Geometry Notes

The following notes serves as a good base and consists of the

theoretical aspects of these rules/theorems that you learned.
It is not enough to simply study this document. You will need to be
able to apply these rules in a practical manner during a
test and exam. You will need to practice a lot of questions in order
to become confident with these concepts.

Converting between lengths

Circles

Circumference (Perimeter): 2𝜋𝑟

Area: 𝜋𝑟 2
REMEMBER:
22
𝜋= 7
Diameter (𝑑) = 2 × 𝑟
 Lines
Two lines intersecting.
Secants ∴ AD intersects BC.

One line intersects another

exactly in the middle.
Bisector ∴ PO = OQ.

A line is perpendicular to
another line if it forms a 90°
Perpendicular lines angle with the other line.
∴ RS ⊥ MN.
Two or more lines that are
always the same distance apart
and will never cross each other.
∴ AB // CD.
To prove lines are parallel, one of
the following has to apply:
Parallel lines: A pair of corresponding angles
must be equal or
A pair of alternate angles must
be equal or
A pair of co-interior angles must
be equal to 180°.
The corresponding angles
between parallel lines are equal.
*Note: search for the F
1. Corresponding angles
𝑥=𝑦
(Corresp. < 𝑠 ; AB//CD)
The co-interior angles between
parallel lines are supplementary;
meaning they add up to 180°.
2. Co-Interior angles *Note: search for the U

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 180°
(Co-int. < 𝑠 ; AB//CD)
The alternating angles between
parallel lines are equal.
*Note: search for the Z
3. Alternating angles
𝑥=𝑦
(Alt. < 𝑠 ; AB//CD)
 Angles
Less than 90°

Acute

Equal to 90°

Right

Between 90° and 180°

Obtuse

Equal to 180°
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 180°
Straight line angle (< 𝑠 on a str. line)

Between 180° and 360°

Reflex

Equal to 360°
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 360°
Revolution (< 𝑠 around a point)

Two angles with a common

vertex and a common arm, and
Adjacent angles the two angles lie on either side
of the common arm.

If two lines intersect each other,

the c vertically opposite angles
Vertically opposite are equal in size.
angles ∴ 𝑎̂ = 𝑏̂ ; 𝑐̂ = 𝑑̂
(vert. opp. < 𝑠 equal)

Supplementary Add up to 180°

Complementary Add up to 90°
 Quadrilaterals
All the sides are equal in length. The
opposite sides are parallel.
Square All the angles are 90°.
The diagonals bisect
Perimeter: 4𝐿 perpendicularly and bisect the
Area: 𝐿2 angles.
The diagonals are equal in length.
Opposite sides are parallel and
Rectangle equal in length.
All the angles are 90°.
Perimeter: 2(𝐿 + 𝐵) Diagonals bisect one another.
Area: 𝐿 × 𝐵 The diagonals are equal in length.
Opposite sides are parallel and
Parallelogram equal in length.
Opposite angles are equal.
Perimeter: 2(𝐵 + 𝑆) Diagonals bisect one another.
Area: 𝐵 ×⊥ ℎ
All the sides are equal in length.
Rhombus The opposite sides are parallel.
Opposite angles are equal.
Perimeter: 4𝑠 The diagonals bisect
1
Area: 2 𝐴𝐶 × 𝐵𝐷 perpendicularly and bisect the
angles.
Pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
Kite One pair of opposite angles is equal.
The diagonals are perpendicular to
Perimeter: 2(𝑎 + 𝑏) one another and the longest
1
Area: 2 𝑆𝑄 × 𝑃𝑅 diagonal bisects the shorter
diagonal.
Trapezium Only one pair of opposite sides is
parallel.
Perimeter: 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 +
𝐶𝐷 + 𝐷𝐴
1
Area: 2 ℎ × (𝐴𝐵 +
𝐶𝐷)
The sum of the interior angles of a
quadrilateral add up to 360°
Interior angles of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 360°
a quadrilateral (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 ∠s in quad)
 Triangles
One angle is equal to 90°

Right angled triangle

All the angles are acute

angles.
Acute angled triangle

One of the angles is an

Obtuse angled triangle obtuse angle.

Two sides are equal in length.

In an isosceles triangle, the
Isosceles triangle two angles opposite the equal
sides are equal.
(∠s 𝑜𝑝𝑝. 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠)
All three sides are equal in
length.
Equilateral triangle In an equilateral triangle, all
the angles are equal to 60°.

All three sides have different

lengths.
Scalene triangle

The square on the hypotenuse

is equal to the sum of the
Theorem of Pythagoras squares of the other two
sides.
∴ 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
The sum of the interior angles
of a triangle is always equal to
Interior angles of a 180°
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 180°
triangle (∠ sum in ∆) or
(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 ∠s in ∆) or
(𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∠s of ∆)
The exterior angle of a
triangle is equal to the
Exterior angles of a sum of the two
triangle opposite interior angles
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
(𝐸𝑥𝑡. ∠s of ∆)
Perimeter: 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠
1
Area: 2 𝑏 × ℎ
 Congruency ≡
Case of What is given or What else can be Picture example
congruency can be deduced? assumed?
SSS Three pairs of The three pairs of
corresponding sides corresponding angles
are equal are equal
AB = DE 𝐴̂ = 𝐷̂
BC = EF ̂
𝐵=𝐸 ̂
AC = DF 𝐶̂ = 𝐹̂
SAA Two pairs of The other two pairs of
corresponding corresponding sides
angles and one pair and one pair of
of corresponding corresponding angles
sides are equal are equal
AB = DE BC = EF
𝐴̂ = 𝐷̂ AC = DF
𝐵̂ = 𝐸̂ 𝐶̂ = 𝐹̂
SAS Two pairs of The other two pairs of
corresponding sides corresponding angles
and the pair of and the other pair of
corresponding corresponding sides
included angles are are equal
equal 𝐵̂ = 𝐸̂
AC = DF 𝐶̂ = 𝐹̂
AB = DE BC = EF
𝐴̂ = 𝐷̂
RHS One pair of The other two pairs of
corresponding corresponding angles
angles are right and the other pair of
angles; the pair of corresponding sides
corresponding are equal
hypotenuses are AB = DE
equal; one pair of 𝐵̂ = 𝐸̂
corresponding sides 𝐶̂ = 𝐹̂
are equal
𝐴̂ = 𝐷̂ = 90°
BC = EF
AC = DF
 Similarity ///
Case of What is given or can be deduced? Picture example
congruency
AAA Two triangles are similar if all
corresponding angles are equal
𝐴̂ = 𝐷̂
𝐵̂ = 𝐸̂
𝐶̂ = 𝐹̂

SSS Two triangles are similar if their

corresponding sides are in the same
proportion.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
= =
𝐷𝐸 𝐸𝐹 𝐷𝐹

3D- Shapes
Prism Surface area Volume Picture
Rectangular prism 2(𝑙 × 𝑤) + 2(𝑙 × ℎ) + 2(ℎ × 𝑤) 𝑙×ℎ×𝑤

Cube 6𝑎2 𝑎3

Triangular prism (𝑏 × ℎ) + 𝑙(2𝑠 + 𝑏) 1

𝑏ℎ𝑙
2

Cylinder 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