1 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION NOTES 1. Law of Readiness - preparedness 2. Law of Exercise - practice makes perfect 3. Law of effect - satisfaction 4. Law of primacy - learn first / first impression 5. (ESSE - now /most rageniare best remembered 6. Law of intensity - impact/ exciting Ex. Role playing hs Law of Freedom - right to freedom 8. Law of importance - essentials Cognitive: mental skills(knowledge) growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)2 PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING . create an active learning . Focus Attention . Connect Knowledge . Help students organize their knowledge . Provide timely feedback . Demand quality . Balance high expectations with student support memrameondwp . Enhance motivation to learn I. Communicate your message in variety of ways. J. Help students to productively manage their time STAGES OF LEARNING 1. Acquisition - learning new skill 2. Fluency - practice for mastery of skill 3. Generalization - across time & situation / variety of setting 4, Adaptation -. Use for problem solving 5. Maintenance - performance over time4 Remembering - recalling Understanding - making sense of the material you have learned Applying -. Use knowledge gained in nee ways Analyzing -. Breaking the concept into parts Evaluating -. Making judgement Creating -. Putting Information together in an innovative way. VReceiving - is being aware of or sensitive to the existence of a certain ideas, material, or phenomena and being willing to tolerate them. Ex. To differentiate, to accept, to listen (for), to respond to. VResponding - is committed in some small measure to the ideas 1, materials, or phenomena involved by actively responding to them.5 Example: to comply with, to follow, to command, to volunteer, to spend leisure time in, to acclaim. VValuing - is willing to be perceived by others as valuing certain ideas, materials, or phenomena. Examples include: to increase measured proficiency in, or relinquish, to subsidize, to support, to debate. ¥Organization -is to relate the value to those already held and bring it into a harmonious and internally consistent philosophy. Examples: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to examine. ¥Characterization- by value or value set is to act consistently in accordance with the values he or she has internalized. Examples: include: to revise, to require, to be rated high in the value, to avoid, to resist, to manage, to resolve.6 VPerception - Sensory cues to guide motor. VSet - mental, physical, and emotional dispositions that make one respond in a certain way toa situation, V/Guided response - first attempts at a physical skill. trial and error coupled lead to better performance. vMechanism - responses are habitual with a medium level of assurance and proficiency. YComplex Overt Response - complex movements are possible with a minimum of wasted effort and a high level of assurance they will be successful. VAdaptation - Movements can modified for special situations. VOrigination ~ New movements can be created for special situations. A. Behaviourist (classical, operant, Connectionism, Social Learning and purposive)| . Two stimuli are linked together one Neutral + one - response attached to stimulus to evoke new response. (Salivation of Dog and Ring of the bell) Ringing of bell- stimuli Response - Naglalaway ang aso - automatically produces an emotional or psychological response. - Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response. - a stimulus that does not elicit a response. - evokes an emotional or Physiological response.8 Experimentation: * skinner Box (rat) “Reinforcement - increase behaviour ¥Punishment - decrease behaviour may binigay na gusto ng bata. taking something away for the good of students. may binigay na ayaw mo / something unpleasant. tinagangalan ng bagay na gusto ng bata.- specific stimulus has specific response as nagpapadrills Law of Effect - satisfying effect RIP Law of primacy - dapat tama ang tinuro sa una. Law of intensity - dapat fun ang learning Law of Recency - mas natatandaan ang previous. Law of similarity - recall similar object Law of contrast - recall of opposite object Law of Contiguity - recall of an activity which is frequently related with the previous one.10 - may pinaggagayahan - focus on observation learning Social learning theory 1. Attention - focus 2. Retention - store information 3. Reproduction - to perform the observed behaviour 4. Motivation - be motivated - reinforcement is not essential to learning - bridge between behaviorism and cognitive theilory12 ¥b). Pre-operational - 3 to 7 years old - egocentric Symbolic function - Centration - refers to the tendency of the chikd to only focus on one aspects of a thing or event and exclude other aspects EXAMPLE: when a child presented with two identical glasses with the same amount of water, the chikd will say they have the same amount of water. however, once water from one of the glasses is transferred to an obviously taller but narrower glass, the chikd migh say that there is more water in the taller glass. "The Child only Focus (centered)". Irreversibly-Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking. They can understand that 2+3 is 5, but cannot understand that 5-3 is 2.13 Animism -This is the tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects. When at night, the child is asked, where the sun is, she will reply, "Mr. Sun is asleep." ‘Transductive reasoning “This refers to the pre-operational child's type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive. Example: since her mommy comes home everyday around six o'clock in the evening, when asked why it is already night, the child will say, "because my mom is home". - 7 to 11 years old - begin learning logical reasoning. Decentering - This refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations.14 This allows child to be more logical when dealing with concrete objects and situations. Reversibility -The child can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse. For example, they can already comprehend the cummutative property of addition, and that subtraction is the reverse of addition. Conversation-This is the ability to know that certain properties if objects like number. Mass, Volume, or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance. Because of the development of reversibility, the concrete operational chikd can now judge rightly that the same as when the water was shorter but wider glass. Seriation -This refers to the ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume or size.15 ¥d). Formal operational - 13 to onwards years old - Thinking becomes more [Link] solve abstract problems and can hypothesis. Hypothetical reasoning - The ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather decisions or judgement. (What if questions) Analogical reasoning -This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem. Deductive reasoning “This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situation. For example, all countries near the north pole. therefore, Greenland has cold temperatures16 Schema-refers to the prior knowledge Assimilation -This is this is the process if fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created schema. Accomodation-This is the process if creating a new schema. Equilibrium -Achieving proper balance between Assimilation and accommodation. If not match our schemata we experience "Cognitive disequilibrium" Eyes - determine what we see/percept. Gestalt means "whole". law 6f Similarity Kapag kaparcho Law of pragmanz or Law of Good Figure Symmetry order- brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a manner as possible for example, a monochrome of the Olympic logo is seen as a series of overlapping circles rather than a collection of a curved lines.18 | Sensory memory - it holds information that the mind perceives through various senses. (small capacity). ‘Short term memory - last around 30 seconds. (Short Duration) Long term Memory - has an unlimited amount of space as it can store memories from along time ago to be retrieved a i Long term memory - recalling episodes (events) - knowledge of a general Facts, principles and concepts. - refers to "know how" as opposed to "know about". Gradual development of knowledge and skills that improve over time.