DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MODULE 1: MEASURING & INVESTIGATING DEVELOPMENT

 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (b) Give three reasons why political aspects of development are difficult to
measure.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development - Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are intangible or
immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor touched.
PAPER 1
- The reason political aspects of development are difficult to measure is that most
1 (a) What is development? countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human rights
violations.
- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better fed, richer
and take part in decision making. - In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their rights.

- Development is when societies change for the better. - Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs, for
example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.
(b) Describe three economic characteristics of developing countries.
3(a) What is meant by social aspect of development?
- The economic characteristic of developing is that of low income levels.
- The developing countries have high unemployment rate. - Social development is when people’s basic needs are more fully met;
- The developing countries have low energy consumption due to having few improvement of people’s living standards, for example, birth rate, infant mortality
industries. rate (IMR), life expectancy, access to clean water
- They export raw materials and import finished goods.
- The developing countries have high percentage of population depending on (b) State three reasons for the differences in the development levels of countries.
agriculture since majority of people practice subsistence farming.
- The economic characteristic of developing countries is that of low GNP - The reasons for difference in development levels of countries is that developing
- The developing countries have low GNP per capita countries export raw materials due to lack of advanced technology while developed
- The developing countries have low GDP countries import raw materials because they have complex technology and export
- The developing countries have low GDP per capita because of having few finished goods
industries
- The differences in development levels is caused by huge debts of developing
2 (a) What is meant by political development? countries from developed countries.

- Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and people are - The reasons for differences in development levels of countries is caused by
free to participate in decision making; respect for human rights or safety and political instability in developing countries such as civil wars and peace in
security, for example, democracy, equality, justice. developed countries.

- Political development is when people’s participation in making decisions about - The high skilled manpower in developed countries and shortage of skilled
their lives increases. manpower in developing countries lead to differences of development in countries.

- Political development is when people take control of their lives. - The developed countries policies directed to high infrastructural development
while developing countries policies directed to poverty and diseases.
- Political development is when people enjoy human rights.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
4 (a) What is meant by life expectancy at birth?

- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live.

(b) Describe three ways by which developing countries can improve their life
expectancy.

- The life expectancy is rising in the world because of cleaner water supplies to prevent
waterborne diseases such as cholera.

- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to improve
hygiene.

- The world life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby there is
enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.

- The life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary health care
to citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving assistance to the sick,
for example, provision of clean water, health education and immunisation programme.

- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide citizens (a) (i) What is the infant mortality rate for Mozambique?
with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given supplementary
feeding such as Tsabana. - 77 deaths per 1000 live birth

5 (a) What is meant by calorie intake? (ii) Which country has the
- Calorie intake is the amount of energy contained in the food eaten
Lowest infant mortality rate:
- Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten
- France
(b) State three reasons why there is high average calorie intake in developed
countries. Highest infant mortality rate:
- The reason for high average calorie intake in developed countries is caused by high - Niger
employment rates.
- The high average calorie intake in developed countries is caused by high food due (b) Describe the relationship between infant mortality rate and the people’s
to use of improved technology
level of income.
- The reason for high calorie intake in developed countries is caused by availability
of wide variety of food[ to choose from]
- The relationship between infant mortality rate and the people’s level of
- Calorie intake is high in developed countries because of high level of
income is that the high infant mortality rate the low people’s level of
education/more knowledge on nutrition
income.
- The developed countries have high calorie intake due to better social welfare
services, for example, people are provided with supplementary feeding
- The low infant mortality rate the high people’s level of income.
- The high calorie intake in developed countries is caused by low dependency ratio

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 (c) State three reasons why developing countries have high infant mortality MATER SPEI COLLEGE
rates.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The reason for high infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by having
few trained doctors and nurses. Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
- There is poor nutrition in developing countries which causes high infant mortality rate. PAPER 1
For example leading to health conditions such as kwashiorkor.
1 (a) What is infant mortality rate?
- In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy which may lead to
delivery complications. - Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday per thousand
per year in a country.
- The infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS because some
of the babies are born with the virus. - Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first birthday in
a country.
- The high infant mortality rate (IMR) is caused by poor sanitation or unhygienic
conditions. (b) Describe three reasons why developing countries have a high infant mortality
rate.
- The reason for high infant mortality rate (IMR) is poor care of babies due to parental - The reason developing countries have high infant mortality rate is due to high doctor
negligence patient ratio which makes it difficult to have access to health care.
(d) Suggest ways by which developing countries can reduce infant mortality - The high infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by inadequate access
rate. to health care because there are few trained doctors and nurses.

- The ways by which developing countries can reduce infant mortality rate is through - There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health conditions as
widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country, for example, kwashiorkor which may cause high infant mortality rate.
measles and polio
- The infant mortality rate is reduced through provision of clean safe water to all - In developing countries high infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy
people. which may lead to delivery complications.
- The provision of nutritious food or balanced diets in clinics helps to reduce infant
mortality rate, for example, Tsabana and beans. - The high infant mortality rate in developing is caused by pandemic diseases such
HIV/AIDS because some of the babies are born with the virus from their mothers who
- The construction of more health facilities helps to reduce infant mortality rate in are positive.
developing, for example, clinics and hospitals.
- The high infant mortality rate (IMR) in developing countries is caused by poor
- The infant mortality rate is reduced in developing countries through sanitation or unhygienic conditions
implementation of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)
programme to protect unborn babies from getting HIV/AIDS from their positive - The reason for high infant mortality rate (IMR) in developing countries is poor care
mothers. caused by parent negligence.
- The training and employing more health personnel helps reduce infant mortality
rate in developing countries by providing health care, for example, doctors and
nurses.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
2 (a) What is life expectancy? 4.(a) Define literacy rate.
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live - Literacy rate is the average number of people who are able to read and
(c) Give three reasons why world life expectancy is rising. write in a country.
- Literacy rate is the percentage of the population who are able to read
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies to prevent and write in a country
waterborne diseases such as cholera.
(b) Give three importance of literacy to development?
- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to improve
hygiene or live in a clean environment. - The importance of literacy rate is that when people are able to read and write they
are able to learn or acquire new skills easily.
- World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby there is
enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses. - The people can better participate in decision making and national campaigns, for
example, elections, immunisation programmes.
- Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary health care to
citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving assistance to the sick, for - The people can read and understand environmental issues or conservation better.
example, provision of clean water, health education and immunisation programme.
- The importance of literacy rate reduces dependency on those people who are
- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide citizens literate and promotes privacy, for example, reading own letters or mail
with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given supplementary
feeding such as Tsabana. - The literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to better hygiene
and lower infant mortality rate ( IMR)

