b. Firing Around Obstacle – firing from around corner require the soldier to avoid exposing
himself to enemy fire by firing from opposite shoulder.

c. Firing from windows – highlight the need to stay in the shadows while firing from the
windows. And the requirement for cover and rifle support.

IV. DRY FIRE:

A technique used to stimulate the firing of live round with an empty weapon. Any application of the
four (4) fundamentals of marksmanship without live ammunition may be referred to as dry fire.

Two examples of dry fire:

1. Target Box Exercise – rifle-holding device checks consistency of aiming placement of three round
shot groups in a dry fire environment. The target man triangulates the three shots and labels at shot
group number one. .1cm circle is the standard requirement and may be compared to obtained a 4-cm
shot group on 25 meter live fire zero range.

2. Dime Exercise – dry fire techniques used to teach or evalute the skill of trigger squeeze and is
effective when conducted from an unsupported position.
V. PEER COACHING:

1. Benefits – can enhance learning from both of them

2. Duties –

a. Peer coach assist the firer obtaining a good position and in adjusting bags or any available
support.

b. Watches the firer – not the target to see that firer maintains a proper relax steady position, he
holds his breath before the final trigger squeeze he applies initial flinchwes eye blink, or other
reaction can be observe in anticipating the rifle firing. If the firer is tense and nervous, the coach
has the firer breath deeply serveral times and relax.

VI. GROUPING – alive fire exercise with the objective of shooting tight shot groups. Each shot is fired
using exactly the same aiming point (target center of mass). The objective is to fire tight shots group in a
consistent location. (4cm or smaller) ion diameter. Firing conducted from a prone supported position. If
27 rounds is available for grouping 18 rounds can be fired from supported 9 rds from unsupported
portion. When the soldier can consistently place three rounds with 4cm or less circle at 25 meters
regardless of group location, he is ready to zero his rifle M16A1.

Steps in Marking a Shot Group:

1. Locate the bullet holes.

2. Connect three bullet holes on the target with a straight line.

3. Number the shot group.

4. Marks the approximate center of the shot group with an “x”.

Purpose of Marking an “x” – represent the center of the thre (3) shots “x” is placed closer to the two
near shots. This is not precise marking that requires measurement but it is a procedure to help in shot
group analysis. The three (3) shot group confirm the variation inherent in the rifle, ammunition and
firer.

Locating Center of Shot Groups – the central point of all nine (9) bullets fired can be found treating
the “x” as a single bullet.

VII. RIFLE SIGHTS AND SIGHTS ADJUSTMENTS

The sights are adjustable for both elevation and windage.

1. Windage Adjustment – are made on the rear sight and elevation adjustment on the front sight.

a. Rear Sight – consists of two (2) aperture and a windage drum with a spring loaded detent. The
aperture mark L is used for ranges beyond 300 meters, and the unmarked or short range aperture
is used for ranges up to 300 meters.

b. Front Sight = consist of a round rotating sight post with a five position spring loaded detent.

2. Sight Changes – to make changes the firer first locates the center of his three rounds shor group
and then determines the distance between it and the desired location. An error in elevation is
measured vertically. While a windage error is measured horizontally.

a. Elevation Adjustment – to raise the strike of the bullet, rotates the front sight post the desired
number of clicks clockwise (in the direction of the arrow mark up) this, the strike of the bullet is
raised, but the front sight post is lowered, Reverse the direction of rotation to move the strike of
the bullet down.

b. Windage Adjustment – to move the strike of the bullet to the right, the windage drum is
rotated the desired number of clicks (in the direction of the arrow marked R) reverse the
direction of the rotation to move the strike of the bullet to the left
VIII. ZEROING

Adjusting rifle sights so bullets hits the aiming point at a given range.

Conduct of Zeroing on a 25-meter Range:

1. The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at actual range. Because facilities normally do
not exist for zeroing at 250 meters, most zeroing is conducted at 25 meters by pushing the
rear sight forward so the LRS is expose. Using the L-sight firer consistently aims target
center of mass then fires three separate three-round shot groups and numbers them. Based
on the location of these groups, the firer would make the sight adjustments. After the sight
changes are made, three more three-round shot groups are fired. Using the same procedure
to confirm the zero. The shor groups must be centered with the zero circle.

