Public: How to define?
Philosophical Approach
Higher level of living
Behavior
Rationality and sense of ethics
Cultural Perspective
Importance Common beliefs
Maintain network of relationship
Focus of society
Political Approach
Source of all power
Exercise political rights
Source of accountability
Economic Approach
Consumer
Economic man
Profit Making
Administration Perspective
Source of authority
Source of accountability
Source of responsibility
Policy
Policy is a law, regulation,
procedure, administrative action, or
voluntary practice of governments
and other institutions.
Public policy
Public policy is a set of actions the
government decides to take when
approaching a problem that affects
society as a group, rather than on an
individual level. Simply put, public
policy refers to policies that the
government makes on the public‟s behalf
to resolve a specific issue.
Public policy
„Public policy is the authoritative
allocation of values for the whole
society‟
„Public policy is whatever
government chose to do or not to do‟
Public Policy
“Public policy is whatever governments
choose to do or not to do” (Dye, 1972)
Hogwood &Gunn (1984) detailed various
dimensions of policy
a. Policy as a label for a field of activity
initiated by the government or a legitimate
authority
b. As expression of a General Purpose or
desired state of affairs
Public Policy
“When a government takes a decision or
chooses course of action in order to solve a
social problem and adopts a specific strategy
for its planning and implementation it is
known as public policy” (Anderson, 1975).
Public policy is “the authoritative allocation of
values for the whole society” (Easton, 1953)
Types of Public policy
1. Sustentative
2. Regulatory
3. Distributive
4. Redistributive
Characteristics of Public
Policy
Direction(Decision making, planning
etc. )
Area
Justice
Decision making
Understanding
Publicness
Scope of Public Policy
Social
Economic
Political
Process of Public Policy Formation
Problem Identification
Agenda Setting
Policy Formulation
Decision-Making
Implementation and Evaluation
Process of Public Policy Formation
Problem Identification: Identify a problem or issue that requires government intervention.
Conduct research and gather data to understand the scope and severity of the problem. Define
the problem and its impact on society.
Agenda Setting: Determine the importance of the problem and its priority on the policy
agenda. Consider the political and social context in which the problem exists. Decide whether
the problem should be addressed through legislation, regulation, or other means.
Policy Formulation: Generate alternative solutions to address the problem. Evaluate the
feasibility and effectiveness of each solution. Consider the short-term and long-term impacts
of each solution. Choose the best solution and develop a plan for its implementation.
Decision-Making: Present the proposed policy solution to the appropriate decision-makers.
Seek input and feedback from stakeholders and interested parties. Debate and discuss the
merits of the proposal. Make a final decision on the policy and its implementation.
Implementation and Evaluation: Put the policy into practice through legislation, regulation,
or other means. Monitor the implementation of the policy and make any necessary
adjustments. Assess the effectiveness and efficacy of the policy. Gather feedback from
stakeholders and interested parties. Use the feedback to refine and improve the policy over
time.
Importance of Public
Policy
Public policy is important because policy
choices and decisions made by those in power
affect nearly every aspect of daily life,
including education, healthcare and national
security. The policies set in place by officials at
all level of government establish rules,
regulations and procedures that guide the
actions of citizens within their jurisdiction.
Importance
Scientific/Theoretical Reasons:
Gaining knowledge about the origin, process and
consequences of policy leading to increased
understanding of the political system and society
Professional Reasons:
To apply theoretical knowledge in solving practical
social problem. Helps conclude how individuals or
groups or government can act to attain policy goals
Any Question?
Thank you