3(a) What is calorie intake? - The importance of literacy rate is improved nutrition when the mother is literate
- Calorie intake is the value of the food eaten in a country. - The people can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. at the post
office, credit facilities forms and can even write application letters for jobs etc.
- Calorie intake is the amount of kilojoules from food consumed in a country
5.(a) Define adult literacy rate
(b) State three reasons for low calorie intake in developing countries.
- The reason for low calorie intake in developing countries is caused by high - Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people or number of people 18 years and
unemployment so people have less money to buy food. above who can read and write

- There is lack of purchasable food in some areas which causes low calorie intake in
developing countries. Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female literacy rate
(b) Suggest three reasons for the difference between male and female literacy rates
- The developing countries have low calorie intake because of drought and famine. - The reason for the difference between male and female literacy rate is caused by
teenage pregnancy.
- The low calorie intake is caused by high illiteracy rate in developing countries - The difference between male and female literacy rate is caused by cultural practices
which lead to inability to determine food quality. such as early marriages and polygamy.
- The reason for difference between male and female literacy rate is caused by the
belief that educating girls is waste of time as they have small brain.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 - The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of wars

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of
occupation/employment that exposes them to danger

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of traditional
roles that exposes them to danger

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of more men are
suicidal than women

(c) Describe three factors that influence the death rate of a country.

- The factor that influence the death rate of a country is lack of medical facilities
such as hospitals and clinics.

- The death rate of a country can be influenced by having few trained doctors and
nurses/ having high doctor patient ratio.
(a)(i) How many non-institutional deaths in total were recorded in 2007?

- 325 deaths - The factor that influence death rate of a country is poor nutrition due to high
unemployment rate.
(ii) In which year was the number of male non-institutional deaths lower than that
of females? (d)Suggest three measures by which developing countries attempt to reduce high
death rate.
- 2006
- The measure by which developing countries attempt to reduce high death rate is
(b) Suggest two reasons why male deaths are generally higher than female deaths. training of many medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.

- The reason why male deaths are generally higher than female deaths is that - The developing countries can reduce high death rate by building more hospitals
majority of males do not go to hospital and clinics when sick. and clinics to improve provision of health care.

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of car accidents -
because majority of them own cars. - The measure by which developing countries attempt to reduce high death rate
through provision of supplementary feeding to improve nutrition.

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of alcohol and - The developing countries can reduce high death rate through immunisation
drug abuse that affect their health leading to death. programme to prevent spread of diseases such as Covid-19 and polio.

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of macho
mentality that exposes them to risks/ Lifestyle/fast life/drinking/smoking/fewer - The developing countries can reduce high death rate through provision of clean
men seek medical assistance water to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (b) State three reasons why doctor-patient ratio is worse in developing countries
than in developed countries.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The reason why doctor-patient ratio is worse in developing countries than in
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development developed countries is caused by high population growth rate or high birth rate or
high population
PAPER 1
- The doctor-patient ratio is worse in developing countries because of outbreak of
1(a) Define the term school enrolment. diseases or high rate of communicable diseases.
- School enrolment is the number of students or pupils admitted in an educational - The developing countries have worse doctor-patient ration than developed
facility countries because of having few health personnel/few doctors/brain drain/poor
health care
(b) Describe three causes of low school enrolment in developing countries.
- The doctor-patient ration is worse in developing countries than in developed
- The cause of low school enrolment in developing countries is teenage pregnancy. countries because of shortage of training health facilities.

- The low school enrolment in developing countries is caused by having few

educational facilities, for example, classrooms. - The doctor-patient ratio is worse in developing countries because of high incidents
- The developing countries have low school enrolment because of having few trained of wars/casualties
teachers.
- The shortage of health facilities/clinics/hospitals makes doctor-patient ratio worse
- The low school enrolment in developing countries is caused by cultural practices in developing countries than in developed countries.
such as polygamy and early marriages.

- The lack of money to pay school fees due to high unemployment lead to low school - The worse doctor-patient ratio in developing countries is caused by long period of
enrolment in developing countries. training
- The long distance to attend school in developing countries may lead to low school 3(a) What is meant by calorie intake?
enrolment in developing countries.
- Calorie intake is the value of the food eaten in a country.
2(a) What is meant by doctor-patient ratio?
- Calorie intake is the amount of kilojoules consumed in a country
- Doctor-patient ratio is the average number of sick people to be attended by
medical practitioner in a day.
(b) State three reasons why there is a high average calorie intake in developed
- Doctor-patient ratio is the number of hospital attendants to medical practitioner countries.
in a day.
- The reason for high average calorie intake in developed countries is caused by high
- Doctor-patient ratio is the proportion of medical practitioners to sick people in a employment rates.
day.
- The high average calorie intake in developed countries is caused by high food due
to use of improved technology

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 - The reason for high calorie intake in developed countries is caused by availability (b) Describe three ways in which developing countries can reduce infant mortality
of wide variety of food to choose from by people. rate.
- Calorie intake is high in developed countries because of high level of education - The way in which government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate
which helps people to have more knowledge on nutrition. is through widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country,
for example, measles and polio.
- The developed countries have high calorie intake due to better social welfare
services, for example, people are provided with supplementary feeding - The government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate through
provision of clean or safe water to all people.
- The high calorie intake in developed countries is caused by low dependency ratio.
- The provision of nutritious food or balanced diets in clinics helps to reduce infant
4(a) Define the term literacy rate. mortality rate in Botswana, for example, Tsabana and beans.

