Internet of Things

“IoT”
COURSE
OUTLINE
✔INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
✔Hardware components in IoT
✔Connectivity and networks in IoT
✔Technical Aspects of IoT
✔Analytics and Applications
✔ IoT cloud platforms of choice
 Course Prerequisite
Basics of Programming in C,C++, Python
Basics of Electronics Principals
Basics of Embedded Systems Programming
1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

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 What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network
of physical objects or "things" embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.

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 What is a thing in IoT?
A “Thing” in the context of the Internet of things (IoT), is an
entity or physical object that has a Unique identifier, an
embedded system and the ability to transfer data over a
network.
A thing in the internet of things can be:
 a person with a heart monitor implant,
 a farm animal with a biochip transponder,
 an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire
pressure is low,
 or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an IP
address and provided with the ability to transfer data over a network.
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 Capabilities of IoT
Internet of Things(IoT) is not the result of a single novel technology;
instead, several complementary technical developments provide
capabilities that taken together help to bridge the gap between the
virtual and physical world.
These capabilities include:
 Communication and cooperation
 Addressability
 Identification
 Sensing
 Actuation
 Embedded information processing
 Localization
 User interfaces
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 How IoT Works?
The Internet of Things (IoT), also sometimes referred to as the Internet of
Everything (IoE), consists of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send
and act on data they acquire from their surrounding environments using
embedded sensors, processors and communication hardware. These devices,
often called "connected" or "smart" devices, can sometimes talk to other
related devices, a process called machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication, and act on the information they get from one another.
Humans can interact with the gadgets to set them up, give them instructions
or access the data, but the devices do most of the work on their own without
human intervention. Their existence has been made possible by all the tiny
mobile components that are available these days, as well as the always- online
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 IoT Architecture

IoT Layers are organized into 3 Layer Model and 5 layer model

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 IoT Architecture
Three-layered model

It is a very basic architecture and fulfills the basic idea of IoT.

It was proposed in the early stages of development of IoT.
It has three layers. The names of these three layers are perception,
network and application layer as shown in Figure

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3 Layer Model Layer

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 1. Perception Layer

It is also known as a sensor layer. It works like

people’s eyes, ears and nose. It has the
responsibility to identify things and
collect the information from them. There
are many types of sensors attached to objects
to collect information such as RFID, 2-D
barcode and sensors. The sensors are chosen
according to the requirement of applications.
The information that is collected by these
sensors can be about location, changes in
the air, environment, motion, vibration,
etc 19
 2. Network Layer

Network layer is also known as transmission

layer. It acts like a bridge between perception
layer and application layer. It carries and
transmits the information collected from the
physical objects through sensors. The medium
for the transmission can be wireless or wire
based. It also takes the responsibility for
connecting the smart things, network devices
and networks to each other

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 3. Application Layer

Application layer defines all applications that

use the IoT technology or in which IoT has
deployed. The applications of IoT can be smart
homes, smart cities, smart health, animal
tracking, etc. It has the responsibility to provide
the services to the applications. The services
may be varying for each application because
services depend on the information that is
collected by sensors.

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FIVE LAYERED MODEL

● Researchers proposed five-layer architecture to make the IoT secure .

● It has three layers like previous architectures whose names are perception layer,
transport layer and application layer.
● It also has two more layers.

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 FIVE LAYERED MODEL
● The names of these newly proposed layers are processing layer and
business layer.
● It is considered that the newly proposed architecture has the
ability to fulfill requirements of IoT.
● It also has the ability to make the applications of IoT secure.

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 Processing Layer

● The processing layer is also known as a middleware

layer.
● It collects the information that is sent from a transport
layer.
● It performs processing onto the collected information.
● It has the responsibility to eliminate extra information
that has no meaning and extracts the useful
information.

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 Business Layer
● The business layer refers to an intended
behavior of an application and acts like a
manager of a whole system.
● It has responsibilities to manage and control
applications, business and profits models of IoT.
● The user’s privacy is also managed by this layer.
● It also has the ability to determine how
information can be created, stored and changed

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FIVE LAYERED MODEL (CONTINUED)
Business Layer

–As the IoT system becomes complex, management will become important
aspect to consider
– All the four layers focus on responsibilities to meet the functional requirements
• Perception layer – data input
• Processing layer – does the processing
• Application layer – information output as specific service
• Transport layer– connecting and three layers to relay data between the layers

–The management on the other hands handles nonfunctional requirements

aspect so as to assure the proper delivery of the functional requirements

–Therefore the business layer is responsible managing applications, remotely

devices (e.g., does the device function properly), business and process models,
and privacy and security

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The additional layers, while creating fat-client or
servers at the edge of networks, they also leads
to Fog Computing model

– monitoring and pre-processing are done at

gateway level on the edge of the network before
the data is sent to the cloud

•These layers comes between the transport

and the perception (physical) layers

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 Applications of IoT

"The Ultimate Goal of IOT is to Automate Human Life." 2

 Few Applications of IoT
✔ Building and Home automation
✔ Manufacturing
✔ Medical and Healthcare systems
✔ Environmental monitoring
✔ Infrastructure management
✔ Energy management
✔ Transportation
✔ Better quality of life for elderly

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 Sensors in even the holy cow!

In the world of IoT, even the cows will be connected and monitored. Sensors are
implanted in the ears of cattle. This allows farmers to monitor cows’ health and track
their movements, ensuring a healthier, more plentiful supply of milk. On average, each
cow generates about 200 MB of information per year .

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Current Status & Future Prospect of IoT

“Change is the only thing permanent in this world”

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 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF IoT

At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such as:

▪Scalability
▪Technological Standardization
▪Interoperability
▪Data volumes and interpretation
Reference:
https://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/march-2017/three-major-challenges-facing-iot.html/

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 Summary
The following topics have been covered

▪We defined IoT in depth

▪ We have seen How IoT Work
▪ Major Components of IoT
▪ IoT Architecture
▪ Applications of IoT
▪ Current Status and Future Prospects of IoT
▪ Technology Challenge of IoT

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 Assignment 1
You have been hearing and reading about the new technology of
Internet of Things and you become very interested and now you have
been admitted to follow the Software engineering in UNILAK Nyanza
Campus, in the form of the Thesis, with the knowledge you have in IoT
and referencing to the different available resources, discuss how the IoT
become real and applied in the different domains of human activities.
Minimum: three pages
Submission deadline: Monday 15th ,2023