2. Mechanical Zero/Initial Sight Setting – to mechanically zero the weapon, the firer adjusts
the front sight post up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush with the wall.
Then adjust the front sight post 11 clicks in the direction of up or clockwise. This moves the
post down into the wall eleven (11) clicks. The soldier turns the rear sight windage he turns
the windage drum back (right) 17 clicks, so the rear sight is approximately centered.

3. Recording of Zero, M16A1

a. Front Sight – elevation zero. Since the center of the shot groups was determined to be
two squares high. The setting of 11, this would be (2) clicks down. With the initial
setting of 11, this would be 11 minus 2, or 9 and should be recorded as 9 up.

b. Rear Sight – windage zero. Since the center of the shot groups was determined to be
seven squares to the right, the correction would be 7clicks left. This would be 17 minus or 7
or 10 and should be recorded as R10.
 STUDENT HANDOUT

PEACE PROCESS
________________________________________________________________________

PEACE

a. Peace - to attain and endure, under the rule of law and in accordance with
the constitution, as the primary objective of the government and the basic
foundation for sustainable economic and human development and national
prosperity.

PERCEPTIONS OF PEACE

1) Merriam-Webster
a. freedom from civil disturbance
b. State of security or order within a community.
c. Harmony in personal relations.

2) Johan Galtung
a. the father of peace; principal founder of discipline of peace.
b. “Peace is the absence of physical and structural violence.:

3) Albert Einstein
a. “Peace is not merely the absence of war but the presence of
justice, of law, of order - in short, of government.”

4) Martin Luther King Jr

a. “Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by
understanding.”

5) Mohammad and Dehghan, 2013

a. Peace is a state obtained through perceptions that result in
making peace with God, the physical universe, with one’s self,
and with the others.

6) UNESCO
 a. “Peace is more than the absence of warm, it is living together
with our differences -- of sex, race, language, religion or culture
-- while furthering universal respect for justice and human rights
on which such coexistence depends.”

7) AFP
a. Peace is a priceless gift to mankind which connotes freedom
from any hostilities such as political, social, and economic ills.It
is the tranquility, orderliness and harmony among people based
on justice.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION THAT SUPPORTS PEACE BUILDING

1) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

a) Some of their notable works:
I. Preservation of 1,073 world heritage sites in countries.
II. Coordinates tsunami early warning systems across the globe.
III. Stood up for freedom of expression and condemnation of
journalist killings.

2) World Peace Council (WPC)

a) Some of their notable works:
I. Stood up during the Coup d’ etat in 2002 in Venezuela and
insisted that the U.S. government and other imperialists stop
their attempts to overthrow the government.
II. For Peace! No to war, to sanctions and embargoes!
Campaign (2021)

3) For more global campaigns of Peace Education, visit https://www.peace-ed-campaign.org/

DOMESTIC ORGANIZATIONS THAT SUPPORTS PEACE BUILDING

1) Kapamagogopa Incorporated (KI)

2) Mindanao Peacebuilding Institute
3) Cordillera Youth Centre
4) Catholic Relief Services (CRS)
5) Adat-Betad Inc.
6) Mindanao Peaceweavers
THE PHILIPPINE PEACE PROCESS

1) Executive Order 125 s,1993

a. was signed on 15th September 1993 by former president Fidel V.
Ramos.
b. Recommended by the National Unification Commission (NUC).

2) Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace Process (OPAPP)

a. was established pursuant to Executive Order 125 s,1993.
b. Aims to attain just, comprehensive and lasting peace under the
Rule of Law and in accordance with the Constitution by setting an
approach and administrative structure.

a) 6 Paths to Peace - the comprehensive processes in achieving

peace.

I. Pursuit of Social, Economic, and Political Reforms -

involves implementation of various policies, reforms,
programs, and projects that addresses root causes of
internal armed conflicts and social unrest.

II. Consensus-Building and Empowerment for Peace -

includes national and local continuing consultations for
peace agenda and processes, mobilization and
facilitation of people’s participation.