- Literacy rate is the average number of people who are able to read and - The government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate through
write in a country. construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and hospitals

(b) State three reasons for high literacy rate in developed countries. - The implementation of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)
programme for pregnant mothers helps to reduce infant mortality rate in Botswana.
- The reason for high literacy rate in developed countries is caused by having many
educational facilities, for example, schools and classrooms.

- The developed countries have high literacy rate because of high number of trained
teachers.

- The literacy rate is high in developed countries because parents are able to pay
school fees for their children due to high employment rate.

- The reason to high literacy rate in developed countries is caused by availability of

contraceptives which reduces teenage pregnancy.

5(a) Define infant mortality rate.

- Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday per thousand
per year in a country.

- Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first birthday in
a country.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 Section B (b) Describe two common causes of school dropouts in Botswana.

6 Fig. 1 shows Primary School enrolment for some countries in Africa - The common cause of school dropout in Botswana is teenage pregnancy.
(2007-2010).
Country Enrolment Rate (%) - The school dropout in Botswana is caused by performing domestic chores of
students
Male Female Total
Algeria 96 94 95 - The common cause of school dropout in Botswana is due to lack of money to pay
Botswana 86 88 87 school fees because of high unemployment and poverty.
Burkina Faso 68 60 64 (c) State three reasons why educating women is important for the economic
Cameroon 97 86 92 development of the country.
Egypt 97 94 95
The reason why educating women is important for economic development of the country is
Ethiopia 86 81 84 that they become more skilled in different jobs.
Ghana 76 77 76
The women will be able to get employed when educating them which reduce poverty.
Kenya 83 84 83
Lesotho 71 76 73 (d) Suggest three ways by which governments of African countries can increase school
Malawi 89 94 91 enrolment for girls.
Namibia 88 92 90 The way by which governments of African countries can increase school enrolment for girls
Nigeria 66 60 63 by offering free education to girls.
Rwanda 95 97 96
The governments of African countries can increase school enrolment for girls by building
Senegal 74 76 75 schools for girls.
South Africa 89 90 90
The African countries governments can increase number of girls enrolled in schools by
Tanzania 96 97 97 coming up with laws that forces parents to allow girls attend school.
Zambia 91 94 92
Source: www.childifo.org/education

Fig. 1

(a)(i) Which country has the lowest enrolment percentage for males?

- Nigeria

(ii) What is the total enrolment for Algeria?

- 95%

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE 2(a) Define Gross Domestic Product.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - Gross Domestic Product is the total value of goods and services that a
country produces in one year.
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development

PAPER 1 (b) Give three advantages of GNP per capita.

- GNP per capita is a standard measure, therefore, allows easy comparison between
1(a) What is development?
countries and years.
- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better fed, richer
- The data on GNP per capita is available from the World Bank.
and take part in decision making
- GNP per capita highlights international wealth differences.
- Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of life
improves, wealth is shared more fairly and more people take part in decision making.
- GNP per capita is better than raw GNP measurement, which ignores the size of the
population, or GDP, which does not include investments abroad.
- Development is when societies change for the better.
- GNP per capita helps to estimate productivity capacity of country’s economy.
(b) Describe three economic characteristics of developed countries.

- The economic characteristic of developed countries is high use of complex

3(a) Define Gross National Product.
technology to produce goods.
- Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services that a country
produces in one year including earnings from abroad or outside
- The developed countries have high infrastructural development such as transport
and telecommunication networks
(b) State three reasons why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development.
- The developed countries have high share of international trade/they dominate or
control international trade - The reason why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development is that few
people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc. leaving the majority
- The economic characteristic of developed countries is high income levels/high very poor, for example, it ignores the difference between the rich and the poor within
wages. the country.

- The developed countries have high energy consumption due to having many - GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only count
industries. goods and services marketed openly and recorded by government.

- The developed countries export finished goods and import raw materials. - The production or income statistics may be inaccurate or concealing of actual earnings
to avert tax.
- The developed countries have low percentage of population depending on - The business officials hiding information to avoid paying tax
agriculture
- The developed countries have high GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High - The population statistics may be inaccurate and/or out-dated
GDP per capita
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage
Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
- GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the economy (b) Give three reasons for high energy use in developed countries.
and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental consequences of wealth/ignores
happiness - The reason for high energy use in developed is due to the use of complex
technology.

4 (a) Define GNP per capita. - The high energy use in developed countries is caused by household appliances,
gadgets, devices, units and machines.
- Gross National Product per capita is the total value of goods and services that
a country produces in one year including earnings from abroad or outside divided - The developed countries have high energy use because of many
by the total population. vehicles/transportation, for example, cars, trains

(b) Give three reasons why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those - The high energy use in developed countries is caused by capital intensive
of the South. agriculture/farming/commercial farming

- The countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South because they - The reason for high energy use in developed countries is caused by infrastructure
have mass production due to many industries and the use of complex technology. development/institutions, for example, schools, hospitals

- The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South is
because they export a lot of quality (high value / expensive) goods and services. Section B
6. Fig. 1 shows GNP per head (US$) and life expectancy at birth for
- The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the South because selected countries. Use it answer questions a (i) and (ii).
they price the goods (commodities) themselves.

- The Countries of the North have favourable terms of trade than those of the South.

- The countries of the North have high GNP than countries of the South because most
multi-national companies (MNCs) originate from Countries of the North and operate
in other countries/profit repatriation is taking profit back to countries of their origin

- The reason for higher GNP in countries of the North than countries of the South is that
they earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world

5 (a) What is meant by energy use per capita?

