Science Study Notes (Physics & Biology
Basics)
1. Physics - Motion
Motion is the change in the position of an object with respect to time.
Types of Motion
1. Linear Motion: Movement in a straight line.
2. Circular Motion: Movement around a circle.
3. Rotational Motion: Movement around an axis.
4. Oscillatory Motion: Back and forth movement (like a pendulum).
Equations of Motion
1. v = u + at
2. s = ut + 1/2 at²
3. v² = u² + 2as
where u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, s = displacement, t = time.
2. Physics - Force and Laws of Motion
Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from its interaction with another object.
Newton's Laws
1. First Law (Law of Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted
upon by an external force.
2. Second Law: F = ma (Force = mass × acceleration).
3. Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
3. Physics - Work, Energy and Power
Work = Force × Displacement in the direction of force.
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Power = Work / Time.
4. Biology - The Cell
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells - Simple cells without a nucleus (bacteria).
2. Eukaryotic Cells - Complex cells with a nucleus (plants and animals).
Cell Organelles
1. Nucleus - Control center of the cell.
2. Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell.
3. Ribosomes - Protein synthesis.
4. Chloroplast - Photosynthesis in plants.
5. Cell Membrane - Controls entry and exit of substances.
5. Biology - Human Digestive System
The digestive system helps in breaking down food into nutrients that the body can absorb.
Main Organs
1. Mouth - Chewing and mixing with saliva.
2. Esophagus - Transports food to stomach.
3. Stomach - Digestion with gastric juices.
4. Small Intestine - Absorption of nutrients.
5. Large Intestine - Absorption of water and removal of waste.
6. Biology - Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their own food using sunlight,
water, and carbon dioxide.
Equation
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
7. Exercises
1. Define acceleration and give its SI unit.
2. State Newton’s Third Law with an example.
3. What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
4. Name the powerhouse of the cell.
5. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
6. Which organ absorbs nutrients in the human digestive system?