III. Peaceful Negotiated Settlement with Different Rebel

Groups - involves face-to-face negotiations to reach
peaceful settlements with rebel groups and effective
implementation of peace agreements.

IV. Programs for Reconciliation, Reintegration into

Mainstream Society and Rehabilitation - involves
programs that address legal status and security of former
rebels, community-based assistance programs to
address economic, social, and psychological
rehabilitation needs of the former rebels, demobilized
combatants, and civilian victims of internal armed
conflicts.

V. Addressing Concerns Arising from the Continuing

Armed Hostilities - involves the strict implementations of
 laws and policy guidelines of programs to protect
non-combatants and reduce armed conflict on
communities.

VI. Building and Nurturing a Climate Conducive to Peace

- includes peace advocacy and peace education
programs, and the implementation of confidence-building
measures.

b) Focuses on 3 different aspects:

I. Political Aspect
a. (Executive Order No.371, s.1996) focuses on the
proclamation of a (SZOPAD), (SPCPD) and (CA) that will
promote and develop peace efforts.
b. Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro.

II. Military Aspect

a. (Administrative Order No.295, s.1996) Peace agreement
for the integration of Moro National Liberation Front
(MNLF) into Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

III. Socio-Economic Aspect

a. Executive Order No. 445, s.1997) implementation of social
fund for the established SZOPAD, SPCPD and CA
pursuant to the Peace Agreement with MNLF.

3) Political Groups

a) Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army/National

Democratic Front (CPP/NPA/NDF or CNN) - peace negotiations have
been conducted for over 30 years yet in 2016, Government of the
Philippines (GPH)-CNN negotiations returned to an impasse for the
GPH has settled that NDF demands prevented progress in achieving
peace.

Some events regarding peace process:

1) 2016 - UP will provide technical support to OPAPP in
peace talks with NDF.
2) 2016 - NDF consultants were released by the GPH.
b) MORO Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) - As a result of distinct
history, way of colonial regime, and economic policies,
Muslim-dominated provinces in Mindanao are among the poorest with
below average per capita income and human development. They feel
they are discriminated against and marginalized. Their built-up
resentment was mobilized in the form of armed movements against
GPH.

Some events regarding peace process:

1) 2001 Tripoli Peace Agreement
2) 2010 Declaration of Continuity for the Peace
Negotiations between GPH-MILF.
3) 2015 Transitional Justice and Reconciliation
Commission (TJRC) submitted a report of a consultation
process that promotes healing and reconciliation.

c) MORO National Liberation Front (MNLF) -

Some events regarding peace process:

1) 1996 - signed Final Peace Agreement.
2) 2010 - signed Memorandum of Understanding to
complete work of the Legal Panel on contentious issues,
set up a fund mechanism and pursue economic
development.
3) 2016 - Misuari met with President Duterte in
Malacañang to discuss the peace process.

d) Cordillera People’s Liberation Army (CPLA) -

Some events regarding peace process:

1) 1986 - signed ceasefire agreement named Mt. Data
Peace Accord or Sipat.
2) 2010 - concluded the ceasefire agreement for it did not
stop CPLA from being an armed group.
3) 2011 - signed The Closure Agreement Towards CPLA’s
Disposition of Arms and Forces and its Transformation
into a Potent Socio-Economic Unarmed Force.

e) Philippine Government and the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng

Manggagawa ng Pilipinas/Revolutionary Proletarian Army/Alex
Boncayao Brigade (RPM-P/RPA/ABB) -
Some events regarding peace process:
1) 2000 - Peace Agreement between GPH and
RPM-P-RPA/ABB was drafted.
2) 2002 - Clarificatory Document was signed. Joint
Enforcement and Monitoring Committee (JEMC) was
formed to monitor GPH and RPM-P-RPA/ABB
commitments to the Agreement.
3) 2010 - the 2 parties which RPM-P-RPA/ABB was
divided into 2 over control issues, expressed interest in
completing the 2000 Peace Agreement. Only 1 of the 2
finalized the Closure Agreement with GPH.

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