- Energy use per capita is the average amount of power consumed by an individual
in a country each year

- Energy use per capita is the average amount of electricity, petrol, natural gas,
paraffin, coal, fuel and wood consumed by an individual in a country each year

Fig.1

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 (a)(i) Name the country with the highest life expectancy. (d)Suggest three ways in which developing countries can use the
dependency theory to develop.
- Japan
- The way in which developing countries can use the dependency theory to develop
(ii) What is the GNP per head for Mexico? is by breaking off all links with the developed countries /become self-reliant.

- 9000 U$ - The developing countries should stop borrowing money from outside/save/invest
within their countries.
(b) Give two reasons for low daily food intake for developing countries.
- The dependency theory can be used by developing countries to develop by
- The reason for low daily food intake in developing countries is due to high spending less on consumer goods.
unemployment leading to people having less money to buy food.
- The developing countries can use dependency theory to develop by using
- The low daily food intake in developing countries is caused by lack of purchasable appropriate technology
food in some areas
- The way in which developing countries can use dependency theory to develop is
- The developing countries have low daily food intake because of drought to make their own inventions or promote local inventions.

- The developing countries have daily food intake due to high illiteracy rate which - The dependency theory can be used by developing countries to develop by
makes people unable to determine food quality encouraging its people to exercise patience/work hard/shun Northern lifestyle

(c) Compare three economic characteristics of developed and developing

countries.

- The developed countries have low percentage of people in agriculture

due to the use of complex technology while developing countries have
high number of people in agriculture due to the use of simple technology.

- The developed countries produces finished goods while developing

countries produces raw materials.

- The developed countries have high employment rate while developing

countries have low employment rate.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE
N.B. Accept answers connoting wise use of resources provided it caters for future generations.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (Do not accept/mark ‘a theory …)
(b) Describe three ways of achieving sustainable development in a country.
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
- The way of achieving sustainable development in a country is through stock piling
PAPER 1 of minerals / preservation is keeping the minerals until the world prices improves
such as for diamonds and copper.
1 (a) Define the modernisation theory.
- Sustainable development can be achieved by coming up with legislation or laws to
- Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argue that for third world countries to protect wild animals, for example, seasonal hunting, quotas is number of wild
develop they must copy the path followed by (the industrialised countries) America animals a person allowed to hunt, hunting licenses, National Parks and Game
Reserves, and Anti-poaching laws
- Modernisation theory argues that all countries must work through five stages of
change in order to achieve high standards of living enjoyed by most people of the - Stabilising population growth can help to achieve sustainable development in a
North country, for example, planning for small families, birth control, practicing
population control, giving incentives to small families or penalize for large families
(b) Describe any three stages of the modernisation theory.
- Sustainable development can be achieved through conservation measures, for
example, tree planting, recycling, re-use, reduce, clean-up, limited use of
- Stage 1/The traditional society is where people practise barter system/subsistence resources, good farming methods, Wildlife Management Areas
farming/make simple crafts/experience low standard of living.
- The way of achieving sustainable development is through education on resource
- Stage 2/Preconditions for take-off is where new technology arises/farming is use
commercialised/specialisation increases/urbanisation starts to happen. - The use of synthetic products can help a country to achieve sustainable
development.
- Stage 3/Take off stage/the push is when people become rich and rapid - The way of achieving sustainable development is by finding alternative energy
urbanisation. sources, for example, the use of solar energy instead of coal to produce electricity
- Stage 4/The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing dominates
the economy/there are more exports than imports/wages increase/demand for
consumer goods increases. 3 (a) Define dependency theory.
- Dependency theory is a set of ideas that argue that the South was unable to copy
- Stage 5/The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is where service
and adopt the North’s path of industrialisation because the North exploited the
industries and consumer goods dominate the economy/wages are high for many
South’s resources to enhance their economy and kept the South poor
people/many people experience high living standards
- Dependency theory argues that the third world lack the ability to control major
2 (a) Define Sustainable Development. aspects of their economic life because of the dominance of the industrialised
- Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to countries in the world economy
meet its needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their
needs - Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became economically
reliant on the North and thus the North became industrialised at the expense of the
- Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to South who remained underdeveloped
meet its needs so that future generations could also meet their needs

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
(b) State three policy implications of the dependency theory. 5(a) Define populism theory.
- The developing countries should cut economic links with developed countries. - Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel
that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups/ the quality of
appealing to or being aimed at ordinary
- The developing countries should spend less on consumer goods but spend more
on capital goods, for example, machinery. (b) Describe three problems of populism theory.
- The problem of populism is that concentration of power within government
- The developing countries should save and invest locally instead of borrowing bureaucracies and large private sector firms and organisations.
money from developed countries. - The tendency to evoke narrow economic, technical criteria, and procedures as a
basis for their decisions and general operations.
- The local inventions should be encouraged, for example, development of local - The exclusive mechanisms working through the state and the market marginalize
technology. the vast majority of poor people from political and economic life

- Developing countries should become self-sufficient reliant. (c) Give three benefits of populism
- Dependency theory encourages people to be patient and sacrifice for a better - The benefits of populism is of addressing people’s specific needs and wants
future.
- The benefit of populism is that of easy to finance and manage

4(a) Define the term globalisation.

- Globalisation is a set of ideas that emphasis that all people of the world should
become one nation in order to bring democracy as a way of maintaining peace and
stability.

(b) State three developments that show the growth of a global village.

- The development that show growth of a global village is that of improvement in

technology and production, for example, use of automated machines.

- The development that show growth of a global village is that of integrated global
communication network, for example, internet and television.

- The decline in sovereign states replaced by regional and international groupings

such as European Union lead to the growth of a global village.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (b) Describe three ways by which air pollution can be prevented
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The way by which air pollution can be prevented is through the charging of polluter
tax / polluter pays principle
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
- The air pollution can be prevented by having environmental impact assessment
PAPER 1 before carrying out any project.

