DBM

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S
NORMALIZATI
ON
S ubmi tted B y: Mal ai ka & N oor
S ubmi tted To: P rof.A bdul R ehman

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➡️What is Normalization?
➡️Purposes of Normalization
➡️Anomolies
➡️Types of Normalization:
⭐ First Normal Form (1NF)
Table Of Content:
⭐ Second Normal Form (2NF)
⭐ Third Normal Form (3NF)
➡️Advantages of Normalization
➡️Disadvantages of Normalization
➡️Conclusion
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Normalization is a systematic process of organizing the

columns and tables of a relational database to minimize
What Is Normalization?
data redundancy and improve data integrity .
It's a process of decomposing tables to eliminate
D e f i n i t i o n :

data anomalies (insertion, update, deletion).

Purpose: To eliminate undesirable characteristics like
Insertion, Update, and Deletion Anomalies.
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Purposes
Click Of Normalization:
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• Reduce Data Redundancy:

Avoid storing the same data multiple times, saving storage space.
Improve Data Integrity:
Ensure data consistency and accuracy across the database.
Organize Data Logically Into Related Tables:
Break large tables into smaller, meaningful tables linked by relationships
(usually using primary and foreign keys.

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Make the Database More Flexible:

Easier to modify, extend, or scale without affecting other

parts of the database structure.

Eliminate Data Anomalies:

Prevent issues that arise from
unnormalized data.

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 Anomolies:
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Definition:
Anomalies refer to inconsistencies or undesirable side effects that
can occur when manipulating data, especially in poorly designed or
"unnormalized" databases. These issues arise primarily from data
redundancy, where the same data is stored multiple times across the
database.
Types:
➡️Insertion Anomolies (Insertion anomaly occurs when you can't insert a new
record without having some unrelated information.)
➡️Deletion Anomolies (Deletion anomaly occurs when deleting one record loses
unrelated but important data.)
➡️Updation Anomolies (Updation anomaly occurs when updating one record
requires multiple changes.)
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Types
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First Normal Form(1NF):

Each column must contain atomic (single-valued) values. No repeating
groups.
Normalization proceeds through a series of
"normal forms,"Each column
each with stricterin a table
rules than should have a unique name.
the last. The order in which data is stored does not matter.
The most common normal forms
encountered are 1NF, 2NF, 3NF and BCNF.

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 Example(Before
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1NF):
title style Example(After
1NF):
Student Student
●
Student Student
●
Courses Courses
ID Name ID Name
Math
●
Math, ●
101 ●
Ali
●
101 ●
Ali ●
Physics
●
101 ●
Ali ●
Physics
●
102 ●
Ahmad ●
Chemistry
●
Chemist
●
102 ●
Ahmad
ry

Second Normal Form(2NF):

Must be in 1NF.
All non-key attributes must be fully functionally dependent on the
entire primary key. (No partial dependencies).
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 Example(Before 2NF): Example(After
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2NF):
●
Stu ●
Cou ●
Stu ●
Cou ●
Gra
den rse den rse de Table 1: Students
t ID ID t Na ●
Student ●
Student
Na me ID Name
me ●
1 ●
Ali
●
1 ●
101 ●
Ali ●
Math ●
A
Table
●
2 2: Courses
Ahmad
●
●
1 ● Example(After
102 Ali
●
Scie 2NF):
B ● ●

nce
●
Course ID ●
Course
Table 3: Grades Name
●
2 101 ● Ahm ● Math
● ●
C
●
Student ad
●
Course ●
Grade
●
101 ●
Math
ID ID ●
102 ●
Science
●
1 ●
101 ●
A
●
1 ●
102 ●
B
●
2 ●
101 ●
C 9
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 In 2NF,to
Click Student
edit Name Depends
Master titleonly on Student ID, and
style
Course Name Depends only on Course ID, so they’re
moved to separate tables and Grades depend on both.

Third Normal form(3NF):

Must be in 2NF.
No transitive dependencies. (Non-key
attributes should not depend on other non-key
attributes).

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Example (Before 3NF): Example (After 3NF):
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Table 1: Students

“
●
Stu ●
Stu ●
Cou ●
Cou ●
Inst
den den rse rse ruc ●
Student ●
Student
t ID t ID Na tor
ID Name
Na me
me
●
1 ●
Ali
●
1 ●
Ali ●
101 ●
Math ●
Mr.
●
2 ●
Ahmad
Table 2: Courses
●
Smit
h
Course ID Course Instructo
●
1 ●
Ali ●
102 ●
Scien ●
Ms. ●
Name r
ce ●
John ● ●
son
●
101 Math ●
Mr.
●
2 ●
Ahm ●
101 ●
Math ●
Mr. ● ●
Smith
ad ●
Smit ●

h 11
● ●
102 Science ●
Ms. 11
 Table
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title Grades
●
Student ID ●
Course ID
●
1 ●
101
●
1 ●
102
●
2 ●
101

In 3NF, Instructor depends only on Course ID, not on

Student ID or the combination of both, so it’s kept in the
Courses table.

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Conclusion:
Normalization is a crucial database design technique that helps eliminate
data redundancy, improve data integrity, and reduce data anomalies. By
organizing data into well-structured tables, normalization ensures that each
piece of data is stored in one place and one place only, making it easier to
maintain and scale databases. Proper normalization helps prevent data
inconsistencies, improves data retrieval, and supports efficient database
operations.

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THANKYOU
😊
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