1.

Explain generalization, specialization, and aggregation in the ER model with relevant

examples.
2. Define generalization, specialization, and aggregation in the ER model with examples.
3. Explain centralized database, distributed database, and relational database.
4. Describe different types of integrity constraints with examples.
5. Explain the purpose of a primary key in a relational database with an example.
6. Describe how a foreign key helps maintain relationships between tables.
7. Explain different types of anomalies (insertion, deletion, and update) that can occur in a
database, and how do they affect data integrity?
8. Describe the three basic axioms and how they help in deriving functional dependencies.
9. Explain Codd’s Rules in DBMS.
10. Define generalization, specialization, and aggregation in the ER model with examples.
11. Summarize 1-tier, 2-tier, and 3-tier database architectures.
12. Define centralized database, distributed database, and relational database.
13. Express different types of joins with examples.
14. Describe the concept of a cursor in DBMS and its different types.
15. Discuss the different types of anomalies that can occur in a database and how they impact
data integrity
16. Explain functional dependencies in DBMS and types of functional dependencies.
17. Explain the three levels of data abstraction in DBMS.
18. Define 1-tier, 2-tier, and 3-tier database architectures.
19. Explain the concept of data independence and its levels in DBMS.
20. Define Relational database, NoSQL Database, Hierarchical Databases
21. Summarize how triggers can be used to enforce data integrity and maintain audit logs.
22. Explain stored procedure and function in Pl-SQL and key differences between them.
23. Describe the three basic axioms and how they help in deriving functional dependencies.
24. Describe the types of decomposition and their significance in database design.