1(a) Define the term sustainable development theory - The pollution can be prevented through the use of alternative sources of energy,
for example, solar energy can be used to produce electricity instead of coal which
- Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to pollutes the environment.
meet its needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their
needs. - The way by which air pollution can be prevented is through elongation of chimneys
or making chimneys to be long to prevent air pollution.
- Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to
meet its needs so that future generations could also meet their needs - The way by which air pollution can be prevented is through the use of catalytic
converters.
(b) State three sources of air pollution - The use of unleaded petrol can prevent air pollution.
- The source of air pollution is mines, for example, Selibe Phikwe (sulphur dioxide
and coal, carbon monoxide, dust) - The air pollution can be prevented by encouraging non-motorised transport e.g.
bicycle, walking.
- The source of air pollution is domestic or household appliances, for example,
refrigerators, air-conditioners, aerosol sprays, etc - The way by which air pollution can be prevented is by developing shopping malls
that discourage use of cars.
- The cause of air pollution is dump sites (smoke)
- The air pollution can be prevented by developing a reliable and sustainable public
- The cause of air pollution is industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc) transport system.

- The source of air pollution is construction sites , for example, smoke, dust - The Air pollution can be prevented by encouraging car-pooling / many people
using one car
- The source of air pollution is roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, smoke)
Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.
- The source of air pollution is vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide

Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle against sustainable 3 (a) Define land pollution.
development.
- Land pollution is the discarding of substances that contaminate the earth’s surface
including all the natural resources found on or below it.
2 (a) What is pollution?
- Pollution is the emission of effluents or poisonous gases into the environment
(air, land and water)

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
(b) State three causes of land pollution. (b) Describe three challenges faced by developing countries as a result of
- The cause of land pollution is concrete pieces and bricks from construction (sites) globalisation.
- The beverage containers (such as cans, bottles) and plastic (bags) from industries
causes land pollution. - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
- The cause of land pollution is that of oils from garages of development of international crime syndicates/terrorism
- The cause of land pollution is that of clinical waste / waste from health facilities
- The land pollution is caused by worn out tyres - The challenge of globalisation to developing countries is that of lack of funds
- The used batteries causes land pollution. to educate/train people/high illiteracy
- The land pollution is caused by effluent from industries / pumping of effluent from
mines into streams - The developing countries loss of sovereignty/loss of independence as a result
- The fertilisers and chemicals contained in run-off water from farms causing of globalisation
eutrophication in streams.
- Globalisation lead to dominance of the economy by Trans National
Companies (TNCs)/TNCS\s taking profit away to their countries of origin
4(a) Define dependency theory.
- The increase of brain drain/ educated people prefer working in developed
- Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became economically countries caused by globalisation.
reliant on the North and thus the North became industrialised at the expense of the
South who remained underdeveloped - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
of HIV and AIDS killing skilled man power
(c) Describe three ways by which land pollution can be controlled
- The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
- The way by which land pollution can be controlled through introduction of polluter Consumerism mindset [which is difficult to change to investment and
tax / Polluter Pays Principle. production]

- The government should introduce strict waste management legislation to control - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
land pollution. Environmental damage by Trans National Companies (TNCs)

- Land pollution can be controlled through wise use of resources; 3Rs of - Less developed countries (LDCs) having weak economies which fail to
conservation; Recycle, Re-use and Refuse (extra wrapping or packaging compete in a globalised world/less industrialised

- The alternative packaging can be used to control land pollution, for example, use - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
of returnable bottles at a refund as beverage containers transfer of diseases

- The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that

5(a) What is globalisation? of loss of culture
- Globalisation is a set of ideas that emphasis that all people of the world should - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
become one nation in order to bring democracy as a way of maintaining peace of difficulty to accept change
and stability.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (b)(i) Describe the economic characteristics of developed countries.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The economic characteristic of developed countries is high use of complex
technology
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development - The developed countries have high development of transport
networks/telecommunication/high infrastructural development
Paper 2 - The developed countries have high share of international trade/they dominate or
control international trade
- The economic characteristic of developed countries is high income levels/high
wages
- The developed countries have high energy consumption due to having many
industries.
- The developed countries export finished goods and import raw materials
- The developed countries have low percentage of population depending on
agriculture
(a)(i) Describe any two aspects of development other than social development. - Developed countries have high GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High GDP
per capita
- Economic Development is when the country’s production increases so that the Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed
people become richer or wealthier
- Political Development is when people’s participation in marking decisions about (ii) Suggest why development is slow in most Southern African countries.
their lives increases/ when people take control of their lives/ when people enjoy
human rights - The development is slow in most Southern Africa is due to practice of customs
[RULE: Award 1 mark for mentioning the correct aspect; 1 mark for description] which are counter-productive, for examples, exclusion of women from decision
making.
(ii) Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting social - The lack of funds to use in development projects and poverty may lead to slow
development. development in most Southern Africa countries.
- The slow development in most Southern African countries is lack of skilled people
- The way by which the government of Botswana is promoting social development caused by brain drain/skilled people leave for other countries
is provides subsidized education - The colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced Southern African countries to
- The government of Botswana provides sewage systems as a way of providing trade in cheap primary products
social development. - The development is slow in most Southern African countries because of large
- The government of Botswana imports food for the people as part of social populations
development - The slow development in most Sothern African countries is caused by export of
- The government provides free food for the destitute ,elderly and the orphans raw materials.
- The government of Botswana allocates land and plots for people to build shelter - The most countries in Southern African use of simple technology which lead to
- The government of Botswana builds clinics and hospitals to provide health care slow development.
- The government of Botswana builds schools to improve literacy - The slow development in most Southern African countries is due to mono-
- The provision of piped and safe water to protect people from diseases by economies in which countries depend on producing only one product.
government of Botswana as part of promoting social development. - The outbreak of civil wars causes slow development in most Southern African
- The government of Botswana control prices for staple food such as sorghum to countries.
ensure that people can afford to buy food - The outbreak of killer diseases lead to slow development in Southern African
- The way by which government is promoting social development is through poverty countries, for example, Ebola, HIV/AIDS and Covid-19
alleviation programmes, for example, back yard gardening

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (ii) Describe the economic characteristics of the countries of the North.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is high use of complex
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development technology
- The countries of the North have high development of transport
Paper 2 networks/telecommunication/high infrastructural development
- The countries of the North have high share of international trade/they dominate or
1 Study Fig. 1, which shows the division of the world into countries of the North and control international trade
countries of the South. - The economic characteristic of countries of the North is high income levels/high
wages
- The countries of the North have high energy consumption due to having many
industries.
- The countries of the North export finished goods and import raw materials
- The developed countries have low percentage of population depending on
agriculture
- Countries of the North have high GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High GDP
per capita

Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed

(b)(i) Describe the challenges faced by the countries of the South as a result of
globalisation.

- The challenges faced by countries of the South as a result of globalisation is

development of international crime syndicates or terrorism
- The countries of the South lack of funds to educate and train people which lead to
high illiteracy rate.
- Globalisation may lead to loss of sovereignty or loss of independence.
Fig.1 - Globalisation causes dominance of the economy by Trans National Companies
(TNCs) taking profit away to their countries of origin
(a)(i) Describe the geographical locations of the countries of the South. - The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation is
increase in brain drain or educated people prefer working in developed countries.
- The countries of the South are located in Central America, for example, Mexico - Globalisation lead to HIV and AIDS killing skilled man power.
- The countries of the South are found in South America/Latin America, for - The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation is that
example, Brazil and Argentina of Environmental damage by Trans National Companies (TNCs)
- The countries in Africa are all countries of the South, for example, Botswana, - The countries of the South are having weak economies which fail to compete in a
Nigeria, Egypt, Ethopia and South Africa globalised world.
- The countries of the South are located in South Asia, for example, India - Globalisation will lead to loss of culture by countries of the South.
- There are located in Far East, for example, Malaysia/South East Asia - Globalisation will lead to people of countries of the South having difficulty to
- East Asia, for example, China accept change
- The countries of the South are located in Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia
Rule: Do NOT accept South of Brandt line

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
(ii) Suggest ways through which globalisation encourages development of all MATER SPEI COLLEGE
countries.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The way through which globalisation encourages development of all countries is
improvement of technology or complex technology , for example, automated Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
machines/transfer from developed countries (DCs) to less developed countries
(LDCs) Paper 2

- Globalisation encourages development of all countries through introduction of 1. Study Fig. 1, which shows the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), and
global communication networks, for example, internet and television. answer questions (a)(i) and (ii).

- The way globalisation can encourage development of all countries is through trade
liberalisation in which countries are allowed to trade with each other freely.

- Globalisation encourages development of all countries through International

policing or Interpol.

- The way through which globalisation encourages development of all countries is

through increase of Trans National Companies [TNCs]

- The formation of regional and international groupings such as European Union

[EU] and African Union [AU] can help encourage development of all countries
through globalisation.

- Globalisation can encourage development of all countries through promotion of

democracy.

- The free movement of labour due to globalisation may lead to development of all
countries.

- The way globalisation encourages development of all countries is through

encouragement of investment or saving.

Fig.1

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
(a)(i) Describe the location of the Newly Industrialised Countries. (b)(i) Describe the economic characteristics of Newly Industrialised Countries
(NICs)
- The Newly Industrialising Countries [NICs] are located in Southern Africa, for
example, South Africa. - The economic characteristic of Newly Industrialised Countries is have fast
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Far East countries such as growing industrial sector.
Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and China - The Newly Industrialised Countries have greater dependence on exports of
- The NICs are located in South of North America, for example, Mexico manufactured goods.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in North/Northeast of South - The Newly Industrialised Countries have rapidly commercialised agricultural
America, for example, Brazil/ North East or East of Latin America, for example, sector, for example, from subsistence to commercial agriculture.
Brazil - The Newly Industrial Countries have raising income levels.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are located in South Asia, for example, India - The Newly Industrialised Countries have emergence of new Trans National
- The Newly Industrialised Countries are located in Middle East, for example, Companies, for example, Samsung, Daewoo, Kia, all from South Korea.
Saudi Arabia and Turkey - The Newly Industrialised Countries have high GDP.
- The Newly Industrialised Countries have high GNP due to having many
RULE: Award mention of appropriate examples industries producing goods and services
- The Newly Industrialised Countries have high GNP per capita.
(ii) Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialised
Countries. (ii) Suggest actions that Less Developed Countries (LDCs) could copy from
Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) to speed up development.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high inflation
rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are high] - The action that Less Developed Countries can copy from Newly Industrialised
- The Newly Indusrialised Countries have weak currencies. Counties to speed up development is by inviting Multi-National Companies
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialised Countries is that of high fuel price (MNCs) to invest in them
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign
debts/debt crisis - The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can focus on Maths and Science education
- There is huge disparities of wealth or wide gap between the rich and the poor in to help them speed up development like Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs).
Newly Industrialised Countries.
- The dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National companies (MNCs) - The LDCs can adopt import substitution industrialisation (ISI) to speed up
who move their investment out of the country is a challenge faced by Newly development which was used by Newly Industrialised Countries. This is
Industrialised Countries [ The capital flight is when Multi National Companies encouraging people to buy locally produced goods than those from elsewhere.
take profit out of Newly Industrialised Countries]
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialised Countries is that of depletion of the - The LDCs can adopt export oriented industrialisation (EOI) to speed up
natural resources or damage to the environment development which was used by Newly Industrialised Countries. This is setting up
- The Newly Industrialsed Countries have a problem of fast growth of the private industries that produce goods needed for the outside market.
sector which is becoming difficult to be controlled by the government.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrilised Countries is that of exploitation of - The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can borrow capital from financial
workers by the employers. institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), and
- The problem faced by Newly Indusrialised Countries is that of corruption countries of the South.
- The Newly Industrialsed Countries have high expenditure on imports and less on - The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can invest in infrastructure development
exports
- The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can establishing innovation and research
centres/ use advanced technology.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (ii) Describe the ways in which the government is trying to reduce the infant
mortality rate in Botswana.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The way in which government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development is through widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country,
for example, measles and polio
Paper 2
- The government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate through
provision of clean or safe water to all people.