25. Construct an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram for a Library Management System.

Assume the key entities and their attributes given below. Ensure that relationships
between entities are properly represented.
Employee (Employee_ID, Name, Age, Gender, Address, Phone, Salary, Department_ID),
Department (Department_ID, Department_Name, Location), Project (Project_ID,
Project_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Budget), Attendance (Attendance_ID,
Employee_ID, Date, Status), Payroll (Payroll_ID, Employee_ID, Salary, Bonus,
Deductions, Net_Pay)
26. Construct an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram for a Hospital Management System.
Assume the key entities and their attributes given below. Ensure that relationships
between entities are properly represented.
Patient (Patient_ID, Name, Age, Gender, Address, Phone, Disease, Admission_Date),
Doctor (Doctor_ID, Name, Specialization, Phone, Email, Department_ID), Department
(Department_ID, Department_Name, Location), Appointment (Appointment_ID,
Patient_ID, Doctor_ID, Date, Time, Status), Medical_Record (Record_ID, Patient_ID,
 Diagnosis, Prescription, Treatment, Doctor_ID), Billing (Bill_ID, Patient_ID, Amount,
Payment_Status, Date)
27. Implement following operation using MySql.
Create a table Employee with columns emp_id, em_pname, emp_address, emp_email,
emp_mobile, and emp_age. Use appropriate datatypes and sizes. 2. Modify the
emp_address attribute size and set it to 60. 3. Insert five rows with distinct values into
the employee table. 4. Drop the emp_age column from the student table. 5. Select all
employees whose age is between 30 and 40.
28. Implement following operation using MySql.
1. Create a table BankDetails with columns acc_no, cust_name, cust_address,
cust_mobileno, cust_age, and balance. Use appropriate data types and sizes. 2. Add a
new column, Aadhar_No, in the bank details table. 3. Insert five rows with distinct
values into the BankDetails table. 4. Delete customer details whose balance is less than
200. 5. Select all customers whose balance is between 10,000 and 50,000
29. A university registrar’s office maintains data about the following entities: (a) courses,
including number, title, credits, syllabus, and prerequisites; (b) course offerings,
including course number, year, semester, section number, instructor(s), timings, and
classroom; (c) students, including student ID, name, and program; and (d) instructors,
including identification number, name, department, and title. Further, the enrollment of
students in courses and grades awarded to students in each course they are enrolled in
must be appropriately modeled. Construct an E-R diagram for the registrar’s office.
Document all assumptions that you make about the mapping constraints.
30. Construct an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram for a Library Management System.
Assume the key entities and their attributes given below. Ensure that relationships
between entities are properly represented.
Entities and Attributes:
Book (Book_ID, Title, Author, Publisher, ISBN, Genre, Availability_Status) Member
(Member_ID, Name, Contact, Email, Address, Membership_Type) Librarian
(Librarian_ID, Name, Contact, Email, Employee_ID) Transaction (Transaction_ID,
Member_ID, Book_ID, Issue_Date, Due_Date, Return_Date, Fine) Category
(Category_ID, Category_Name, Description)
31. Implement the following operation using MySQL.
Create a table student with columns for roll, name, address, email, mobile, CGPA, and
city. Use appropriate data types and sizes.
Modify the email attribute size and set it to 40.
Insert five rows with distinct values into the student table.
Drop the city column from the student table. Select the roll number and name of students
who belong to the Pune region.
Select all students whose address is Pune.
32. The table students have the attributes (RollNo, Name, Age, Department, Grade).
Implement the following operation using relational algebra.
Retrieve the names of students in the CSE department.
Find the details of students who are 21 years old.
List the Roll No. and name of students who have secured grade 'A.'.
 Retrieve all attributes of students who are not in the ME department.
Retrieve the names and grades of students who are in the ECE department or have grade
'B.'.
33. Construct an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram for a Library Management System.
Assume the key entities and their attributes given below. Ensure that relationships
between entities are properly represented.
Employee (Employee_ID, Name, Age, Gender, Address, Phone, Salary, Department_ID),
Department (Department_ID, Department_Name, Location), Project (Project_ID,
Project_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Budget), Attendance (Attendance_ID,
Employee_ID, Date, Status), Payroll (Payroll_ID, Employee_ID, Salary, Bonus,
Deductions, Net_Pay)
34. Construct an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram for a Grocery Store Management System.
Assume the key entities and their attributes given below. Ensure that relationships
between entities are properly represented. Entities and Attributes:
Product (Product_ID, Product_Name, Category, Price, Stock_Quantity, Expiry_Date),
Customer (Customer_ID, Name, Phone, Email, Address) Order (Order_ID, Customer_ID,
Order_Date, Total_Amount, Payment_Method), Supplier (Supplier_ID, Supplier_Name,
Contact, Email, Address), Employee (Employee_ID, Name, Age, Gender, Address,
Phone, Salary, Role), Inventory (Inventory_ID, Product_ID, Supplier_ID,
Stock_Received, Last_Updated)
35. Consider the relation scheme R = {E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N} and the set of functional
dependencies {{E, F} {G}, {F} I, J}, {E, H} K, L}, K {M}, L {N} on R.
Identify the candidate keys of R?
36. Given a relation R (X, Y, Z, W, P) and Functional Dependency set FD = {X Y, Y P,
and Z W}, determine whether the given R is in 3NF? If not convert Apply the
Normalization to convert it into 3 NF.
37. A university maintains a Student Grades table that records students' marks for different
courses. To ensure data integrity, a trigger is implemented to prevent instructors from
entering marks greater than 100 or less than 0. However, students report incorrect grade
entries, and some instructors face issues while updating marks.
Analyze how the trigger might be causing these issues and suggest modifications.
Investigate how BEFORE and AFTER triggers would behave differently in this scenario.
Examine whether implementing constraints at the database level would be a better
alternative to using triggers.
38. A retail company uses a cursor to process and apply discounts to customers based on
their purchase history. However, the system slows down significantly during peak
shopping seasons, causing delays in applying discounts and checkout processing.
Analyze how the use of a cursor might be affecting system performance. Could a
different approach, enhance efficiency? Propose a strategy to optimize discount
application while maintaining accuracy
39. A university maintains a database to store student records, including student ID, name,
course, instructor, address, contact_no, email, and department. Over time, they notice
data redundancy and inconsistencies in storing instructor names and department details.
 Analyze the issues in the current database design and recommend how normalization
can help improve data integrity and reduce redundancy.
40. A retail store maintains a database with attributes Product_ID, Product_Name,
Supplier_ID, Supplier_Name, and Supplier_Contact. The store manager observes that
Supplier_Name and Supplier_Contact depend on Supplier_ID, while Product_Name
depends on Product_ID.
Examine the functional dependencies in this database and differentiate between partial
and full functional dependencies. Recommend how these dependencies impact database
normalization.
41. A retail store maintains a database to store customer purchase records, including
customer ID, name, product purchased, category, supplier name, purchase date, price, and
store location. Over time, they observe data redundancy and inconsistencies in storing
supplier details, product categories, and customer information across multiple records.
Analyze the issues in the current database design and recommend how normalization can
help improve data integrity and reduce redundancy.
Examine which normal forms would be applicable to improve the database structure.
42. A university maintains a database with attributes Student_ID, Student_Name, Course_ID,
Course_Name, Instructor_ID, and Instructor_Name. The administration observes that
Instructor_Name depends on Instructor_ID, while Course_Name depends on Course_ID.
Examine the functional dependencies in this database and differentiate between partial
and full functional dependencies.
Analyze how these dependencies affect database normalization and suggest
improvements.