- The provision of nutritious food or balanced diets in clinics helps to reduce

infant mortality rate in Botswana, for example, Tsabana

- The government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate through

construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and hospitals

- The dissemination of health education or media or environmental health helps

to reduce infant mortality rate in Botswana.

- The implementation of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)

programme helps to reduce infant mortality rate in Botswana.

- The way government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate is

through training or employing more health personnel, for example, doctors and
nurses
(a)(i) Describe the causes of high infant mortality rate in developing countries. (b)(i) Development is a process of change which involves economic, social and
- The cause of high infant mortality rate in developing counties is that of lack of political development. Describe these aspects of development.
widespread immunisation programmes which lead to infant killer diseases, for
example, polio and measles - Economic development is when a country produces more/enough for everyone, the
- The developing countries have high infant mortality rate because of lack of access society gets richer; improvement in production , for example, GNP, GDP, GNP per
to clean water or safe water by majority of infants and mothers capita, energy consumption
- The high infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by poor nutrition
leading to malnutrition - Social development is when people’s basic needs are more fully met; improvement
- The developing countries have high infant mortality rate because of lack of health of people’s living standards, for example, birth rate, infant mortality rate (IMR), life
facilities to attend to killer diseases such as polio and measles. expectancy, access to clean water, etc.
- The HIV and AIDS infection among mothers to infants lead to high infant
mortality rate in developing countries. - Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and people are free
- The high infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by poor health to participate in decision making; respect for human rights/safety and security, for
education among mothers to raise babies example, democracy, equality, justice, etc.
- The shortage of health personnel to attend infants in developing countries causes
high infant mortality rate, for example, doctors and nurses

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
(ii) Explain why countries of the South are less developed than countries of the MATER SPEI COLLEGE
North.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North due to
practice of customs which are counter-productive, for examples, exclusion of Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
women from decision making.
Paper 2
- The lack of funds to use in development projects and poverty is the reason why
countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North. 1. Study Fig. 1 which shows some indicators to measure development.

- The countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North because
of lack of skilled people caused by brain drain/skilled people leave for other
countries.

- The colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced countries of the South to trade in

cheap primary products.

- The development is less in countries of the South than countries of the North is
because of large populations.

- The less development of countries of the South than countries of the North is
caused by export of raw materials.

- The countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North because
of use of simple technology which lead to slow development.

- The less development of countries of the South than countries of the North is
caused by been mono-economies in which countries depend on producing only one
product.

- The outbreak of civil wars causes countries of the South to be less developed than
countries of the North.

- The countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North because
of outbreak of killer diseases , for example, Ebola, HIV and AIDS, and Covid-19

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
(a)(i) Explain how each indicator shown in Fig.1 is used to measure
development. (b)(i) Explain how any three political indicators can be used to measure
development.
- The doctor –patient ratio shows that if the population per doctor is high then there
is less development/ If Doctor-population Ratio is high then there is less - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of number
development/ If the Doctor-Patient Ratio is low then there is high development. of women in decision making positions because if the percentage of females in
leadership position is high it mean high development whereas if it is low it mean
- The calorie intake indicator of development shows that the higher the calorie low development
intake, the higher the development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the
development - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of voter
turnout/number of people who vote because if the percentage of adults who
- The school enrolment shows that the higher the school enrolment, the higher the participate in elections is high then development is high and if it is low the
development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the development. development is low

- The GNP per capita shows that the higher the GNP per capita, the higher the - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of
development/ the lower the GNP per capita, the lower the development. adherence to human rights/human rights ratings/ranking because if the respect
that a country has for people’s entitlement is high then development is high and if
- The percentage of the population in agriculture shows that the higher the it is low then development is low, for example, good governance and transparency
percentage of population engaged in agriculture, the lower the development and
the lower the percentage of population in agriculture, the higher the development. - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of incidents
of discrimination/inequality (times when people are treated unfairly for who
- The income level shows that the higher the income level, the higher the they are) because if there are many incidents of discrimination development is low
development/the lower the income level, the lower the development. and if there are few development is high, for example, justice and fair trial

Rule: Award 1mark even if only one side is given - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of incidents
of conflict because if the occurrence of serious disagreements, for example, war
(ii) State the disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development. and social unrest is high then development is low

- The disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development is that it is just - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of peace
an average figure that ignores how wealth is distributed because if there is calmness in the country or the absence of wars or social unrest
then development is high
- The GNP per capita fails to show the actual standard of living enjoyed by the
people. - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of security
- The disadvantage of GNP per capita is that it excludes income from the informal because if the sense of safety in a country is high, then development is high
sector so it is inaccurate, for example, selling of drugs.
- The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of
- The disadvantage of GNP per capita is that people usually lie about the earnings to happiness because if the feeling of joy/gladness among people in a country is then
avoid paying tax. development is higher.

- GNP per capita is calculated using outdated/ old government statistics [RULE: Award 1mark for mentioning and 1mark for usage even if only one side is given]

- GNP per capita emphasizes economic development but ignores social and political
development

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
(ii) Explain why political development is difficult to measure. MATER SPEI COLLEGE

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Political aspects of development is difficult to quantify because are intangible or
immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor touched. Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
- The political development is difficult to measure because most countries prohibit Paper 2
independent human rights groups to monitor human rights violations.
1. Fig. 1 shows a list of countries and their indicators of development. Use it to
- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their rights which answer question 1(a)
makes it difficult to measure political development.

- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs, for

example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.

- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political development because

countries belief that they are independent therefore nobody can tell them how to treat
their citizens.

- Political development is difficult to measure because it is affected by different

political systems, for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because they are
no voting, no freedom of speech.

Fig.1

(a)(i) Using Fig. 1 only, describe three economic characteristics of developed

countries.

- The economic characteristic of developed countries is that of high GNP per

capita due having many industries that produces goods and services.

- The developed countries have high energy use per capita due to having many
industries and use of complex technology.

- The developed countries have low percentage (%) of GDP on Agriculture or

Agriculture sector contributes less to GDP because of practising commercial
farming and the use of advanced technology

RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
(ii) Explain why there are differences in the levels of development between (ii) Explain how developing countries can use modernisation theory in their
developed and developing countries. development programmes.

- The developing countries export raw materials due to lack of advanced technology - The developing countries can use modernisation theory in their development
while developed countries import raw materials because they have complex programmes by embracing market economy /capitalism
technology and export finished goods.
- The modernisation theory can be used by developing countries in their
- The developing countries have huge debts from developed countries. development programmes by investing a lot in setting up of industries.

- There is political instability in developing countries such as civil wars and peace - The developing countries can use modernisation theory by investing a lot in
in developed countries. infrastructural development.

- There is high skilled manpower in developed countries and shortage of skilled - The modernisation theory encourages inventions/new ideas/methods from your
manpower in developing countries lead to differences of development. own culture.

- The developed countries policies directed to high infrastructural development - The modernisation theory can be used by developing countries in their
while developing countries policies directed to poverty and diseases development programmes by putting more emphasis on formal vocational
/technical education.

(b)(i) Describe the weaknesses of the dependency theory. - The modernisation theory encourages new attitude and appropriate cultural
changes/fight rigidity.
- The weakness of Dependency theory is that it ignores the fact that small countries
are unable to raise enough investment/capital on their own to break away - The modernisation theory tell people to work hard/be patient and expect less
income/wealth until the economy has grown quite large/trickle down of wealth.
- The countries that uses dependency theory may lose all benefits of international
trade/countries that cut links economically fell - The developing countries can use modernisation in their development programmes
by been democratic/Government must be democratic.
- The weakness of dependency theory is that if small countries try to make all their
own goods, there will probably be a less efficient use of resources - Modernisation theory encourage urbanisation which is proportional increase in
number of people living in towns and cities.
- The weakness of dependency theory is that it is impossible to cut off all
communication in a world linked together in so many ways/connections difficult - The developing countries should open up for technological transfer/adopt
to break advanced technology as a way of using modernisation theory in their development
programmes.
- The people often aspire for the northern ways of life/object when governments stop
importing western goods/negative attitudes towards local goods and services - Modernisation theory encourages specialisation/division of labour.

- The developing countries can use modernisation theory in their development

programmes by Commercialising agriculture/mechanise agriculture.

- The developing countries can use modernisation theory in their development

programmes through participation in international trade

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (ii) Describe the benefits to the people of a country where modernisation has
taken place.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development of technological development/ the use of complex technology
Paper 2 - The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
of wealth creation
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows some theories of development.
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
of infrastructural development.

- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
of Human resource development/high literacy rate.

- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
of improved standard of living

- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
of improved service delivery through research and development.

- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
of availability of affordable goods and services
(a)(i) Describe the stages of the Modernisation theory.
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
of employment creation.
- The traditional society is where people practise barter system, subsistence
farming, make simple crafts and experience low standard of living - The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place is that
of democratic process.
- Preconditions for take-off is where new technology arises, farming is
commercialised, specialisation increases and urbanisation starts to happen
(b)(i) Describe the factors that slow down development in the developing
- Take off stage/the push is here people become rich and there is rapid urbanisation countries.

- The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing dominates the - The development is slow in most Southern Africa is due to practice of customs
economy, there are more exports than imports/wages increase and demand for which are counter-productive, for examples, exclusion of women from decision
consumer goods increases making.

- The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is where service - The lack of funds to use in development projects and poverty may lead to slow
industries and consumer goods dominate the economy/wages are high for many development in most Southern Africa countries.
people/many people experience high living standards
- The slow development in most Southern African countries is lack of skilled people
RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description caused by brain drain/skilled people leave for other countries.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1
 - The colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced Southern African countries to - The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when there is high
trade in cheap primary products. doctor-patient ratio it means that the country is less developed/ a low doctor-
patient ratio means that the country is developed.
- The development is slow in most Southern African countries because of large
populations. - The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when High life
expectancy shows that the country is developed/a low life expectancy shows that
- The slow development in most Sothern African countries is caused by export of the country is less developed.
raw materials.
- High calorie intake shows that the country is developed and low calorie intake
- The most countries in Southern African use of simple technology which lead to shows that the country is less developed
slow development.

- The slow development in most Southern African countries is due to mono-

economies in which countries depend on producing only one product.

- The outbreak of civil wars causes slow development in most Southern African
countries.

- The outbreak of killer diseases lead to slow development in Southern African

countries, for example, Ebola, HIV/AIDS and Covid-19

(ii) Explain how social indicators are used to measure development.

- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when infant
mortality rate [IMR] is low it means that development is high/when IMR is high
it means development is low.

- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when there is high
literacy rate means that a country is developed/ a low literacy rate means that a
country is less developed.

- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when there is high
Birth Rate means that a country is less developed/a low Birth rate means that a
country is developed.

- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when there is high
Death Rate means that a country is less developed/a low Death Rate means that a
country is developed.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1&2 Revision Questions Module 1